Search

In-network data compression plays an important role in the elimination of redundant time-series data in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Inconsistency of data and high computational process in cluster formation remain to be challenging issues of in-network data compression particularly for energy-constraint WSNs. This paper develops a new data clustering technique for in-network data preprocessing and compression called Error-Control Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (ETSVD) to achieve online outlier detection and adaptive data compression. The ETSVD is divided into two modules which are Adaptive Recursive Outlier Detection and Smoothing (ARODS) and Adaptive Data Compression (DC). Firstly, the ARODS pre-processes the collected data for outlier detection and smoothing in order to improve the data quality. Secondly, the DC decomposes the pre-processed data into vector space to compress the spatio-temporal correlated data based on the predefined error threshold at the sending end. After the compression of correlated data, the distinct decomposed data are reconstructed at the receiver end which is performed offline. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is able to compress 91.49% of spatio-temporal environmental temperature data with reconstruction error having a minimum tolerance of $\pm 1.0^\circ $ C. The performance improvement of ETSVD in terms of error and accuracy compared to the performance of conventional SVD are 85.26% and 33.49%, respectively. Moreover, the ETSVD provides efficient error-control data preprocessing and compression solutions within the networks with minimum space and time complexities.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), plenty of sensor nodes are typically deployed in the field to provide a long-term monitoring facility. These sensor nodes are usually collect a huge amount of data over time. Transmitting the huge data from the sensor nodes to a sink introduces a big challenge to the network due to energy constraint of the sensor nodes. Therefore, many research efforts have been carried out so far to design efficient data clustering techniques for WSNs. The main purpose of these techniques is to reduce the amount of data over the network while retaining their fundamental properties. This paper aims to develop a Histogram-based Data Clustering (HDC) technique at the cluster-head (CH) for in-network data reduction. The HDC groups the homogeneous data into clusters and then performs in-network data reduction by selecting the central values (instead of all data points) of each cluster. Simulations on real-world sensor data show that the proposed HDC can effectively reduce a significant amount of redundant data and outperform existing techniques.

Advancements in wireless body sensor technology have enabled continuous recording of Electroencephalogram (EEG) data for remote monitoring. However, a significant amount of data introduced due to the continuous data recording over time has become a challenge for energy constraint sensor nodes to transfer the data to the remote stations. Therefore, many researchers explore data compression techniques to solve the large-scale data issue by compressing before the raw data are transmitted to the sink. This paper proposes a Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (TSVD) technique to compress raw EEG data by eliminating the high volume of redundant data. At the pre-processing stage, collected EEG data are reshaped to a 2-D matrix then the matrix is transformed into the subspace or vector-space using TSVD for to compress the matrix based on the correlation of the data. Afterwards, the proposed technique reconstructs the compressed data at the remote station for further analysis. Various performance metrics are utilized to evaluate the proposed technique. Simulation results show that the proposed technique suppresses a big amount of redundant data with acceptable distortion of the original data.

Virtual Reality (VR) models have been used in tertiary education to provide unreachable real-life experiences to learners. Often construction class facilitators find it is very challenging to engage in experiential learning activities (e.g., site visits) due to hectic project environment and its health and safety risks. VR models can, therefore, be used as an alternative way of conducting virtual construction site visits, as part of an effective curriculum delivery process. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of VR models for promoting learners engagement in construction studies. We created a virtual reality model of sustainable building features (earth building techniques, rainwater harvesting tank, dry toilet, solar panels, and green wall) to stimulate sustainability in construction studies. We showcased the project at Auckland Build Expo 2018 (ABE2018) for the public. Construction students evaluated the effectiveness of the VR model through an anonymous questionnaire survey. The results show that VR models used could provide an intuitive and safe way to engage construction students. It was evident through student evaluation survey results, some visitors who commented on our VR model during ABE2018 and student assessment results. Further, 71.5% of learners involved in this project believed that VR models are useful in construction studies due to their convenience and easy access and found it an asset to their learning. VR models help understand earth building techniques and sustainable features which are rarely available to access. They could help class facilitators engage with experiential learning activities to improve their teaching quality and to make the learning process more enjoyable.

