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This paper describes the refurbishment of the DTU L-band radiometer EMIRAD-L (the former EMIRAD2) for the MOSAiC campaign. This includes the installation of EMIRAD-L on P-deck of the German research ship Polarstern wherefrom EMIRAD-L has a free view of the port side of Polarstern. Validation and early results including examples of RFI are also presented.

For many years Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) has been an increasing problem especially for spaceborne radiometers; as a result, there has been an increasing effort on developing algorithms and hardware for counteracting RFI. Due to the amount of time it takes to develop and build spaceborne systems, this development has had a limited effect on current spaceborne systems. In spaceborne radiometer systems currently being built the need for onboard detection and blanking of RFI has been acknowledged. This paper addresses the efforts to implement RFI detection and blanking techniques on European operational spaceborne systems, MetOp Second Generation (MetOp-SG) satellites and the Copernicus High Priority Mission Passive Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) satellites.

An RFI processor breadboard has been designed and developed for future spaceborne microwave radiometer systems. RFI detection is based on the anomalous amplitude, kurtosis, and cross-frequency algorithms. These are implemented in VHDL code in an FPGA. Thus algorithm performance can be assessed by proper code simulation. The breadboard has been integrated with a Ku band radiometer subjected to RFI-like signals from a laboratory generator. Simulations show that the algorithms as implemented work according to theory when subjected to pulsed sinusoidal and QPSK signals. The laboratory measurements confirm the performance for pulsed signals.

Saint Erik was King of Sweden for a few years up to 1160, when he was killed. A skeleton attributed to him is kept in Uppsala Cathedral. It underwent scientific reappraisal in 2014. The analyses included computer tomography, Xray absorptiometry, isotope analysis and DNA sampling. Radiocarbon confirms the alleged age of the bones. They belong to a 35-40-year-old man in excellent physical shape. The many wounds that he received in connection with his death fit surprisingly well with the saint's legend, whose preserved version was written 130 years after the event. English title in Web of Science: Saint Erik's skeleton.

OBJECT: The aim is to describe the development of the scientific literature on dementia. METHODS: We present a quantitative, bibliometric study of the literature on dementia, based on Medline, covering 36 years (1974-2009). Two samples of references to dementia papers were retrieved: The main sample based on the MeSH term Dementia holds more than 88 500 references. We have compared the annual additions of references on dementia with the addition to total Medline. Changes of 'the Dementia to Medline ratio' (%) give the best information on the development. RESULTS: Publications on dementia increased 5.6 times faster than Medline. Most of this relative acceleration took place during 1980-1997, when the references on dementia increased from 0.17 to 0.78%. During the recent 12 years, the publications on dementia have been keeping pace with Medline and have stabilized around 0.8%. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown a large increase of the literature on dementia, relative both to the development of all medical research and to all psychiatric research. The bibliometric approach may be questioned as quantitative methods treat articles as being of equal value, what is not true. If, for example, during a certain period, the research output is 'inflated' by a great number of repetitive papers, the quantitative method will give an unfair picture of the development. Our relative method, however, will give relevant results as, at each point of time, the proportion of 'valuable research' ought to be about the same in the dementia group as in total Medline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A comprehensive view of the available literature on a psychiatric problem can be found in the large electronic databases. Medline® at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in USA is the largest medical database. PubMed is the searchable database at the NLM, having Medline as its major content. PubMed is free of charge, barrier-free and always accessible via the Internet. This paper describes the NLM, Medline and PubMed. The indexing of scientific papers in Medline is based on Medical Subject Headings, the MeSH terms. The hierarchic tree structure of MeSH is the basis of the search and retrieval system. The present paper is the first in a series of three, intended as a tutorial on the use of PubMed for inexperienced users. Information and examples on the MeSH system, together with exercises in its use, are presented in an appendix.

A previous paper, in a series of three, presented the National Library of Medicine, Medline, PubMed and the MeSH system. Connection to PubMed via the Internet opens the PubMed search window that is the tool for retrieving references to scientific medical literature. This paper is intended as a tutorial for an inexperienced visitor to PubMed, and describes the search window in some detail. Several proposals for exercises in its use are given in the text, while explanations and comments to the exercises are presented in an appendix. The following procedures are described: retrieving references, ways to see the abstract, ways of displaying, sorting and showing the references, together with how to produce lists, import references to your own computer, and ways to get the full text of a paper.

