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SLOfit Lifelong is a public health initiative which was created to upgrade a well-established, national physical fitness surveillance system for Slovenian schoolchildren that has been collecting annual fitness and health data for over three decades. The ultimate objective of creating SLOfit Lifelong was to build a modern societal infrastructure with the capacity and ability to detect future causal associations between childhood physical fitness trends and future health outcomes based on the lifelong surveillance of one’s own fitness status. By instilling citizens with an ambition to test, understand, and follow-up their own physical fitness and health status (including related health risk factors), this initiative provides the technical support and expert feedback needed to engender greater individual control over understanding (and thus modulating), one’s own physical fitness status as they progress into older adulthood. This perspective paper details the extensive approach taken to devise appropriate fitness test batteries for adults and older adults which can also relate to the student version of the original SLOfit test database, including establishing criterion health risk zones and a public approach to establish this national, citizen-driven health feedback framework. Through its sophisticated online web applications, social media, print media, and outreach workshops, SLOfit Lifelong provides the expert support for public health engagement by fostering positive lifelong physical literacy experiences an individual can enjoy across their aging journey.

SLOfit Lifelong is a public health initiative which was created to upgrade a well-established, national physical fitness surveillance system for Slovenian schoolchildren that has been collecting annual fitness and health data for over three decades. The ultimate objective of creating SLOfit Lifelong was to build a modern societal infrastructure with the capacity and ability to detect future causal associations between childhood physical fitness trends and future health outcomes based on the lifelong surveillance of one's own fitness status. By instilling citizens with an ambition to test, understand, and follow-up their own physical fitness and health status (including related health risk factors), this initiative provides the technical support and expert feedback needed to engender greater individual control over understanding (and thus modulating), one's own physical fitness status as they progress into older adulthood. This perspective paper details the extensive approach taken to devise appropriate fitness test batteries for adults and older adults which can also relate to the student version of the original SLOfit test database, including establishing criterion health risk zones and a public approach to establish this national, citizen-driven health feedback framework. Through its sophisticated online web applications, social media, print media, and outreach workshops, SLOfit Lifelong provides the expert support for public health engagement by fostering positive lifelong physical literacy experiences an individual can enjoy across their aging journey.

Additional file 1. Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 Checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the association between heart function among obese patients and Type D personality to predict the potential risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Overall, 30 obese patients were evaluated for the DS14 score. Body mass with body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before and after a 3-month period. Half of the subjects had been instructed to exercise 4-times weakly (walking 5 km/h) for an hour, the other half did not exercise. Additionally, STAX-1, SWLS, and QOLLTI-P questionnaires had been used. All participants had a normal CRP and sedimentation rate at the enrolment and after 3-month follow up. None of the psychological tests (STAX-1, SWLS and QLLTI-P) showed statistical difference in results between June and October. Participants who exercised showed lower HR compared to participants who did not exercise. Obese patients with high DS14 score showed reduced HRV as an additional risk factor for the future cardiovascular and other stress-related diseases. Type D personality was associated with an increased risk of CHD proved by the HRV measures when the individual was not exercising. Thus, individual personality in fact correlates to autonomic regulation of the heart. Cilj rada je analizirati povezanost između srčane funkcije kod pretilih pacijenata i osobina ličnosti tipa D kako bi se predvidio potencijalni rizik za koronarnu bolest srca (CHD). Tip DS14 je procijenjen u ukupno 30 pretilih pacijenata. Tjelesna masa s indeksom tjelesne mase (BMI), sistolički i dijastolički krvni tlak, broj otkucaja srca (HR) i varijabilnost otkucaja srca (HRV) mjereni su prije i nakon tromjesečnog razdoblja. Polovica ispitanika dobila je upute da vježba 4 puta lakše hodanje (5 km/h) po sat vremena, druga polovica nije vježbala. Dodatno su korišteni STAX-1, SWLS i QOLLTI-P upitnici. Svi su sudionici imali normalan CRP i brzinu sedimentacije na početku studije i nakon 3 mjeseca praćenja. Nijedan psihološki test (STAX-1, SWLS i QLLTI-P) nije pokazao statističku razliku između rezultata u lipnju i listopadu. Ispitanici koji su vježbali imali su niži HR u usporedbi sa sudionicima koji nisu vježbali. Pretili pacijenti s visokim re-zultatom DS14 pokazali su smanjen HRV kao dodatni čimbenik rizika za buduće kardiovaskularne i druge bolesti povezane sa stresom. Ličnost tipa D bila je povezana s povećanim rizikom od CHD-a, a to je dokazano mjerenjem HRV-a kada osoba nije vježbala. Rezultati ukazuju da je individualni tip ličnosti zapravo u korelaciji s autonomnom regulacijom srca.

Background: Health care professionals are exposed to the psychological and physiological effects of stress, which is a well-known risk factor for various mental and physical health problems. Objective: The aims of this study were to assess the adherence of female health care workers to use a web-based tool for improving and modifying lifestyle and to identify the potential factors influencing their adherence. Methods: A prospective, observational study was performed. A total of 80 female health care workers (physicians and gradated nurses) from 2 university medical centers and female members of a family medicine society participated. Participants completed a questionnaire that inquired about their basic demographic data and physical fitness. Physical fitness was assessed by the Rockport Fitness Walking Test. Adherence to a web-based application (24@life) was followed for 3 months and the number of log-ins into the application was counted. Results: The study was conducted from March to October 2019. Significantly high workload has been detected in all groups (P690 nmol/L) activated cellular immune system with elevated concentrations of lymphocytes (reference 1.1-2.5 × 109 cells/L), CD3 cells (reference 0.7-1.9 × 109 cells/L), CD8 cells (reference 0.2-0.7 × 109 cells/L), and HLA-DR/CD3 cells (reference 0.04-0.2 × 109 cells/L) and the worst quality of sleep (mean 2.8 [SD 1.2]). Only 32 of 80 participants (40%) were adherent to the web-based application. Participants most frequently viewed web pages on areas of physical activity (497 times) and nutrition (332 times). No factors or participant’s characteristics such as weight (odds ratio [OR] 1.026, 95% CI 0.977-1.078), BMI (OR 0.993, 95% CI 0.834-1.184), age (OR 0.970, 95% CI 0.910-1.034), or stress level (OR 0.997, 95% CI 0.995-1.000) were identified to affect the adherence rates. Conclusions: Female health care workers exposed to high workload did not find the web-based application useful for improving and modifying their lifestyle. Therefore, other strategies that might help health care workers facing stress and improve their lifestyle should be identified.