In next-generation wireless networks, a Multi-Mode Device (MMD) can be connected with available Radio Access Technology (RAT) in a Heterogeneous Wireless Network (HWN). The appropriate RAT selection is essential to achieve expected Quality of Service (QoS) in HWN. There are many factors to select an appropriate RAT in HWN including Data rate, Power consumption, Security, Network delay, Service price, etc. Nowadays, the MMDs are capable to handle with multiple types of services like voice, file downloading, video streaming. Considering numerous factors and multiple types of services, it is a great challenge for MMDs to select the appropriate RAT. A Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method to deal with numerous attributes to achieve the expected goal is Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This research utilized TOPSIS method to evaluate its proposed algorithm to choose the proper RAT for single and dual call services. The algorithm applies users' preference of a specific RAT that varies for diverse categories of calls. It also aggregates the assigned call weight and call priority to choose the RAT for group call admission for different scenarios. The highest closeness coefficient has been considered the appropriate networks among other networks. 100 call admission into three networks has been simulated and has been observed.

IEEE802.11e is a concrete challenge to providing quality of service (QoS) aimed at interactive multimedia (IMM) applications due to the resource allocation parameter for heterogeneous traffic flows. This parameter is fixed for different specific IMM traffic flows in the IEEE802.11e standard. However, due to the variation in traffic load on wireless campus networks (WCNs), the fixed allocation of the channel resource parameter is not sufficient to guarantee QoS for IMM traffic flows. Thus, many researchers have investigated dynamic regulation of this resource allocation parameter to ensure QoS. However, there are still some unresolved problems with this parameter. This paper introduces an enhanced EDCA resource allocation parameter named dynamic transmission opportunity (TXOP) limit that regulates according to the variation in traffic load over WCN. This work also employs a mathematical modelling approach for the proposed parameter and numerical analysis of the existing and proposed parameters. The evaluation of the proposed model is simulated using Qualnet 5.1. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme allows improving the QoS performance of IMM traffic by reducing end-to-end delay. Additionally, the results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves global throughput.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) deploys hundreds or thousands of nodes that may introduce large-scale data over time. Dealing with such an amount of collected data is a real challenge for energy-constraint sensor nodes. Therefore, numerous research works have been carried out to design efficient data clustering techniques in WSNs to eliminate the amount of redundant data before transmitting them to the sink while preserving their fundamental properties. This paper develops a new error-aware data clustering (EDC) technique at the cluster-heads (CHs) for in-network data reduction. The proposed EDC consists of three adaptive modules that allow users to choose the module that suits their requirements and the quality of the data. The histogram-based data clustering (HDC) module groups temporal correlated data into clusters and eliminates correlated data from each cluster. Recursive outlier detection and smoothing (RODS) with HDC module provides error-aware data clustering, which detects random outliers using temporal correlation of data to maintain data reduction errors within a predefined threshold. Verification of RODS (V-RODS) with HDC module detects not only random outliers but also frequent outliers simultaneously based on both the temporal and spatial correlations of the data. The simulation results show that the proposed EDC is computationally cheap, able to reduce a significant amount of redundant data with minimum error, and provides efficient error-aware data clustering solutions for remote monitoring environmental applications.

Recent reports have indicated that driver fatigue is one of the main causes in vehicle accidents leading to traffic fatalities and severe injuries. Therefore, developing fatigue driving monitoring system is of outmost importance to avoid fatigue-related accidents. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based continuous monitoring system is one of the effective ways to predict both psychological and physiological fatigue during driving. This system requires driver to wear a fabric cap consisting of many EEG sensors which are battery-powered, small-size and lightweight. The EEG data of driver are continuously monitored and sent to a base station using a special network called a wireless EEG sensor network (WESN). Unfortunately, the network suffers from high communication load due to abundant transmission activities of high-density sensors placed on the small circumference of the human scalp. This article aims to identify the suitable sensor network topology that results in low power data transmission for WESN. The results show that the cluster-based topology performs better compared to far-end and near-end with respect to energy consumption in transmit, received and idle mode, throughput and delay.

