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This research proposes and tests mechanisms for defining and identifying the critical online consumer reviews that firms could prioritize to optimize their online response strategies, while incorporating the latest artificial intelligence (AI) technology to deal with the overwhelming volume of information. Three sets of analytical tools are introduced: Heuristic Processing, Linguistic Feature Analysis, and Deep Learning-based Natural Language Processing (NLP), to extract review information. Twelve algorithms to classify critical reviews were developed accordingly and empirically tested for their effectiveness. Our econometric analysis of 110,146 online reviews from a chain operation in hospitality industry over seven years identifies six outstanding algorithms. Firm value rating, comment length, valence, and certain consumer emotions, in addition to past comment-response behavior, are found to be superior in predicting incoming review criticality. However, the service attributes such as urgency to reply and the feasibility of actions to take are not as informative.

Recent open innovation literature indicates increasing concern about the quality of crowdsourced ideas. Building on a framework of creativity capability, rooted in behavioral literature, and intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) motivation, derived from personnel economics and social psychology literature, this study predicts the influence of feedback on ideation performance. Specifically, the effectiveness of feedback on ideation performance in firm‐sponsored, non–financially incentivized, idea‐crowdsourcing communities may depend on its valence (positive vs. negative), source (peers vs. firm), and ideators’ ideation experience. Field data, obtained using text‐mining techniques from an idea‐crowdsourcing community, reveal that the effects of positive (negative) peer feedback for increasing (decreasing) subsequent idea quality strengthen (weaken) as ideators gain experience. However, the effects of positive (negative) firm feedback for increasing (decreasing) subsequent idea quality weaken with ideation experience. Experienced ideators are more motivated (less demotivated) to improve subsequent ideation performance when they receive positive peer (negative firm) feedback; inexperienced ideators are less motivated by negative peer feedback but more motivated by positive firm feedback. The results are robust to tests with alternative field data and model specifications, as validated by a controlled laboratory experiment. They also suggest feedback strategies that managers can use to boost customer ideation performance in crowdsourcing contexts.

The transfer of a leader's passion to employees is crucial to successful innovation, but it becomes especially challenging when the organization becomes large and complex. This study examines both the antecedents and consequences of corporate leaders’ passion transfer in the context of multinational corporations (MNCs). We consider two types of passion among leaders: “self-enhancing” passion, which enhances a leader's own self-identity, and “self-transcending” passion, which helps members share an organizational identity. Our empirical data, collected at the level of the parent firm and subsidiaries, show that the successful transfer of a leader's passion from headquarters to local staff is significantly and positively associated with innovation. Passion transfer is positively affected by both types of leaders’ passion and mutual communication, and negatively affected by incentive-based organizational barriers. We also find that self-enhancing passion affects innovation both directly and indirectly through passion transfer, whereas self-transcending passion affects innovation only through passion transfer. This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant Numbers: NJ2019026; NS2018050); and the Human Resource Development Research Base of Jiangsu Province, China (grant number: 2017ZSJD002).

Soliciting novel ideas from the crowd is a paradigm shift for innovation that gains increasing attention from researchers and practitioners. However, studies examining the relationship between the novelty of crowdsourced ideas and firms' idea adoption decisions are surprisingly rare. This research adopts the path-of-least-resistance (POLR) theory as a new theoretical angle to examine the role of idea feasibility as a key heuristic cue mediating the effect of idea novelty on adoption decisions. We further explore factors that may amplify or mitigate this mediation. Using data collected from a laboratory experiment and a firm-sponsored crowdsourcing community, we reveal that firms tend to follow the POLR by using idea feasibility as meta-information to evaluate novel ideas in their idea adoption decisions. However, this tendency depends on external stimuli and constraints, such that the mediation of idea feasibility exists only when idea favorability from the crowd is low or when an ideator's prior ideation participation is high. Our supplementary study further offers preliminary insights on the extension of our proposed effects to the ultimate success of adopted ideas. These findings illuminate a better understanding of firms' idea adoption decisions and suggest ways to manage idea crowdsourcing effectively for new product/service development and improvements.