It is well known that in normal walkig soft shoe sole reduces First passive peak of vertical GRF and delays its occurrence compared to barefoot walking. However, little known about the influence of shoes on anterio- posterior GRF which is important for performance, e.g. race walking. The purpose of this study was to compare barefoot and shod race walking to estimate the effect of race walking shoes on GRF. One female race walker (height 173 cm ; weight 48.9 kg ; age 25 years)participated in the study. She performed ten trials in shood conditions and barefoot conditions respectively over the force plate. The force plate was covered with the track and sampling rate was 1000 HZ. The descriptive statistics was performed. The first posterior propulsion (acceleration) occurred in both conditions and at all velocities but it was always higher in shod (10.5 % ± 3.1 of the whole propulsion) than in barefoot conditions (1.7 % ± 1.8 of the whole propulsion. At the end of the contact, small propusion in anterior direction (braking) occured in shod conditions only and presents 6.1 % ± 3.1 of the whole propulsion in anterior direction. The results of the present study showed that initial propulsion in race walking is enhanced by shoe. Initial posterior propulsion, which was observed during both barefoot and shod walking, is initiated by strong hip extension prior to and during ground contact. However, the heel rocker effect which may contribute to initial posterior propulsion may be enhanced with shoe by increasing lever between floor contact and the center of the ankle joint compared to the barefoot condition.

Namen disertacije je bil preučiti akutni odziv živčno-mišičnega sistema na različno trajajoče intervale statičnega počepa na vibracijski plošči in brez vibracij. V študiji je sodelovalo deset študentov (21,1 ± 1,41 leta). Na vsakem obisku je bil vsak preiskovanec deležen enakega postopka meritev, medtem ko je bila intervencija na vsakem obisku drugačna. Intervencije so se razlikovale po trajanju intervalov (30, 60 ali 180 s) in številu intervalov obremenitve (18, 9 ali 3) in po tem, ali se je vadba izvajala na vibracijski plošči (WBV) ali brez (CON). Na vseh intervencijah so preiskovanci stali v počepu s koleni v kotu 60° v 40 cm širokem razkoraku. Na vsaki intervenciji so bili preiskovanci podvrženi devetim minutam aktivne obremenitve. Vadba na vibracijski plošči je potekala pri frekvenci nihanja 26 Hz. V obdobjih pred (PRED), po (PO), 15 minut po (PO15) in 30 minut po (PO30) obremenitvi smo izvedli naslednje meritve: največja hotena kontrakcija, nivo zavestne aktivacije in skoki z nasprotnim gibanjem. Poleg tega smo refleks H, enojne in dvojne skrčke ter vlake impulzov izmerili tudi v odmorih med vadbenimi intervali. Izsledki te študije kažejo, da so intervencije, izvedene na vibracijski plošči (WBV30 in WBV60), privedle do padca refleksa H po obremenitvi, medtem ko intervencije brez vibracij niso privedle do sprememb. Pri drugih izmerjenih parametrih nismo zasledili statistično značilnih razlik med intervencijami, izvedenimi na vibracijski plošči, in intervencijami brez vibracij. Zaradi pomanjkanja razlik med intervencijami na vibracijski plošči in intervencijami brez vibracij tovrstno vadbo priporočamo le v primerih, ko je tradicionalna vadba z utežmi manj primerna. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of whole-body vibrations (WBV) on neuromuscular fatigue or potentiation, and on the excitability of the α-motoneuron pool. Ten students (21.1 ± 1.41 years) took part in the study. The participants were instructed to maintain a semi-squat position (knee angle 60°, feet 40 cm apart) for several sets (18, 9 or 3) for the duration of 30, 60 or 180 seconds respectively (total time of 9 minutes on each visit). Three interventions were performed on the vibration platform turned on (frequency 26 Hz) and three on the vibration platform turned off. Knee extensors maximum voluntary contraction, level of voluntary activation and countermovement jumps were assessed before (PRED), immediately after (PO), 15 minutes after (PO15) and 30 minutes after (PO30) the intervention. Besides that, the soleus H reflex, knee extensors single twitch, double twitches and trains of stimulation were assessed during the rest periods between sets as well. Interventions with short WBV intervals (30 & 60 s) induced a significant drop in H reflex compared to interventions without vibrations. The lack of neuromuscular potentiation registered in this study suggests that WBV should not be a replacement for traditional strength training in healthy individuals. This exercise modality should be used only when traditional strength training is contraindicated due to medical conditions.