A database with more than 14 700 references to articles on ED during 1965-2000 was analysed with the aim of identifying long-term and short-term trends in the literature. The main data of the analysis are the percentages of references per 6-year period or per year for the most recent 6 years, that contain certain words or phrases. The use of words in references should reflect changes in the content of the scientific papers. Trends over time have been noted in the use of terms on diagnostics, personality, comorbidity, psychotherapy, epidemiology, biology and course of illness. The use of words on psychoanalysis has diminished, while the use of biological words has increased. The discussion concerns the use of bibliographic methods and especially the general problems of using data from digital databases as a research tool in the search for trends in the development of a medical field. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. (Less)

The growth of the literature on eating disorders during four decades is described, especially the development of literature on bulimia. The study is based on a database, ED40, that contains more than 14,000 references to articles on ED from 1960 to 1999. The references were imported from Medline(R) and PsycINFO(R). A broad search method included articles on the physiology of hunger and satiety. The main data, of the analysis are the total number of references per year, and the percentage of references per year that contain certain words or phrases. Over the 40 years an almost 27-fold increase has occurred in the number of references in ED40, while the increase in Medline is about 4-fold. A study of the relative increase shows a recent stagnation of the growth in the ED literature. The clinical emergence of bulimia nervosa and some epidemiological findings are discussed in relation to the increase of literature on bulimia. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. (Less)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T11:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8305_Samira da Costa Sten.pdf: 2725455 bytes, checksum: dfbd281ed72ac110b631ba728db3c8d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 Este estudo teve como objetivo geral compreender como se constitui o trabalho docente do professor de Arte mediado pelos processos formativos socioprofissionais no contexto da Educação Infantil no município de Serra/ES. Buscamos na particularidade do professor de Arte os processos mediadores que o formam e o constituem como docente. Delimitamos como objetivos específicos: analisar a constituição do trabalho docente do professor de Arte mediado pelos processos formativos socioprofissionais; problematizar o processo de inserção profissional do professor de Arte no contexto da Educação Infantil do município de Serra/ES e refletir sobre as especificidades do trabalho do professor de Arte com crianças pequenas. E, para tanto propomos uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, na qual o percurso metodológico se deu por meio de estudo de caso em que utilizamos como instrumentos metodológicos: diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante. Foram analisadas experiências vividas no cotidiano e produzidas nos embates teórico-práticos que emergem no dia a dia do professor de Arte e por sua vez dialogam com seu processo de formação. Com intuito de compreendermos os processos de constituição docente em sua totalidade no contexto da Educação Infantil do município de Serra/ES nos abrimos ao diálogo com o professor de Arte buscando os processos sociais que engendram sua formação em espaços da Educação Infantil. Verificamos especialmente as inter-relações entre os pares na constituição de sua trajetória socioprofissional, a mediação com o espaço físico e os sujeitos, bem como as formações promovidas pelas instituições formadoras no município em tela. Serve de aporte teórico para este estudo a abordagem sócio-histórica de Lev. S. Vigotski e, para dialogarmos com a produção teórica sobre a formação docente, buscamos interlocuções com a Pedagogia de Paulo Freire e com a obra de autores como Antônio Nóvoa e Menga Lüdke, com os quais dimensionamos o conceito de profissionalização docente. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a frágil formação do docente em artes para o trabalho docente na Educação Infantil. Contudo, constata a importância da inclusão desse profissional nos quadros da docência com crianças pequenas. Verifica-se a existência de formação continuada, todavia esta não leva em conta a totalidade dos eventos socioprofissionais que afetam o professor de Arte acarretando um processo aligeirado, construído em sua maioria por meio de processos de autoformação tendo apenas as professoras regentes e o contexto de trabalho como local de produção de conceitos e práticas; os resultados também apresentam uma fragmentação do espaço/tempo da Educação Infantil em hora/aula com um velado contexto de disciplinas como descaracterização da integralidade das propostas educativas da Educação Infantil, isso ocorre por meio da presença do professor de Arte que garante o tempo de planejamento das professoras regentes. Todavia, as especificidades do trabalho do professor de Arte como profissional responsável por uma parcela de ampliação das experiências e das vivências sensíveis e estéticas das crianças se estabelece, entretanto sua profissionalização ainda se apresenta como um processo precário, visto que pouco sistematizado. Isso suscita dificuldades na sua constituição socioprofissional e, por conseguinte, no seu trabalho. Assim, ressaltamos que sua presença na Educação Infantil possibilita uma concretude dialógica com os professores, que produzem outros saberes e sentidos naquele contexto, mas impõe a necessidade de maior investimento na formação continuada desses profissionais e rediscussão dos espaços e atribuições que ocupam e respondem na formação da criança pequena.