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected by wireless links where each node or mobile device is independent to move in any desired direction and thus the links keep moving from one node to another. In such a network, the mobile nodes are equipped with CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) transceivers and communicate with each other via radio. In MANETs, routing is considered one of the most difficult and challenging tasks. Because of this, most studies on MANETs have focused on comparing protocols under varying network conditions. But to the best of our knowledge no one has studied the effect of other factors on network performance indicators like throughput, jitter and so on, revealing how much influence a particular factor or group of factors has on each network performance indicator. Thus, in this study the effects of three key factors, i.e. routing protocol, packet size and DSSS rate, were evaluated on key network performance metrics, i.e. average delay and average jitter, as these parameters are crucial for network performance and directly affect the buffering requirements for all video devices and downstream networks.

Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) is considered as the most widespread network mobility protocol at the present time which is a logical extension of the MIPv6 operation. Hence, Location Update (LU) procedure of NEMO BSP is almost similar to MIPv6 registration apart from setting of the MR flag and sending of prefix in the Binding Update (BU). However, in NEMO network, providing an uninterrupted Internet connectivity during handoff (seamless handoff) is still an open issue for the current researchers in terms of handoff delay, packet loss, service disruption time and signaling overhead respectively. To concentrate on these issues, in this study, an Intra Domain Mobility scheme in NEMO (IDM-NEMO) is proposed that aims to reduce signaling overhead by incorporating an improved version of Fast HMIPv6 scheme with NEMO network to attain continuous Internet connectivity at the time of movement from one subnet to another. Additionally, in order to analyze the location update cost, a mathematical model has been developed and compared with the standard NEMO BSP. The analytical result demonstrates that the proposed scheme reduced location update cost by 52% than that of NEMOBSP.

In next-generation wireless networks, a user can be connected through Multi-Mode Device (MMD) to the multiple wireless networks in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN) considering several factors; including network technology, data service type, available bandwidth, Quality of Service (QoS), monetary cost, etc. To deal with all these multi attributes, game theory based models have been used to point out a better solution. This paper evaluates the techniques, methods, advantages, limitations of some game theory-based models for wireless resource allocation in HWN. Finally, it concludes that the Shapley Value method can be used for further research activities for its efficiency.

Cloud computing is one of the emerging technology in this modern era. Some years back, this concept was related to only simple desktop computers or personal computers and static data centers and so on but now research is going on to implement this concept to mobiles also. So, in this paper, the concept of cloud computing as a general is given, followed by concept of mobile computing along with the general issues which are creating hindrances in completing this technology.

Signaling overhead is a significant issue for mobile network due to increase traffic load with packet loss and delay during frequent movement of Mobile Router (MR) from one subnet to another in Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BSP). Accordingly, advance preparation mechanism (i.e. Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) works very well as a node mobility solution in order to solve these matters. Yet, combining this host-based protocol for macro mobility handoff in NEMO environment is a challenging issue as both MR and its Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) must be taken into consideration. In this paper, a numerical framework is developed to study the total handoff cost of Macro Mobility scheme in NEMO (MM-NEMO). The numerical results confirms that MM-NEMO scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP related to total handoff delay cost (51 % less than that of NEMO-BSP) regardless of increasing the number of MRs as well as cell residence time.

Registration delay is a significant issue for mobile network due to increase traffic load with handoff latency at the time of frequent movement from one subnet to another of Mobile Router (MR) in NEMO Basic Support protocol (NEMO BSP). Hence, a network-based localized protocol (i.e. PMIPv6) is integrated with NEMO in order to solve these matters. Yet, combining this network-based localized protocol for inter mobility handoff (i.e. movement among different access technology) in NEMO environment is a challenging issue as both MR and its MNNs must be taken into consideration. Therefore, this paper proposes a multihoming-based Early Proxy Binding Update scheme in NEMO (EPBU-NEMO) which is based on FPMIPv6 with predictive mode to reduce registration delay during inter mobility handoff. Moreover, numerical framework is formulated to evaluate the outcomes of the EPBU-NEMO scheme. Lastly, it determines that EPBU-NEMO scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP related to signaling cost regardless of increasing the number of MRs as well as cell residence time.