Crowdsourcing-based new product development (NPD) involves consumers in contributing ideas as ideators in the ideation phase, and providing inputs as cocreators in self-selected subtasks in the product development phase. The novelty of this NPD approach furnishes little understanding about the effect of crowds' self-select participation into ideation and development subtasks, and this study aims to bridge this gap. This article draws on the attention allocation perspective of online knowledge sharing to identify the domains of ideator expertise based on the types of development subtasks they self-selected to perform as cocreators in prior projects. It separately examines the impact of different domains of ideator expertise (marketing and engineering) and the interaction between ideators' expertise and cocreators' inputs on crowdsourcing-based NPD outcomes. Large-scale, longitudinal data from a crowdsourcing-based NPD platform reveal that ideators' engineering expertise helps convert ideas into final products more than ideators' marketing expertise. In contrast, ideators' marketing expertise helps these products achieve more sales than ideators' engineering expertise. Moreover, final products achieve more sales if ideators' marketing expertise embedded in initial product ideas is later augmented with either marketing or engineering-related development inputs by crowd cocreators. However, ideas generated by ideators with engineering expertise achieve fewer product sales when those ideas are complemented by more marketing-related development inputs by cocreators. These findings extend crowdsourcing-based NPD theory and furnish insight on managing crowdsourcing-based NPD platforms.

Firms increasingly engage customers in idea generation (or ideation) to sustain their competitive advantages. Drawing from social interaction literature, this study adopts a social network perspective to investigate empirically how the characteristics (i.e., direction, size, and strength) of customers' online peer-to-peer (P2P) and peer-to-firm (P2F) interactions, moderated by customers' past efforts to post ideas (i.e., past ideation participation), influence their likelihood of generating ideas in an idea crowdsourcing community. With four years of data from a popular online crowdsourcing site, this study demonstrates the significant impacts of P2P and P2F online interactions on customers' likelihood of subsequent idea generation. In particular, a potential double-edged sword of past ideation participation emerges: A high level of past ideation participation strengthens (weakens) the impact of P2F (P2P) interactions on customers' subsequent idea generation. These findings suggest implications for how firms can cultivate customers' online social interactions with peers and firms and enhance their capabilities for capturing the wisdom of the crowd.

Crowdsourcing-based new product development (NPD) involves consumers in both the ideation and product development phases. The success of crowdsourcing-based NPD depends on both the ideators’ expertise and the interplay of their expertise with other cocreators’ inputs due to knowledge integration. Large-scale, longitudinal data from a crowdsourcing-based NPD platform reveal that ideators’ engineering expertise helps convert ideas into final products more than ideators’ marketing expertise. In contrast, ideators’ marketing expertise helps these products achieve more sales than ideators’ engineering expertise. Moreover, final products achieve more sales if ideators’ marketing expertise embedded in initial product ideas is later augmented with either marketing or engineering-related development inputs by crowd cocreators. However, ideas generated by ideators with engineering expertise achieve fewer product sales when those ideas are complemented by more marketing-related development inputs by cocreators. These findings extend crowdsourcing-based NPD theory and furnish insight on managing crowdsourcing-based NPD platforms.

Revealing the engram is one of the greatest challenges in neuroscience. Many researchers focus on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of the engram, but an underutilized approach has been to investigate analogous processes associated with forgetting. Infant rodents present an ideal model for this purpose because they display a rapid form of non-pathological forgetting known as infantile amnesia (IA). Despite the widespread importance of this interesting phenomenon, the study of the neural bases of IA has remained largely neglected. Here, we consider what IA can tell us about memory. We argue that to understand the mechanisms underlying the engram we must also gain an appreciation of the mechanisms that drive forgetting.

This paper qualitatively explores the nature of human resource management (HRM) values of local Chinese managers working in Western-based multinational enterprises in China and also considers how these values are associated with preferences for HR practices. The study involves the use of repertory grid interviews with 36 local Chinese managers. The study shows that interviewees reflected a high level of assimilation and internalization of many Western HRM values. Interviewees also retained many traditional Chinese values, thus highlighting the role of institutional and cultural forces on HRM. However, among these local managers, there was clear decline in some traditional Chinese values, such as ‘harmony’ and ‘virtue’. A further interesting finding was the co-existence of paradoxical values of collectivism and individualism among the managers. Analyses of repertory grid data and interview comments also highlight that preferences for HR practices is associated with these underlying HRM values.