Dandanes so bolečine v ledvenem delu hrbtenice pogost pojav, njihova prevalenca linearno narašča od tretjega desetletja življenja do šestega desetletja življenja. Pogosteje se pojavi pri ženskah kot pri moških. (Meucci, Fassa in Faria, 2015). Verjetno zaradi drugačne anatomije ženskega skeleta (širša medenica, bolj poudarjen nagib medenice naprej zaradi lažjega rojevanja). Nekatere študije nakazujejo na to, da so bolečine v ledvenem delu hrbtenice pogostejše pri populaciji, ki dela sede (Stefansdottir in Gudmundsdottir, 2016, Sanya in Omokhodion, 2003 ter A., Amorim in ostali, 2017). Prav tako je visoka prevalenca v športu, najvišja je pri kanuistih ter pri teku na smučeh. Pri športnikih ima zelo širok razpon (od 1% do 94%). (Trompeter, Fett in Platen, 2017). Krajše mišice okoli medenice in kolka lahko vplivajo na povečanje prednjega nagiba medenice in s tem na povečanje ledvene lordoze, ki je po nekaterih študijah tesno povezana s povečanjem bolečin v ledvenem delu hrbtenice in nekaterimi hrbteničnimi bolezni. Skrajšanje mišic vpliva na njihovo krčenje. V primeru nagiba medenice naprej med samim sedenjem imamo zaradi načina sedenja skrajšane upogibalke kolka in trupa, podaljšane upogibalke kolen, iztegovalke kolka ter iztegovalke trupa. Manjša vzdržljivost mišic iztegovalk trupa je tesno povezana z nastankom bolečin v ledvenem delu hrbtenice. Skozi zgoraj omenjeno kineziologijo medenice lahko vidimo, kakšen vpliv imajo mišice na držo celega telesa (preko medenice). Poleg mišic lahko na položaj medenice vpliva pronacija stopal, katera prisili spodnje okončine v notranjo rotacijo in s tem nagib medenice naprej. Za preprečevanje nagiba medenice naprej je prvo važno prepoznavanje nagiba naprej z različnimi testi. Ko določimo nagib medenice naprej, se reševanja problema lahko lotimo s proprioceptivno vadbo zavedanja položaja medenice med izvedbo različnih nalog. Nowadays, lower back pain is a very common occurence. The prevalence of lower back pain grows linear from the third to the sixth decade of life. It's more common with women than men. (Meucci, Fassa and Faria, 2015). It is believed that this is the cause of their anatomy (wider pelvis and pronounced anterior pelvic tilt for the needs of labour). Studies show that lower back pain is more common with seated workers (Stefansdottir in Gudmundsdottir, 2016, Sanya in Omokhodion, 2003 and A., Amorim et. al., 2017). Lower back pain prevalence is also high in sports, the highest prevalence is found with canoeists and cross-country skiers. However, the prevalence in sports has a wide range (from 1% to 94%). (Trompeter, Fett and Platen, 2017). Shortened muscles around the pelvis and the hip joint can cause an even bigger anterior pelvic tilt. This results in a greater lumbar lordosis, which is, according to studies, linked with higher prevalence of lower back pain and other back problems. The shortening of muscles also affects their ability to contract. Anterior pelvic tilt, while seated, causes shortening of hip and trunk flexors, elongation of knee flexors, hip and trunk extensors. Weakened trunk extensors are tightly correlated with the onset of lower back pain. With the above explanation of hip kinesiology, we can understand how the muscles of the pelvis can affect our posture. Apart from muscles, pronation of the feet can also cause anterior pelvic tilting (it forces the lower extremities into internal rotation, which results in anterior pelvic tilting). It is crucial to test and diagnose anterior pelvic tilt with different tests if we want to prevent anterior pelvic tilting. We can only start solving the problem after we have determined the amount of anterior pelvic tilting. The best exercises used for this are proprioceptive exercises which enforce the proper pelvic mechanics during the different tasks.

Cilj naloge je bil preveriti uporabnost meritve nivoja mišične aktivacije (NA) s primerjavo največjega izometričnega in ekscentričnega navora (metoda razmerij navorov – MRN), izmerjenega s pomočjo enostavnega hidravličnega sistema domače izdelave, vgrajenega v trenažer za izteg kolen. Rezultate, dobljene z MRN, smo primerjali s tistimi, dobljenimi z že uveljavljeno metodo dvojnega vrinjenega skrčka (MDS). V ta namen smo želeli ugotoviti zanesljivost in občutljivost meritev ter njihovo veljavnost v pogojih akutnih (utrujanje) in kroničnih (vadba za moč) vplivov na NA. V raziskavi je prostovoljno sodelovalo 28 rekreativno treniranih merjencev moškega spola (povprečna starost in standardni odklon 30,3 ± 10,6 let, telesna višina 181,6 ± 8,0 cm, telesna masa 83,6 ± 9,7 kg). Raziskava je potekala v dveh delih. V prvem delu je 9 merjencev znotraj merilnega dneva opravilo 2 meritvi NA z obema metodama (2 ponovitvi za vsako metodo, vrstni red je bil naključno izbran), nato je sledil protokol utrujanja, ki je vseboval 2-min zadrževanje največjega hotenega izometričnega naprezanja. Takoj zatem so merjenci ponovno opravili po 2 meritvi NA z vsako metodo (isti vrstni red). V drugem delu je bilo vključenih 6 merjencev eksperimentalne skupine (ES) in 6 kontrolne skupine (KS), ki so znotraj merilnega dneva po naključnem vrstnem redu izvedli po 2 meritvi NA z MRN in 1 meritev z MDS. Opravili so začetne (ZM) in končne (KM) meritve. Med merilnima dnevoma je ES izvajala 4-tedenski program vadbe za razvoj mišične aktivacije, medtem ko je KS opravljala običajne aktivnosti. Pri posamezni meritvi z MRN sta bila izmerjena največji hoteni izometrični navor v kotu v kolenu 60° in v isti gibalni akciji največji hoteni ekscentrični navor v amplitudi od 55° do 70° iztega kolena, ki ga je omogočil hidravlični sistem med potiskom vzvoda trenažerja s konstantno hitrostjo 35°/s do 65°/s. NA, izmerjen z MRN (NA_MRN), je bil izračunan kot razmerje med največjim hotenim izometričnim in ekscentričnim navorom. Meritev z MDS je bila opravljena na izometričnem dinamometru za izteg kolen, kjer smo s pomočjo tokovno konstantnega električnega stimulatorja preko površine kože na trebuhu mišice stimulirali štiriglavo stegensko mišico z dvojnim supramaksimalnim električnim dražljajem (dvofazni impulz trajanja 0,3 ms, interval med impulzoma 10 ms). NA, izmerjen z MDS (NA_MDS), je bil izračunan na osnovi primerjave velikosti skrčka med največjim hotenim izometričnim naprezanjem in takoj po njem, ob sproščeni mišici, v kotu 60° iztega kolena. Rezultati meritev z MRN v izhodiščnem stanju (spočitost merjencev, meritve, izvedene pred obema intervencijama) so pokazali odlično ponovljivost za vse obravnavane spremenljivke (ICC > 0,90 p < 0,001). Primerjava znotraj merilnega dneva ni pokazala razlik med metodama v povprečnih vrednostih največjih hotenih izometričnih navorov, izmerjenih v izhodiščnem stanju in po protokolu utrujanja, s srednje visokimi do visokimi korelacijskimi koeficienti (0,60 > r > 0,94 p > 0,05). Vadba za moč ni prinesla pričakovanih rezultatov, saj med ZM in KM nismo ugotovili razlik v izmerjenih vrednostih največjih hotenih izometričnih navorov za obe skupini kot tudi ne med skupinama (p > 0,05). Kljub visokim korelacijam med metodama v največjih hotenih izometričnih navorih primerjava povprečnih vrednostih NA, izmerjenih v vseh treh stanjih (i – spočito, ii – po protokolu utrujanja ter iii – po vadbi), ni pokazala značilnega ujemanja med metodama, saj so se vrednosti med seboj razlikovale (p < 0,05), korelacije pa so bile neznatne, negativne in neznačilne (-0,10 < ICC < 0,20). Ugotovili smo, da uporaba hidravličnega sistema za merjenje NA z MRN, ki smo ga uporabili v nalogi, ne daje rezultatov, primerljivih z MDS. The aim of the study was to verify the usefulness of the measurement of muscle activation level (AL) by comparing the maximal isometric and eccentric torque (torques ratio method - TRM), measured using a simple home-made hydraulic system built into the leg extension machine. The results obtained with TRM were compared with those measured with the already established double-interpolated twitch method (DTM). At this purpose, we wanted to determine the reliability and sensitivity of measurements and their validity under conditions of acute (fatigue) and chronic (strength training) effects on the AL. 28 recreational trained male subject (average age and standard deviation 30,3 ± 10,6 years, height 181,6 ± 8,0 cm, body mass 83,6 ± 9,7 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. The research was conducted in two parts. In the first part, 9 subjects within the measurement day performed 2 measurement of AL on both method (2 repetitions for each method, order was randomly selected), followed by a fatigue protocol containing 2-min maximal voluntary contraction. Immediately afterwards, subjects repeated 2 measurements of NA for each method (in the same order). The second part included 6 subject of experimental group (EG) and 6 of control group (CG). They performed within the measurement day in random order 2 repetition of AL measurement with TRM and 1 with DTM. Initial (IM) and final (FM) measurements were performed. Between the measurement days, EG performed a 4-week exercise program for the development of AL, while CG performed daily activities. For single measurement of the TRM, the maximal voluntary isometric torque in the knee angle 60° was measured first, followed, in the same movement action, by the measurement of maximal voluntary eccentric torque in the range of motion from 55° to 70° of knee extension, made possible by the hydraulic sistem while pushing the trainer lever at the constant angle velocity 35°/s to 65°/s. AL, measured with TRM (AL_TRM) was then calculated as a ratio between maximum voluntary isometric and eccentric torque. Measurement with DTW were performed on an isometric dynamometer for leg extension. When measured with DTW, the muscle quadriceps femoris was stimulated across the surface of the skin on the belly of the muscle by a double-superimposed, supramaximal electrical stimulus (two-phase pulse duration 0,3 ms, interval between pulses 10 ms). AL, measured with DTW (AL_DTW) was obtained with comparing the twitch amplitude superimposed on maximal voluntary isometric contraction and the twitch amplitude of the relaxed muscle immediately after it at the knee angle 60° of knee extension. The results of the MRN measurements at baseline (restfulness of subjects, measurements taken before both interventions) showed excellent repeatibility for all variables (ICC > 0,90 p < 0,001). Comparison within the measurement day showed no differences between the methods in the mean values of the maximum voluntary isometric torques, measured at baseline and after fatigue protocol, with medium to high correlation coefficients (0,60 > r > 0,94 p > 0,05). Strength training did not produce the expected results, as we did not find differences between the IM and FM in measured values of maximum voluntary isometric torques for the two groups, as well as between the groups (p > 0,05). Despite the high correlations between the methods in the maximum torque isometric torques, the comparison of the average NA values measured in all three conditions (i - restful, ii - after fatigue protocol and iii - after exercise) did not show significant match between the methods, since the values differed (p < 0,05) and the correlations were low, negative and nonsignificant (-0,10 > ICC < 0,20). We found that the use of a hydraulic system for measuring AL with TRM does not provide comparable results with the DTW.