ESA's soil moisture and ocean salinity mission, SMOS, has been found to suffer much more from radio frequency interference (RFI) than expected, and methods for detecting RFI in SMOS data are of vital importance. This paper describes a method using the 3rd and 4th Stokes parameters for the purpose. Obvious hot-spots are detected, but also smaller, yet still detrimental RFI, spreading out over for example the ocean, is detected. It is also discussed how detected and flagged samples statistically deviate from their surroundings.

The aim is to describe the development of the scientific literature on dementia.We present a quantitative, bibliometric study of the literature on dementia, based on Medline, covering 36 years (1974-2009). Two samples of references to dementia papers were retrieved: The main sample based on the MeSH term Dementia holds more than 88,500 references. We have compared the annual additions of references on dementia with the addition to total Medline. Changes of 'the Dementia to Medline ratio' (%) give the best information on the development.Publications on dementia increased 5.6 times faster than Medline. Most of this relative acceleration took place during 1980-1997, when the references on dementia increased from 0.17 to 0.78%. During the recent 12 years, the publications on dementia have been keeping pace with Medline and have stabilized around 0.8%.We have shown a large increase of the literature on dementia, relative both to the development of all medical research and to all psychiatric research. The bibliometric approach may be questioned as quantitative methods treat articles as being of equal value, what is not true. If, for example, during a certain period, the research output is 'inflated' by a great number of repetitive papers, the quantitative method will give an unfair picture of the development. Our relative method, however, will give relevant results as, at each point of time, the proportion of 'valuable research' ought to be about the same in the dementia group as in total Medline.

Several soil moisture and sea salinity campaigns, including airborne L-band radiometer measurements, have been carried out in preparation for the ESA Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The radiometer used in this context is fully polarimetric and is capable of detecting Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) using the kurtosis method. Analyses have shown that the kurtosis method generally detects RFI in an efficient manner, even though it has its shortcomings. Hence, other detection methods have been investigated as well. In particular, inspection of the 3rd and 4th Stokes parameters shows promising results possibly as a complement to the kurtosis method. The kurtosis method, however, cannot be used with SMOS data. Since SMOS is fully polarimetric, the 3rd and 4th Stokes parameter method is an option, and this has been used on a recent, fully polarimetric SMOS data set. Finally, a discussion of the variable incidence angle signature algorithm, and the possibility of using this as RFI indicator, is carried out.

The aim was to perform a bibliometric study, and compare the quantity of publications on schizophrenia with the total medical literature in Medline during 57 years, 1950-2006. The annual additions of literature to Medline are continually increasing and form the Medline growth curve. Comparisons of the number of publications on schizophrenia, or any other disease, to this curve, may be used to estimate the research activity. Methods for the identification of relevant references to papers on schizophrenia were evaluated and three different samples were operationally defined, retrieved and counted. During 1950-2006, 16.28 million references were added to Medline. Nearly 68000, 0.42%, references were related to schizophrenia. The percentage of papers on schizophrenia among the psychiatric literature decreased from 5.2 to 2.6%. The present study indicates that the number of references on schizophrenia in Medline has followed the general increase of medical publications. This pattern differs compared to some other research fields such as dementia, HIV, and peptic ulcer. Samples of references on schizophrenia may be retrieved in Medline by operational definitions of search methods. The quantity of schizophrenia research during 57 years has kept pace with the total medical literature. One interpretation of the results is that more resources are needed to enhance research activities on schizophrenia.

This paper is the third in a series of three, intended as a tutorial in the use of PubMed/Medline for an inexperienced user. The papers have the following contents: I--a description of NLM, Medline, PubMed and the system of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), which form the basis for the indexing of scientific articles, books and other items at NLM. II--A description and a tutorial of the PubMed search window. III--The present article deals mainly with the searching for references in PubMed. Ways of restricting and concentrating the search are presented, and exercises are proposed. A reader may also find guidance for a search for medical books in the NLM Catalog, and in the use of tools like Related Articles, Bookshelf, and Index. With eating disorders as an example, more information is presented on the use of MeSH terms.