The first-line psychological treatment for anxiety disorders is exposure therapy, which can be modeled in the laboratory using fear extinction. In healthy women, estradiol levels predict return of fear following extinction, whereas low levels are associated with greater return of fear. Investigating whether estradiol is similarly associated with extinction in clinically anxious women may provide insight to mechanisms underlying symptom relapse following exposure therapy. In the present study, women with spider phobia and healthy women participated in a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction procedure during a period of high or low estradiol levels. Skin conductance responses, shock expectancy, and valence ratings were measured throughout. Women exhibited comparable decreases in physiological arousal from conditioning to the end of extinction training on Day 1. However, compared to women with high estradiol, and irrespective of clinical status, women with low estradiol exhibited significant return of physiological arousal at extinction recall on Day 2, despite accurate ratings regarding the likelihood of shock. Low estradiol women also reported heightened threat expectancy and physiological responding during presentation of safety cues. These results may point to novel means of enhancing exposure therapy in women by timing treatment delivery during periods of higher estradiol levels. (PsycINFO Database Record

Online communities offer attractive opportunities and challenges to advertisers. Using a revised source credibility framework, this study proposes that interpersonal trust and platform credibility are core to consumer search and consumption behaviors that allow advertisers to harvest value from online communities. We postulate that (1) quality Web features, and user instrumental and relational need fulfillment are antecedents of interpersonal trust and platform credibility; (2) interpersonal trust is distinct from, and an important driver of, platform credibility; and (3) both constructs drive a user's online community usage and brand variety seeking behavior. An online survey of 899 consumers in China supports these propositions and offers both research and managerial implications for this new media platform.

Virtual communities (VCs) represent popular social environments in which people interact by exchanging resources such as information, ideas, and advice about their common interests. Existing research lacks an explication of why people help others in VCs and how such voluntary behaviors drive subsequent attitudes (VC commitment) and behavioral intentions (online co-shopping). This article adopts resource exchange theory to examine how two routes of interactivity (structural vs. experiential) influence reciprocity and affect commitment and co-shopping. Using a netnography study and an online survey, the authors confirm the significant effects of structural and experiential routes of interactivity on reciprocity. Reciprocity has critical effects on social system maintenance by enhancing commitment to the community and intention to co-shop. The results also identify partially mediated relationships among various variables, which suggest that the effects of the experiential route on VC commitment and co-shopping operate partly through reciprocity.

In recent years, textile materials have also found applications in the cosmetic field as more and more commercial cosmetic textile agents are now available in the market. In this paper, one commercially available cosmetic textile agent (CTA) for skin caring benefits was used for making the cosmetic textiles. Systematic characterization methods were established to assess their performance in terms of material identification, fabric performance properties as well as biological safety and biological response to human skin. The experimental results showed that after the treatment of cosmetic textile agent, the fiber surface was covered with a thin layer of smooth material, thereby contributing several alterations to fabric properties and providing a better hand feel to human body. The durability of cosmetic textile was considerably satisfactory with respect to the abrasion resistance and washing cycles. The experimental results also illustrated that the cosmetic textiles might probably enhance the replacement of cells with the newly regenerated ones in the skin structure of human body, and thus provided a more efficient turning-over and replacement of skin components.

Word of mouth (WOM) is a highly credible form of marketing information. However, because it is difficult to study WOM in the face-to-face context, researchers have limited understanding of its sources of effectiveness or its effects beyond product and brand communications. We analyzed computer-mediated data and conducted face-to-face interviews with beauty product enthusiasts in China to understand electronic WOM (eWOM) in a consumption-interest virtual community. Our findings reveal four categories of responses: (1) sources of social capital, (2) brand choice facilitation, (3) persuasion knowledge development, and (4) consumer reflexivity. We then propose a model and offer a set of postulates to outline future research directions.