Za bolečinami v križu (BVK) trpi okoli 40 % odraslega prebivalstva. BVK predstavlja kompleksen zdravstveni problem, saj ima 85 % bolnikov nespecifične bolečine (jih etiološko ne moremo pojasniti). Zato pomembno vlogo igra pritisk v trebušni votlini (PTV), saj povečan izboljša stabilnost ledvenega dela trupa. Glavni namen magistrske naloge je ocena izvedbe stabilizacije trupa pri nekaterih gibalnih nalogah, ki so povezane s prenašanjem težkih predmetov, in ugotavljanje obnašanja PTV in povezanosti z le-temi ter uporabnost merilne opornice za merjenje stranske trebušne sile (STS). 27 merjencev je izvedlo 7 različnih gibalnih nalog (največji PTV v pokončni stoji (STSma), doseganje največje izometrične sile dviga predmeta v višini popka ob telesu (Oma) in stran od telesa (Sma), dvig lažjega bremena s podlage v višini popka ob telesu (O10) in stran od telesa (S10), dvig težjega bremena s podlage v višini popka ob telesu (O50) in stran od telesa (S50)). Spremembe PTV so bile ocenjene s STS, začetek dviga pa s pomočjo razbremenitve tenziometrijske plošče. Zbrane rezultate smo statistično obdelali s pomočjo programa SPSS 22 (IBM Corp, New York, ZDA). Rezultati niso pokazali razlik v spremembi PTV (oz. velikosti STS) pri dvigih bremen ob telesu in stran od telesa, na pritisk pa je vplivala velikost bremena (večje breme = večja STS). Primerjali smo odstotek uporabe PTV posameznikov in ugotovili, da nanj ne vpliva absolutna moč posameznika, ampak igra večjo vlogo pravilen mehanizem močnega pritiska. Rezultati so pokazali, da naprava za merjenje STS daje zanesljive rezultate, neodvisne od maščobne mase. To pomeni, da bi se lahko naprava uporabljala za učenje povečanja PTV, spremljanje mehanizma dviganja (učenje pravilnega dviganja) in služila kot manj invazivna alternativa senzorjev za znotrajtrebušno merjenje PTV. Roughly about 40 % of adult population has experienced low back pain (LBP). LBP represents a complex public health problem, since 85 % of sufferers endure non-specific pain (pain of unknown etiology). Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) therefore plays an important role, since it, when elevated, improves stability of lumbar spine. Main purpose of this magister thesis is to estimate mechanism of stabilisation of lumbar spine during some motor tasks, connected to carrying heavy objects, and to evaluate IAP and its connection to these tasks and usefulness of measurement device for measuring lateral abdominal force (LAF). 27 subjects performed 6 different tasks (maximal IAP while standing upright (STSma), maximal deliberate isometric force while lifting object from navel height next to the body (Oma) and away from the body (Sma), lifting light object from navel height next to the body (O10) and away from the body (S10), lifting heavy object from navel height next to the body (O10) and away from the body (S10). Changes in IAP were estimated with help of LAF and the start time of lifting with tensiometric force plate. Results were statistically analysed with SPSS 22 program (IBM Corp, New York, USA). No statistically significant differences were found between IAP (or LAF) during lifting weights close and away of centre mass of the body, although size of weight influenced IAP (higher the weight, bigger the LAF). Percentage of IAP use between subjects was compared. It was concluded, that IAP is not influenced by absolute power of the subject but rather by correct mechanism of applied high pressure. It has been shown that LAF – measuring device produces reliable results, which are independent of subjects’ body fat percentage. It shows that device could be used for teaching IAP production, monitoring lifting mechanism and it could serve as non-invasive alternative for invasive intra-abdominal monitoring of IAP.