Experiments were performed to define quantitatively the substrate (K(+) and Cl(-)) dependence of the transport function (production of equally large and oppositely directed K(+)and Cl(-) flows/currents) of an earlier (Theander et al., 1999) identified electroneutral K-Cl cotransporter in the slowly adapting stretch receptor neurone of the European lobster. The experiments were based on microelectrode techniques. This allowed us to perform steady-state measurements of the so-called "instantaneous" current-voltage relationships (around a holding voltage of -65 mV after a blockage of the cell's action potential and hyperpolarization-activated currents) and intracellular ion concentrations at various settings of the extracellular K(+) and Cl(-) concentrations. From the results, we could then define steady-state values of all of the cell's non-KCl cotransporter K(+) and Cl(-) currents. Finally, the negative sums of the inferred non-KCl cotransporter K(+) and Cl(-) currents could be taken as equivalents of the K-Cl cotransporter's K(+) and Cl(-) currents for the reason that, in steady state, all membrane currents add up to zero. For the cotransporter currents, thus inferred for a range from 2.5/410.5 to 40.0/448.0 mM external K(+)/Cl(-), we found that their absolute values increased in a nonlinear fashion from about 5 nA cell(-1) at the lowest, to about 20 nA cell(-1) at the highest external K(+)/Cl(-) concentrations. Formally, this relationship could be reproduced by a Hill function-based enzyme kinetic expression simulating inward and outward transmembrane electroneutral ion transports. Following insertion of this expression into a comprehensive model of electrical membrane functions and intracellular solute and solvent control in the lobster stretch receptor neurone, the model predictions suggested that the K-Cl cotransporter does play an important role in (a) keeping intracellular Cl(-) low for a proper function of the cell's inhibitory system, and (b) enabling rapid transmembrane K(+) shifts that provide for a stabilization of the cell's membrane voltage and membrane excitability in cases of varying extracellular K(+) concentrations. The model predictions gave, however, no clear evidence that the K-Cl cotransporter is critically involved in the cell's volume regulation in conditions of varying extracellular osmolalities.

The functional effects of a hyperpolarization-activated membrane current (IQ) in the slowly adapting lobster stretch receptor neurone were investigated. From comparisons between changes in membrane excitability due to blockage of IQ by Cs+, in normally impaled and native unimpaled (Edman et al. 1987 b) cells, it could be concluded that the resting voltage of native cells is distinctly more negative than -65 mV (average membrane voltage of impaled cells) and, therefore, under the control of an activated IQ. Starting from this conclusion, impaled cells were polarized to holding (resting) voltages around -75 mV and their polarization and excitability properties studied after tetanic impulse activity and variation of various external influences (K+, pH, temperature), both in control conditions and after blockage of IQ by 2 mM Cs+. It was found that an unblocked IQ (a) greatly accelerates the initial (90%) decay of post-tetanic hyperpolarization, and (b) depresses distinctly any polarization and excitability alterations due to increases in extracellular K+ concentration (from 2.5 to 10 mM), variations in extracellular pH (between 6.4 and 8.6), and changes in temperature (between 14 and 24 degrees C). It was inferred that in well polarized cells, IQ plays a role as a stabilizer of membrane polarization and excitability in conditions of varying external influences. From a model study of IQ it could be concluded that, with its slow dynamic responses, the current is well adapted to its functional purposes and to the rather slow homeostatic effects of the cell's Na-K pump.

Our objectives were to study the loss of heat from ischemic brain and to devise a method of maintaining brain temperature. Reversible forebrain ischemia was induced by carotid clamping and exsanguination in 30 anesthetized and artificially ventilated rats. Rectal, skull, and brain temperatures were measured, confirming previous findings that brain temperature falls by 4-5 degrees C during 15 minutes of ischemia unless measures are taken to maintain head temperature by external heating. Temperature gradients developed within the ischemic brain, superficial tissues being cooler than deep ones. These temperature gradients were reversed when skull temperature was maintained at core body (rectal) temperature by external heating. With rectal and skull temperatures maintained at 38 degrees, 37 degrees, 35 degrees, or 33 degrees C, brain temperatures nonetheless decreased by approximately 1 degree C during ischemia. This decrease in brain temperature could be prevented by placing the rat in a Plexiglas box with circulating air at temperatures close to that of the body core and a relative humidity of approximately 100%. We also found that, unless special precautions are taken, a temperature gradient develops between the brain and body core during recirculation.

This paper traces developments in high-voltage mercury arc valves for HVDC power transmission in relation to problems conceming "consequent" failure. Investigations are reported on the physical conditions in valves during and after high forward current pulses. An account is given of some of the main development work aimed at producing valves with greatly reduced consequent failure probability.

In support of the ESA Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, a number of campaigns, including airborne L-band radiometer measurements, have been carried out. The radiometer used in this context is fully polarimetric and has built-in Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) detection capabilities. This paper introduces the radiometer system and how it detects RFI using the kurtosis method. Analyses have shown that the kurtosis method generally detects RFI in an efficient manner even though it has its shortcomings. Hence, other detection methods have been investigated as well. In particular, inspection of the 3rd and 4th Stokes parameters shows promising results – possibly as a complement to the kurtosis method. The kurtosis method, however, cannot be used with SMOS data. Since SMOS will be operated in a polarimetric mode at least for periods of its lifetime, 3rd and 4th Stokes parameter inspection has been carried out on a recent, fully polarimetric SMOS data set.