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of Chinese women's changing roles (traditional and modern) and perceived marital happiness on their adoption of different conflict resolution strategies in family purchase decision making (FPDM). It also explores how the relationships vary for women whose marriages have short and long durations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is framed by and builds on literature on conflict resolution strategies and female role orientation (FRO) in FPDM. Data for this study come from a survey with 735 married Chinese women.FindingsThe paper demonstrates that traditional and modern FRO have differential effects on the adoption of conflict resolution strategies, and the relationships are significantly moderated by marriage duration.Research limitations/implicationsIt sheds light on the changing female roles and marital happiness on conflict resolution in FPDM in China, a society with a centuries‐old traditional culture as well as rapid developments in societal and economic modernization. Future research should investigate more conflict resolution strategies and from both husbands' and wives' perspectives.Practical implicationsThe paper notes the importance of understanding the family structure of a target market. Product designs, advertising, promotions, and even salespeople should be more attentive to the family member who has greater power in FPDM.Originality/valueThe paper shows that traditional and modern FRO have compatible rather than opposite impacts on the adoption of passive and active conflict resolution strategies in FPDM, and the influences change along with increasing marriage duration and it is of value to international marketers.

Research in international advertising has often taken a dichotomized approach, as exemplified by the global standardization vs localization debate. It is assumed under the standardization approach that the globalization process will absorb different national cultures into a global commercial culture, such that standardized advertising should be preferred. The current research argues that the dichotomization approach may have oversimplified the way consumers read and interpret ad images. We postulate that consumers in a transitional economy apply a variety of reading approaches, including different cultural interpretive strategies and self-referencing, to absorb global images into their cultural and consumption schemas. This is commonly referred to as glocalization. We developed a typology of modern women images in Chinese magazine advertising, potential interpretive strategies, and self-referencing responses in this research. Results of a content analysis and a reader response study support our postulations. Implications are discussed. Journal of International Business Studies (2007) 38, 1034–1051. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400303

With changing social expectations, rising living standards, and increasing Western influences in China, young Chinese women residing in urban areas have developed an awareness of their new identities as contemporary women distinct from the traditional or revolutionary ideals of the past. The current study examines the images of women depicted in a representative sample of magazine advertising in China. Of the 427 magazine ads examined, over 80% featured one or more images of contemporary Chinese woman: nurturer (8%), strong woman (12%), flower vase (28%), and urban sophisticate (44%). Further, the findings showed specific correlations between the featured images and (1) product categories, (2) magazine type, and (3) presenter ethnicity. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Incorporating the recent bond order–length–strength correlation mechanism [C.Q. Sun, Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004) 045105] to the size dependence of Auger photoelectron coincidence spectra of Cu nanoparticles with and without being passivated has enabled us to gain quantitative information about the 2p and 3d level energies of an isolated Cu atom and their shift upon bulk formation. The developed approach also enabled us to discriminate the effect of crystal-field screening from the effect of valence recharging (due to surface passivation and substrate–particle interaction) on the binding energies to the electrons at different energy levels of a specimen.

Interface trap generation in nMOS transistors during both stressing and post-stress periods under the conditions of oxide field (dynamic and dc) stress with FN injection is investigated with charge pumping technique. In contrast to the post-stress interface trap generation induced by hot carrier stress which is a logarithmical function of post-stress time, the post-stress interface trap generation induced by oxide-field stress with FN injection first increases with post-stress time but then becomes saturated. The mechanisms for the interface trap generation in both stressing and post-stress periods are described.

Interface trap generation under dynamic (bipolar and unipolar) and dc oxide field stress has been investigated with the charge pumping technique. It is observed that regardless of stress type, whether dc or dynamic (bipolar or unipolar), and the polarity of stress voltage, interface trap generation starts to occur at the voltage at which Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling through the oxide starts to build up. For positive voltage, interface trap generation is attributed to the recombination of trapped holes with electrons and to the bond breaking by the hydrogen (H and H/sup +/) released during stressing. For negative voltage, in addition to these two mechanisms, the bond breaking by energetic electrons may also contribute to interface trap generation. The frequency dependence of interface trap generation is also investigated. Interface trap generation is independent of stressing frequency for unipolar stress but it shows a frequency dependence for bipolar stress.