Cilj doktorske disertacije je bil ugotavljanje razlik v kinestetičnem zaznavanju gležnja med mlajšimi in starejšimi osebami ter akutnih vplivov različnih vadbenih sredstev na kinestetično zaznavanje gležnja pri obeh skupinah. Sedemnajst mlajših (23,5 ± 1,9 leta) in petnajst starejših (67 ± 1,7 leta) posameznikov je v štirih različnih merilnih dnevih opravilo začetne in končne meritve, med katerimi so bili štirje različni intervencijski protokoli. Ti so vključevali statično raztezanje, koncentrične kontrakcije, ravnotežno nalogo in kontrolno meritev. Pred in po vsakem intervencijskem protokolu smo merili zaznavanje gibanja v gležnju (smer plantarne fleksije (PF) in dorzalne fleksije (DF)), pasivno in aktivno repozicijo gležnja (položaji PF 5°, PF 15°, DF 5°, DF 10°) in zaznavanje navora v sklepu (10 % in 30 % največje hotene kontrakcije v smeri PF in DF). Ugotovili smo statistično značilne razlike med mlajšo in starejšo skupino v zaznavanju gibanja gležnja, pasivni in aktivni repoziciji gležnja ter zaznavanju navora v gležnju. Starejši posamezniki so imeli povprečno višji prag zaznavanja gibanja gležnja, povprečno večje absolutne napake (AE) v vseh merjenih položajih pasivne repozicije, večje AE v položajih PF 5° in DF 5° aktivne repozicije gležnja in večje AE pri zaznavanju navora v gležnju (večje relativizirane AE pri PF 10 %, PF_POVPR in PF-DF_POVPR). Statično raztezanje je povzročilo slabše zaznavanje gibanja gležnja v smeri DF, slabšo aktivno repozicijo gležnja (PF 15°) ter slabše zaznavanje navora v gležnju (DF 10 %, DF_POVPR, PF_SUM, PF-DF_SUM) pri mlajših skupini, medtem ko se pri starejši skupini podobne spremembe samo nakazujejo. Koncentrične kontrakcije so izboljšale zaznavanje gibanja pri obeh skupinah in so negativno vplivale na aktivno repozicijo gležnja pri mlajši skupini (PF 5°, PF 15° in DF 10°), medtem ko je pri starejši skupini opazna tendenca povečevanja AE. Koncentrične kontrakcije so povzročile značilno večje AE pri reprodukciji navora samo pri starejših osebah (DF_POVPR, PF-DF_POVPR). Po ravnotežni nalogi nismo ugotovili nobenih značilnih sprememb. Zaključimo lahko, da ima statično raztezanje negativne učinke na zaznavanje gibanja in položaja gležnja pri mlajših osebah. Pri starejših osebah po statičnem raztezanju ni značilnih razlik, verjetno zaradi okvarjene funkcije γ-zanke mišičnega vretena. Prav tako se kaže pozitiven vpliv koncentričnih kontrakcij na zaznavanje gibanja gležnja pri obeh skupinah, ter negativen vpliv na aktivno repozicijo pri mlajših in na zaznavanje navora pri starejših. Te ugotovitve lahko pripomorejo k ustreznemu umeščanju vadbenih sredstev znotraj vadbene enote ter pri napovedih možnih posledic po tovrstnih obremenitvah. The aim of the study was to identify differences in ankle kinaesthetic sense between young and older adults and to identify how different exercise modalities acutely influence ankle kinaesthetic sense in both groups. Initial and final measurements of ankle kinaesthetic sense were taken from seventeen younger (23.5 ± 1.9 years) and fifteen older (67 ± 1.7 years) adults who performed one of the following intervention protocols: static stretching, concentric contractions, balance task and control intervention. Before and after each intervention protocol we measured ankle motion sense detection (plantar flexion (PF) and dorsal flexion (DF) direction), passive and active ankle repositioning (positions: PF 5°, PF 15°, DF 5°, DF 10°) and ankle torque sense (10% and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction in PF and DF direction). We found significant differences between the younger and older group in motion sense detection, passive and active repositioning and ankle torque sense. The older group exhibited higher motion sense threshold, greater absolute errors (AE) in all positions of passive repositioning, greater AE in PF 5° and DF 5° in active repositioning and greater AE in torque sense test (greater relative AE in PF 10%, PF_POVPR and PF-DF_POVPR). Static stretching had a negative influence on ankle motion sense detection in DF direction, greater AE in active repositioning (PF 15°) and greater AE in ankle torque sense (DF 10%, DF_POVPR, PF_SUM, PF-DF_SUM) in the younger group, while in the older group there was only a tendency for similar differences. Concentric contractions improved ankle motion sense in both groups and had a negative influence on active repositioning (PF 5°, PF 15° and DF 10°) in the younger group, while similar, but smaller differences were observed in the older group. Only the older group showed greater AE in ankle torque sense after concentric contractions (DF_POVPR, PF-DF_POVPR). No significant differences were found in either group after the balance task. Our findings show that static stretching had a negative influence on ankle motion sense, active repositioning and torque sense in the younger group. Greater influence of static stretching on ankle kinaesthetic sense of younger adults compared to older can be explained with impaired gamma loop function as a consequence of aging. We also identified positive influence of concentric contractions on ankle motion sense in both groups, while negative influence was noticed on active ankle repositioning in young and on torque reproduction in older adults. This information could be useful for appropriate sequence planning during same exercise unit and to predict possible negative consequences with similar exercise modalities, especially in older adults.