Ad-hoc mobile/802.11 networks are those networks which has got no fixed topology due to the movement of end nodes. Each node within mobile adhoc network can act both host as well as router. For these mobile nodes to be properly functional and operational, routing protocol is required. And for this very purpose, studies have been going on, which protocol is better. Little emphasis has been laid on network Performance indicators as which factors are most important for a specific Performance indicator. To the best of our knowledge no one has studied effect of different factors on network performance indicators like throughput, Delay and so on, as how much influence a particular factor or group of factors is having on network performance indicators itself Thus, in this paper, effect of routing protocol, packet size and node mobility pause time have been evaluated against one of the most important network performance metric i.e. Throughput.

MANET or mobile adhoc network is infrastructure less network which does not require any centralized support. Equipped with CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) transceivers, mobile nodes communicate via radio. As network topology always changes due to mobility of nodes, routing as well as routing protocol selection is quite daunting and challenging in MANET. Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a modulation technique used for spreading spectrum of a transmitted signal and is applied at physical layer. Very few studies have focused on effect of DSSS rate on performance of routing protocols. In this paper, the performance analysis of DSR (dynamic source routing) routing protocol which is reactive protocol is done with varying CBR traffic and DSSS rate for important and key network performance metrics which are throughput, end-to-end packet delay and jitter.

The protocol which is considered as a most widespread Mobility Management Protocol (MMP) is entitled as Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP). The foremost function of NEMO BSP is to maintain the ongoing Internet connectivity at the time of handoff among different access networks through establishing a tunnel among Mobile Router (MR) and its Home Agent (HA). Nevertheless, NEMO BSP inherits several shortcomings namely higher handoff latency and packet loss. This causes performance destruction for the real time scenarios (i.e. Video streaming) seriatim on Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) and fails to ensure seamless handover in mobile networks. This effect is predominantly significant in wireless environment. Accordingly, it can preserve seamless handoff by using a number of interfaces in NEMO. In this paper, a basic synopsis on mobility management in multihomed networks is given in a combined manner. Likewise, it evaluates Location Update Cost (LUC) by qualitative analysis to expose that multihoming-based scheme possess minor cost than NEMO BSP.

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by Wireless and each node or mobile device is independent to move in any desired direction and thus link goes on changing from one node to another. In MANET's, routing is considered as one of the most difficult and challenging task and due to that reason, most of the studies have focused on comparing protocols with each other under varying network conditions. But to the best of our knowledge no one has studied effect of different factors on network performance indicators like throughput, Jitter and so on, as how much influence a particular factor or group of factors is having on network performance indicators itself. Thus, in this paper effect of three key factors i.e. Routing protocol, packet size and Node Mobility Pause time is evaluated on the key network performance metrics i.e. Average Delay and Average Jitter, as these parameters are crucial for network performance and directly affects the buffering requirements for all video devices and downstream network. Also excess value of Delay and jitter can lead to many problems ranging from lip-synchronization problem to the loss of packets because of buffer overflow or underflow.

MANET or mobile adhoc network is that network which is infrastructure less and does not need any centralized support. In this network, mobile nodes are equipped with CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) transceivers and communicate with each other via radio. This network is a kind of temporary network and is best suited for emergency purposes. Since, nodes are always on the move in MANET, routing and protocol selection is considered as one of the most difficult task due to changing network topology. In this paper, performance analysis of two reactive protocols known as DYMO (dynamic Manet on demand) and DSR(dynamic source routing) based on the variation of CBR traffic and DSSS(direct spread spectrum ) rate is studied for key network performance metrics which are throughput, end-to-end packet delay and jitter using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. DYMO is one of the most popular reactive routing protocol and has been standardized by IETF MANET WG .To the best of our knowledge, no one has studied the effect of DSSS rate for the mentioned protocols.

Next generation wireless communication systems are being devised with the vision of heterogeneity where multiple wireless technologies are co-existing. Bandwidth is one of wireless resources that can be aggregated among the available technologies in a particular area. Bandwidth aggregation has been considered one of the effective solutions for high bandwidth required applications in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (HWN). However, the selection of Radio Access Technology (RAT) for aggregation in HWN is a great challenge. This paper proposes a scheduling algorithm for RAT selection in HWN for bandwidth aggregation. It is expected that the proposed algorithm can select the minimum set of RAT from the available RATs based on the required application's demand that will improve the throughput and utilizes the wireless resources.