While early experiences are proposed to be important for the emergence of anxiety and other mental health problems, there is little empirical research examining the impact of such experiences on the development of emotional learning. Of the research that has been performed in this area, however, a complex picture has emerged in which the maturation of emotion circuits is influenced by the early experiences of the animal. For example, under typical laboratory rearing conditions infant rats rapidly forget learned fear associations (infantile amnesia) and express a form of extinction learning which is relapse-resistant (i.e., extinction in infant rats may be due to fear erasure). In contrast, adult rats exhibit very long-lasting memories of past learned fear associations, and express a form of extinction learning that is relapse-prone (i.e., the fear returns in a number of situations). However, when rats are reared under stressful conditions then they exhibit adult-like fear retention and extinction behaviours at an earlier stage of development (i.e., good retention of learned fear and relapse-prone extinction learning). In other words, under typical rearing conditions infant rats appear to be protected from exhibiting anxiety whereas after adverse rearing fear learning appears to make those infants more vulnerable to the later development of anxiety. While the effects of different experiences on infant rats’ fear retention and extinction are becoming better documented, the mechanisms which mediate the early transition seen following stress remain unclear. Here we suggest that rearing stress may lead to an early maturation of the molecular and cellular signals shown to be involved in the closure of critical period plasticity in sensory modalities (e.g., maturation of GABAergic neurons, development of perineuronal nets), and speculate that these signals could be manipulated in adulthood to re-open infant forms of emotional learning (i.e., those that favour resilience).

Recent research shows that while initial learning is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDArs), relearning can be NMDAr-independent. In the present study we examined whether this switch also occurs following forgetting. The developing animal exhibits much more rapid rates of forgetting than adults, so infant rats were used. It was found that infant rats required NMDArs to learn fear (Experiment 1), and that this memory was forgotten after 14 d (Experiment 2). Despite forgetting, relearning fear did not require NMDAr activation (Experiment 3), even if it occurred in adulthood (Experiment 5). Importantly, animals only showed NMDAr-independent reacquisition if they had received paired (white noise–shock) training during conditioning and not if they received unpaired presentations of the white noise and shock (Experiment 4). In addition, this transition following forgetting was not stimulus specific as learning about a novel stimulus (i.e., light, Experiment 6) was also NMDAr-independent. However, reacquisition to a novel stimulus was NMDAr-dependent if the original fear memory was retained at the time of retraining (Experiment 7). Taken together, these results demonstrate how fear memories acquired early in life can have a long-lasting impact on later learning, even when they have been apparently forgotten (i.e., they are not expressed in the animal’s overt behavior). Further, they support the idea that while memories may be forgotten, they are not gone.

Recent work has found that infant rats (postnatal day (P) 18) do not require the prelimbic cortex (PL) to express learned fear, whereas older animals (adults and juveniles) do. In other words, there is a switch from a PL-independent fear expression system during infancy to a PL-dependent system later in life. The present study investigated whether the PL would be involved in fear expression in rats trained at P17 but tested at P23 (that is, as juveniles). The first two experiments showed that PL involvement in fear expression was determined by the age of the animal at the time of training rather than the animal’s age at the time of test. More specifically, experiment 1 showed that expression of learned fear (measured by freezing, and elicited by a white noise previously paired with a shock) was PL-independent for memories that were acquired when the rat was P17 but then tested at P23. In experiment 2, rats trained at P23, when the PL is functionally mature, still required the PL to express fear when tested at P37. In the last experiment, using two different reactivation procedures, we showed that it is possible to update an infant memory and switch it from being PL-independent to being PL-dependent. Combined, these results have important implications for our understanding of the neural circuitry underlying fear expression across development and show that, at least in some cases, expression of fear responses learned early in life remain PL-independent even as the animal matures.