Vadba za moč je pri starostnikih ključnega pomena za zmanjšanje sarkopenije oziroma upada mišične moči. V mestnih središčih lahko opazimo večje število zunanjih vadbenih parkov, v katerih so postavljene naprave za razvoj moči, vzdržljivosti in gibljivosti. Pomembno je, da naprave omogočajo varno izvedbo vaj in primerno obremenitev za vadečega, da lahko pride do želene adaptacije. V raziskavi smo želeli ugotoviti, ali so naprave primerne za razvoj moči pri starejših osebah. V zunanjem vadbenem parku Kodeljevo smo izbrali 3 vaje za moč, in sicer potisk z rokami poteg in nožna preša (jahač). Testiranja se je udeležilo 16 starejših oseb, starih med 65 in 75 let. Sodelovalo je 11 žensk in 5 moških, ki so na zgoraj omenjenih napravah poskušali narediti maksimalno število ponovitev v pravilni izvedbi tehnike določene vaje. Ugotovili smo, da je na napravah jahač in priteg večina naredila 30 ponovitev, kar pomeni, da na njih ne moremo izvajati vadbe za moč. Pri vaji potisk in poteg so vsi moški napravili 30 ponovitev, kar kaže na to, da nobena naprava ni primerna za razvoj moči moških. Za večino oseb ženskega spola je vaja potisk predstavljala primerno obremenitev, medtem ko je vaja poteg predstavljala neprimerno obremenitev. Če bi izvajale vadbo za moč, bi verjetno napredovale, zato bi prav kmalu tudi vaja potisk predstavljala premajhno obremenitev. Problem zunanjega vadbenega parka je poleg prenizkih obremenitev tudi nezmožnost spreminjanja bremena. Strength training for the elderly is crucial for reducing sarcopenia and stopping the decrease of muscular strength. In urban centres, we can notice a large number of outdoor training parks with strength, endurance and flexibility machines installed. It is important that the machines are safe to use and have a suitable load for the person to have the desired effect. In this study, we wanted to determine if the machines are suitable for the development of power in the elderly. In the outdoor training park Kodeljevo, we selected 3 power exercises: push, pull, and rider. Testing was attended by 16 elderly people aged between 65 and 75 years. During the testing, 11 women and 5 men tried to do the maximum number of repetitions using the correct technique of a particular exercise. We found that on the machines rider and pull, most people were able to do 30 repetitions, which means that it is impossible to develop strength using such a machine. All men made 30 repetitions when using the pull machine, which means there is no chance for strength development either. For the majority of women, the pull machine represented a reasonable load so they were able to do some strength training. The biggest problem of the outdoor training park is the inability to change the load of an individual machine.

Osteoporoza je znana že iz obdobja starodavnih Egipčanov. Egipčanske mumije starejših moških iz časa okoli 220 let pr.n.št. so imele dokaze o prisotnosti osteoporoze. Kljub temu, da je osteoporoza bolezen, ki je že tako dolgo del našega življenja, še vedno trpimo njene posledice. Verjetno celo bolj kot kadarkoli prej, saj se starost prebivalstva povečuje, telesna aktivnost pa se kot protiutež bolezni iz leta v leto znižuje. V magistrski nalogi se bomo spoznali z osteoporozo in dejavniki za njen nastanek. Opisali bomo najnovejše postopke diagnosticiranja bolezni in kaj lahko storimo, da bolezen preprečimo ali vsaj odložimo njen nastanek. Predvsem pa bomo raziskali, kako se lahko s telesno vadbo zoperstavimo osteoporozi (preventivno in kurativno), katere vadbe so bolj učinkovite od drugih in kaj vse bi moral osteoporozni bolnik početi za močne kosti in funkcionalno življenje. Za izdelavo magistrske naloge so bili uporabljeni številni tuji in domači viri, ki so se dotaknili pereče teme. Različne oblike vadb imajo med seboj različne pozitivne učinke, ki lahko ob kombiniranju vodijo v izboljšanje celostne funkcionalnosti telesa. Največje pozitivne učinke in potencial predstavlja kombinirana vadba moči, ki vsebuje prenašanje lastne teže in visoke sile, ki delujejo na kosti. V celosten vidik pa veliko prispevata tudi vadba ravnotežja pri kateri so se izkazale predvsem specifično usmerjene ravnotežne vadbe ter Tai Chi in vadba gibljivosti, ki ima največji potencial s svojim vplivom na telesno držo. Tako zaključujemo, da bi morala biti telesna vadba vključena v terapijo vsakega osteoporoznega bolnika. Osteoporosis is known already from the time of ancient Egyptians. Egyptian mummies of older men from around 220 years BC had evidence of the presence of osteoporosis. Despite the fact that osteoporosis is a disease, that has so long been a part of our lives, we still suffer its consequences. Probably even more than ever, as the age of the population increases and physical activity as a counterweight to the disease decreases each year. In the Master's thesis we will learn about osteoporosis and factors for its formation. We will describe the latest methods of diagnosing the disease and what can be done to prevent the disease or at least delaying its emergence. Above all, we will explore how can we fight osteoporosis with exercise (preventive and curative), which exercises are more effective than others and what should osteoporotic patient do for strong bones and functional life. For the making of the thesis various domestic and foreign sources were used, which have touched this controversial issue. Different forms of exercise have different positive effects which can be combined to improve the functionality of whole body. The greatest positive effects and potential represents the combined exercise of strenght, which involves weight loading and high forces acting on the bone. Also balance exercises in which we recomend specifically targeted balance exercises an Tai Chi and flexibility exercise with its effect on postural control are important in whole picture. Thus, we conclude that exercise should be included in therapy of osteoporosis patients.