The enhancement of channel access mechanism assures to provide Quality of Service (QoS) using the service differentiation mechanism over WLAN in IEEE802.11e. The service differentiation scheme is used in the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) MAC layer protocol and this protocol is used the random back-off window algorithm to provide QoS for the real time multimedia applications. However, the back-off window mechanism ensures QoS to satisfy multimedia traffic but it only the probabilistic QoS due to the random nature of the algorithm. As like as the randomness of the mobility models that can be reduced the network performance. In this paper, we analyze the proposed network performance based on the variation of randomness using different seed values and evaluate the network performance using various performance metrics in IEEE802.11e.

Interactive Multimedia (IMM) applications such as voice and video conferencing are very important in our learning environment. They offer useful services that benefit its users but these services suffers performance degradation from today's high speed Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). However, guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) remains the bottleneck in the network which becomes a great challenge in attempting to improve its performance. This work reviewed many approaches and considers mapping QoS class parameters such as Quality of Service Class Identifier (QCI), Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) and Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) to the upstream and downstream data flowing in the network as an attempt to improve its performance. Priority is then given to the QoS bearer packets by associating Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP). A comprehensive analysis of QoS in different protocols in wireless networks has been studied. Open issues and research directions have been addressed with a proposed mechanism to enhance the QoS of the wireless network.

Interactive Multimedia (IMM) applications have observed quick growth in the world of computer and communication technologies. Voice, video conferencing, graphics services are considered as IMM applications, at low cost with more flexibility in a high speed Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) that can be defined as a high speed Wireless Campus Network (WCN). The networks' traffic flow determines the participating users work as a sender or receiver during the voice or video conversation. The IMM applications have to be kept the least data loss and maximum throughput over WCN. Packets scheduling and channel allocation mechanism are the challenging issues for improving IMM transmission and it is still an unresolved problem over WCN. This paper reviews on different exist scheduling mechanisms and channel allocation algorithms of IMM related to various applications and highlights the current issues. A new priority based scheduling scheme and dynamic channel allocation mechanisms have been proposed in this paper. It is expected that the proposed mechanisms ensure the minimum requirement of the IMM applications which will deliver QoS with the least handoff delay and minimize the call dropping probabilities for IMM applications though WCNs.

Interactive Multimedia (IMM) offers voice, video conferencing, graphics services at low cost with more flexibility in a high speed Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) that can be defined as a high speed Wireless Campus Network (WCN). In a video or voice conversation, the direction of traffic flow over the networks defines the participating users work either as a sender or a receiver. In order to improve performance of IMM traffic in WCN, data loss has to be kept minimum with maximum throughput. Packets scheduling is one of the challenging issues for improving IMM transmission and it is still an unresolved problem over WCN. This work aims to explain the fundamental characteristics of IMM related to various applications and highlights the present scheduler issues. A new scheduling scheme has been proposed which is expected to deliver the optimum Quality of Service (QoS) with the least handoff delay and call dropping probabilities for IMM applications though WCNs.

The next generation wireless technology systems are being devised with the vision of heterogeneity where a Multimode Device (MD) would be connected with multiple wireless networks like GSM, WiFi, and WiMAX. Bandwidth is one of the main resources of these technologies which is operated independently that need to be aggregated among these technologies in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (HWN). This paper aims to investigate the issues of campus based heterogeneous wireless network, its benefits and challenges. It has been found that an efficient scheduling model for packet reordering and an appropriate interface selection mechanism are important for HWN. Besides its benefits, this paper also addresses the schemes including genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic technique and game theory those have been using for bandwidth allocation. Finally, this paper proposes a mechanism for bandwidth allocation in a HWN environment.

In order to support mobile network, a management mechanism of Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) has been standardized by Information Engineering Task Force (IETF). NEMO BSP is an extension of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and inherits all the shortcomings like higher handoff latency, packet loss etc. As Network Mobility (NEMO) is engaged to manage the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it's Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) during handoff, it is very important to improve the performance of mobility management protocol to achieve continuous Internet connectivity with lower delay and packet loss in NEMO environment. When a change in point of attachment of the mobile network is accompanied by a sudden burst of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm" occurs and it ultimately results in temporary congestion, handoff delays, or even packet loss. This effect is especially noteworthy for wireless environment where bandwidth is relatively limited. Therefore providing uninterrupted Internet connection through applying multihoming technique in NEMO is becoming most significant areas for current researchers. The purpose of this paper is to give a general overview on existing mobility management approaches which enable multihoming and network based mobility protocol with NEMO in an integrated manner. Furthermore, it highlights the strengths and the limitations of these schemes for future analysis.