Studies have shown that in adult animals the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a critical brain region involved in fear regulation, with the prelimbic (PL) subregion being important for fear expression. However, few studies have examined whether the PL cortex is also involved in fear expression in infant animals. Five experiments, using immunohistochemical and temporary inactivation procedures, assessed the role of the PL in the expression of learned fear in postnatal day (PND) 18 (infant) and PND25 (juvenile) rats. We found that in juvenile rats expressing fear (measured through freezing) there was an increase in the number of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK)-labeled neurons in the PL; this increase was not observed in the infralimbic cortex. Furthermore, inactivation of the PL at test, using muscimol, decreased freezing in the juvenile rat. In contrast, expression of learned fear in infant rats did not require the PL, as there was neither an increase in the number of pMAPK-labeled cells in the PL nor was there any effect of PL inactivation on freezing levels. Taken together, these experiments suggest that a different neural circuitry underlies fear regulation early in life and that the lack of mPFC involvement may reflect a less flexible emotional regulation system in infant animals.

We examined neuronal correlates of forgetting in rats by detection of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala. In Experiment 1, postnatal day (P)23 and P16 rats received paired noise CS-shock US presentations. When tested immediately after conditioning, P23 and P16 rats exhibited similar levels of conditioned fear; when tested after 2 days, however, P16 rats showed poor CS-elicited freezing relative to P23 rats. In Experiment 2, P16 and P23 rats received either paired or unpaired CS-US presentations, and then were tested 48 h later. Consistent with Experiment 1, P16 rats showed forgetting whereas P23 rats exhibited good retention at test. Additionally, unpaired groups showed poor CS-elicited freezing at test. Immunohistochemistry showed that P23 and P16 rats given paired presentations exhibited significant elevation of pMAPK-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the amygdala compared to rats given unpaired presentations. That is, MAPK phosphorylation in the amygdala tracked learning history rather than behavioral performance at test. In contrast, only the P23-paired group showed an elevated number of pMAPK-ir neurons in mPFC, indicating that MAPK phosphorylation in the mPFC tracks memory expression. Different test-perfusion intervals were employed in Experiment 3, which showed that the developmental dissociation in the pMAPK-ir neurons observed in the mPFC in Experiment 2 was not due to age differences in the rate of phosphorylation of MAPK. These findings provide initial evidence suggesting that while the mPFC is involved in memory retrieval, MAPK phosphorylation in the amygdala may be a persisting neural signature of fear memory.

Adolescence is a period of heightened emotional reactivity and vulnerability to poor outcomes (e.g., suicide, anxiety, and depression). Recent human and animal neuroimaging studies suggest that dramatic changes in prefrontal cortical areas during adolescence are involved in these effects. The present study explored the functional implications of prefrontal cortical changes during adolescence by examining conditioned fear extinction in adolescent rats. Experiment 1 showed that preadolescent (i.e., postnatal day [P] 24), adolescent (P35), and adult (P70) rats express identical extinction acquisition following 3 white-noise conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock pairings. When tested the next day, however, adolescent rats showed almost complete failure to maintain extinction of CS-elicited freezing compared with P24 and P70 rats. It was observed in experiment 2 that following extinction, P24 and P70 rats express significantly elevated levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK) in the infralimbic cortex (IL) compared with adolescent rats. Interestingly, adolescent rats successfully exhibited long-term extinction if the amount of extinction training was doubled (experiment 3). More extinction training also led to increased phosphorylation of MAPK in the IL in these rats. These findings suggest that adolescents are less efficient in utilizing prefrontal areas, which may lead to an impairment in the maintenance of extinguished behavior.

Prismatic zinc oxide microtubes have been fabricated by vapor transport. Room-temperature ultraviolet lasing action has been demonstrated in these microtube arrays. The ZnO microtubes, mainly appearing in tapped bell-mouthed shape, form natural laser cavities along the length direction. The hexagon diagonal and length of the microtube vary from 1 µm to 20 µm and 10 µm to a few hundred µm respectively. Under 355 nm optical excitation, lasing action is observed at room-temperature around 393 nm. Multi-longitudinal modes are also observed with significantly narrowed emission linewidth.