V sodobni družbi se podaljšuje življenjska doba ljudi, s tem pa je čedalje več starostnikov. S starostjo se postopno slabšajo živčno-mišične funkcije in gibalne sposobnosti (moč, gibljivost, ravnotežje…). To lahko privede do gibalne nezmožnosti in izgube neodvisnosti. Z redno telesno vadbo lahko preprečimo ali vsaj omilimo posledice staranja. Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, ali vadba v zunanjem parku v Domu starejših občanov v Šiški izboljša moč, gibljivost in ravnotežje. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 16 preiskovancev iz Doma starejših občanov Šiška, ki so predhodno pisno pristali na sodelovanje v raziskavi. Razdeljeni so bili v eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino. Njihova povprečna starost je bila 81,50 ± 7,54 let, teža 64,63 ± 9,58 kg. Na začetku in koncu vadbenega obdobja so bile izvedene meritve, ki so zajemale teste moči, ravnotežja in gibljivosti. Vadbena skupina je imela vadbo za moč, gibljivost in ravnotežje dvakrat tedensko 7 tednov v zunanjem vadbenem parku v Šiški. Statistično značilno izboljšanje gibljivosti vadbene skupine po koncu vadbenega obdobja je bilo pri dotiku z rokama za glavo, kjer je bila leva roka spodaj (t=-2,52, p=0,01). Statistično značilen napredek eksperimentalne skupine smo zasledili še pri predklonu sede (t=-2,68, p=0,03), kjer je tudi šlo za izboljšanje gibljivosti. Pri iztegu kolena je pri končnih meritvah prišlo do statistično značilne razlike med kontrolno in eksperimentalno skupino (t=-2,81, p=0,00). Redna vadba ima pozitivne učinke na proces staranja in bi bilo smiselno spodbujati vadbe za starejše osebe v zunanjem parku, saj bi izboljšali njihovo fizično pripravljenost, s tem pa tudi kvaliteto življenja. In modern society, life expectancy has increased, causing an increase in the number of elderly people. Aging is associated with progressive loss of neuromuscular functions and physical abilities (strength, flexibility, balance...). This can often lead to progressive disability and loss of independence. Regular physical activity can prevent or at least alleviate the effects of aging. The main aim of this Bachelor’s thesis was to determine whether the training in the outdoor park near the Retirement home Šiška improves strength, flexibility and balance. Sixteen subjects from the Retirement home Šiška agreed to participate in this study. All participants provided their written informed consent to participate in the survey. They were divided into an experimental and a control group. Their average age was 81.50 ± 7.54 years, weight 64.63 ± 9.58 kg. Measurements that included tests of strength, balance and flexibility were conducted before and after the completed training protocol. The experimental group performed 2 sessions of strength, flexibility and balance training weekly for 7 weeks in the outdoor park Šiška. The results of the shoulder flexibility test (fingers of left hand point up the spine) showed statistically significant improvement in flexibility of the exercise group (t=-2.52, p=0.01). The results of the flexibility sit and reach test showed statistically significant improvement in the exercise group (t=-2.68, p=0.03). Statistically significant differences in results of the knee exertion test conducted after the completed training protocol were observed between the control and exercise groups (t=-2.81, p=0.00). Regular exercise has positive effects on the aging process. Therefore, it would be reasonable to encourage physical activity among older people in outdoor parks, as it would improve their physical abilities as well as their quality of life.

V zadnjem obdobju lahko opazimo porast števila zunanjih fitnesov. Še posebej priljubljeni so pri starejših osebah, ki jim takšen način vadbe poleg razvijanja gibalnih sposobnosti predstavlja tudi socialno komponento. Vadba poteka na prostem, v naravi, kar še dodatno pripomore k obiskanosti takšnih parkov. Ker treningi v parkih po navadi ne potekajo pod nadzorom trenerja, je pomembno, da so naprave varne ter omogočajo zadostno obremenitev, ki povzroča spremembe na področju gibalnih sposobnosti. Glavni namen naše raziskave je bil ugotoviti učinkovitost vadbenega parka Kodeljevo za starejše osebe. Podrobneje smo analizirali tri vzdržljivostne vaje, in sicer kolesarjenje z rokami, kolesarjenje sede ter prestopanje. Te vaje naj bi vplivale na izboljšanje aerobne vzdržljivosti. Testirali smo 16 starostnikov, 11 žensk in 5 moških, starih med 65 in 75 let. Ugotovili smo, da so rezultatsko vse tri vaje povečale pulz do nivoja, ki omogoča učinke na področju aerobne vzdržljivosti. Pri kolesarjenju z rokami so preizkušanci v povprečju pri maksimalni intenzivnosti dosegli pulz 73 % srčne rezerve, pri kolesarjenju sede 62 % srčne rezerve ter pri prestopanju 76 % srčne rezerve. Tako smo največje učinke dobili pri prestopanju, sledilo je kolesarjenje z rokami, najmanjši učinki pa so bili pri kolesarjenju sede. Čeprav so formalno vaje pokazale učinke, smo med samimi meritvami opazili veliko pomanjkljivosti ter slabosti samih naprav. In the past few years, we have seen a tremendous increase of outdoor gyms. They are especially frequented by older generations of people because – besides helping them develop and retain motor skills – they also present a place of gathering and socialising. In addition, exercises are performed outside, in nature, which only adds to the popularity of such gyms and parks. However, due to the fact that training usually is not carried out under the supervision of a qualified trainer, it is important that the equipment used in these gyms is safe and imposes enough strain to trigger changes in motor skills. The purpose of our research is to find out how effective the equipment of the Kodeljevo outdoor gym is for the elderly users. We analysed in detail three endurance exercises, namely, hand cycling, pedalling, and stepping-up. These exercises should improve their aerobic endurance. We included in our research 16 elderly individuals: 11 women and 5 men, aged between 65 and 75 years. Results showed that all three exercises raised the individuals' heart rate to the level, which enables performance changes in aerobic endurance. Performed at maximum intensity, hand cycling median heart rate was calculated at 73% of heart rate reserve, pedalling at 62% of heart rate reserve, and 76% of heart rate reserve while performing stepping-up. We thus measured the biggest impact on aerobic endurance when individuals performed stepping-up, while individuals achieved the least amount of progress when carrying out pedalling. Despite the fact that the exercises did affect and improved the individuals' capabilities, we did, however, found numerous deficiencies and shortcomings of the equipment studied.