The configuration of WLAN MAC by means of Super Frame (SF) and Contention Free Period (CFP) variation is one of the effective schemes to provide QoS to interactive multimedia (IMM) traffic. In this paper we investigate the usefulness of an auto-generated dynamic parameter set of CFP and SF combinations as the logical look-up table for the WLAN medium access control scheme. A modified analytical model is used to generate these optimum configurations by minimizing wastage in CFP constrained by the minimum wastage in CP.

In IMM traffic, while establishing a voice or video conversation, the sender and the receiver (the participants) should be mutually benefited by ensuring QoS like minimum data loss, sharing sufficient bandwidth and achieving high throughput over the WCN. To improve the network performance, scheduling mechanism is a challenging issue in the transmission of IMM traffic and it still needs to be solved over WCN. This paper aims to employ three different MAC layer scheduling mechanisms such as FIFO, RED and WRED for analysing the performance over the network, based on variation of traffic load in IEEE802.11e, and to evaluate the proposed schedulers' performance using different performance metrics in WCN. Here, the traffic load is varied by increasing the packet size and the traffic arrival rate, respectively. In order to analyse the network performance, the simulation has been done in QualNET 5.1 simulator. In the simulator, the mobility model is chosen as 'Random Waypoint' to change the node position randomly and the application as CBR. Simulation results show that increasing the packet size enables RED and WRED schedulers to perform better than FIFO in terms of all the performance metrics. On the other hand, increasing the traffic arrival rate helps to enhance the performance of the FIFO scheduler compared to the FIFO scheduling mechanism in the previous case. It is conclusive through the performance analyses that all three schedulers perform comparatively better when the traffic arrival rate is increased compared to increasing the packet size.

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is one of the pioneer standards that support mobility in IPv6 environment. It has been designed to support different types of technologies for providing seamless communications in next generation network. However, MIPv6 and subsequent standards have some limitations due to its handoff latency. In this paper, a fuzzy logic based mechanism is proposed to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6 for Layer 2 (L2) by scanning the Access Points (APs) while the Mobile Node (MN) is moving among different APs. Handoff latency occurs when the MN switches from one AP to another in L2. Heterogeneous network is considered in this research in order to reduce the delays in L2. Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and velocity of the MN are considered as the input of fuzzy logic technique. This technique helps the MN to measure optimum signal quality from APs for the speedy mobile node based on fuzzy logic input rules and makes a list of interfaces. A suitable interface from the list of available interfaces can be selected like WiFi, WiMAX or GSM. Simulation results show 55% handoff latency reduction and 50% packet loss improvement in L2 compared to standard to MIPv6.

NEMO BSP is an upgraded addition to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). As MIPv6 and its enhancements (i.e. HMIPv6) possess some limitations like higher handoff latency, packet loss, NEMO BSP also faces all these shortcomings by inheritance. Network Mobility (NEMO) is involved to handle the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it's Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) during handoff. Hence it is essential to upgrade the performance of mobility management protocol to obtain continuous session connectivity with lower delay and packet loss in NEMO environment. The completion of handoff process in NEMO BSP usually takes longer period since MR needs to register its single primary care of address (CoA) with home network that may cause performance degradation of the applications running on Mobile Network Nodes. Moreover, when a change in point of attachment of the mobile network is accompanied by a sudden burst of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm" occurs which eventually results in temporary congestion, packet delays or even packet loss. This effect is particularly significant for wireless environment where a wireless link is not as steady as a wired link since bandwidth is relatively limited in wireless link. Hence, providing continuous Internet connection without any interruption through applying multihoming technique and route optimization mechanism in NEMO are becoming the center of attention to the current researchers. In this paper, we propose a handoff cost model to compare the signaling cost of MM-NEMO with NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) and HMIPv6.The numerical results shows that the signaling cost for the MM-NEMO scheme is about 69.6 % less than the NEMO-BSP and HMIPv6.