Za osteoporozo sta značilni majhna kostna masa in poslabšanje mikroarhitekture kostnega tkiva, kar vodi do povečanega tveganja za zlome. Globalno breme osteoporoze je veliko in se lahko primerja z drugimi kroničnimi nenalezljivimi boleznimi. V Sloveniji je razširjenost osteoporoze pri ženskah po 50. letu 27,5%. Danes je tveganje, da 50-letna ženska bele rase do konca življenja utrpi osteoporozni zlom kolka, vretenca ali zapestja, 40–53%. Eden boljših načinov za ohranjanje kostne mase je telesna aktivnost, ki poveča fizične obremenitve kosti. Trening za moč je ena izmed aktivnosti, ki se vedno bolj uporablja za ohranjanje ali celo povečanje mineralne gostote kosti. V magistrskem delu smo preučevali, ali vadba za moč pri ženskah z osteoporozo vpliva na potek bolezni, in obravnavali razlike med različnimi oblikami vadbe za moč ter njene kontraindikacije. Pregledali smo literaturo in dosedanje delo na izbranem področju. Večina raziskav je pokazala, da se kostna masa pri vadbi za moč poveča in da se tveganje za padce pri starejši populaciji zmanjša. Ugotovili smo, da je s povečanjem kostne gostote bolj povezano maksimalno breme kot pa večje število ponovitev z lažjim bremenom. To smo upoštevali tudi pri oblikovanju primera vadbenega programa za 60-letno žensko z osteoporozo. Identificirali smo vaje, ki so kontraindicirane, ter jih izključili iz vadbenega programa. Pomembna je redna, vseživljenjska vadba (ob urejeni prehrani), ki jo izvajamo vzporedno s farmakološkim zdravljenjem. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to an increased risk of fractures. The global burden of osteoporosis is heavy and can be compared with other chronic noncommunicable diseases. In Slovenia, the prevalence of osteoporosis in women over 50 is at 27.5 %. At the age of 50 there is a 40–53 % chance a woman of white race will suffer an osteoporotic hip, vertebral or wrist fracture by the end of her life. One of the best ways to maintain the bone mass is physical activity which increases the physical demands placed on the bone. Strength training is one of the activities that are increasingly used to maintain or even increase mineral density of the bone. We have studied whether the strength exercises in women with osteoporosis affect the course of the disease, the differences between the different forms of exercise for strength and it’s contraindications. We reviewed the literature and previous work in the chosen field. Most research has shown that strength training increases bone mass and reduces the risk of falls in elderly population. We have found that the maximum load is more associated with an increase in bone density than with the number of repetitions with a lighter load. This was taken into account in the design of tutorial program for 60-year-old woman with osteoporosis. We have identified exercises that are contraindicated and excluded them from the training program. Regular, lifelong exercise (with a regulated diet), performed parallel to the pharmacological treatment, is important.

Maximal correlation between pairs of linear functions of two groups of variables, multilateral and bilateral parts of the body has been obtained. In the space of movement speed of multilateral and bilateral - parallel parts of body, one characteristic canonical root has been isolated, which takes 69.19% of the mutual variance. One pair of canonical characteristic roots in the space of movement speed of multilateral and bilateral - transversal parts of body, which takes 74.22% of the mutual variance and two pairs of canonical characteristic roots in the space of movement speed of multilateral bilateral - diagonal parts of body, which takes 61.19% and 56.00% of the mutual variance. Obtained results show that the space of movement speed is not centrally defined, but it is partly conditioned by specific functional and topological properties of movement. Accordingly, regulation mechanisms for excitation and direct activation of motoric units, synergetic regulation ofand regulation of the tone, as well as the variance of movement speed of multilateral and bilateral parts of body. the latter mechanisms probably represent the main reason for distribution of movement speed of bilateral parts of body (parallel, transversal, diagonal) and their functional and topological definition.

Myoelectric and neuro-muscular features of aerobic push-up exercise.

On the basis of maximal correlation between a pair of linear functions of two groups of variables (unilateral and bilateral parts of the body), two characteristic roots have been isolated in the space of parallel lateralisation (right arm - right leg, which takes 86.26% of the mutual variance). Two pairs of the canonical characteristic roots in the space of transversal lateralisation (right arm - left arm, which takes 92.49% of the mutual variance) and two pairs of characteristic roots in the space of diagonal lateralisation (right arm - left leg, which takes 84.78% of the mutual variance and left arm - right leg, which takes 80.25% of the mutual variance). Obtained results show dependence of the movement speed of unilateral and bilateral parts of the body on topological and functional properties of the body. Variability and covariability of movement speed within bilateral and unilateral parts of the body have been defined and curved following topological segments. It proves that besides mechanism for the regulation of movement speed in particular parts of the body, there is a central mechanism which is responsible for movement speed of bilateral parts of the body. In the basis of those indicators, there is a strong common central mechanism for regulation and the degree of excitation and activation of the motoric units, a mechanism for regulation of the function of synergetic regulation , regulation of the tone and the speed of efferent and synaptic transmission.

Obtained values of functions of auto-correlation and cross-correlation (stationary) of time groups (left leg, left arm, right leg, right arm) for all steps of discretisation (time points - intervals), direct to the structure and configuration of particular parts of the body within the kinetic structure. This has been proved by the obtained values of the growth of the speed and amplitude values of the complex spectre of auto-correlation, cross-correlation, the spectre of power density and the spectre of the mutual power in the phase movement of the particular body parts within harmonic kinetic structure. Applying the spectral analysis and time quantifying of the kinetic structure of the smash-shoot in volleyball, time intervals have enabled discretisation equidistally and successively. It has made possible the establishment of relationship and correlation within a unit and between particular body parts. Derivation of the kinetic structure in time intervals has ensured and insighted into the structure and structural unity of the kinetic structure. Processes of integration, synchronisation and self-regulation within the kinetic structure have shown the essential factors which dominate and which are responsible for the formation of the biomechanical structure of the smash-shoot in volleyball

The main problem of this paper is the process of modeling and evaluating sports preparation in different training cycles, in which the dynamic structure of certain components of the top of the preparation (sports forms) is analyzed.

Based on maximal correlation between the pair of linear functions of two groups of variables, two canonical characteristic roots have been isolated by which the substantially largest quantity of covariability of the analysed groups of variables can be brought out. Extent of correlation of the first pair of canonical dimension isolated from both groups of variables (all multilateral and right side of unilateral parts of body) amounts to 0.95 and is defined with 91, 12% of mutual variance. The second canonical link is somewhat lower 0.83, with 68, 29% of isolated mutual variance (defined in smaller part by multilateral variable with suggestive projection of left hand). relatively high degree of correlation of movement speed of multilateral and unilateral parts of body (right side) and somewhat weaker connection in the isolated factor (left side), is a result of influence of mechanism for regulation of excitation of active motoric units, mechanism for functioning of synergetic regulation and regulation of tone, and regulation mechanism responsible for sequence, proportion and intensity of inclusion and exclusion of motoric units of synergetic and antagonistic muscle groups of right and left side of body.