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Objectives: Knee injury is strongly associated with the development of knee osteoarthritis. While there is preliminary evidence for an increased risk of knee replacement (KR) surgery after sports injury, no studies have investigated this at a population level. This population-level study aimed to quantify the likelihood of KR surgery and direct healthcare costs 10–15 years after sports injury. Design: Statewide population-based cohort study. Methods: The cohort was established by linking two key administrative datasets capturing all hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) presentations in Victoria, Australia. Sports injury presentations from 2000–2005 and KR admissions from 2000–2015 were identified using ICD-10-AM codes. A Cox proportional hazards model estimated likelihood of KR using time to surgery admission data, adjusting for potential confounders. KR costs for the sports-injured cohort were estimated from the health system perspective using diagnosis codes and national hospital cost weights. Results: Over the study period there were 64,038 sports injuries (including 7205 knee injuries) resulting in ED presentation or hospitalisation, and 326 KR procedures. Multivariate analysis showed that having a knee injury more than doubled the hazard of subsequent KR (hazard ratio 2.41, 95%CI 1.73–3.37), compared to all other sports injuries. Direct healthcare costs for KR totaled $AUD7.93 million for the cohort, with 21% of costs attributable to the knee injury group. Conclusions: Sports-related knee injury manifests in a significantly greater likelihood of KR, at considerable cost to society. Targeted health policy and effective interventions are needed to prevent sports-related knee injuries and contain this substantial burden.

Background: THA is a reasonable surgical option for some patients with fragility fractures of the femoral neck, but it has the risk of prosthesis dislocation. The prosthesis combination that reduces the risk of dislocation and the rate of revision surgery is not known. Questions/purposes: In patients receiving primary THA for a femoral neck fracture, does (1) the rate of all-cause revision or (2) the reason for revision and rate of revision for dislocation differ among THA with a standard head size, large head size, dual mobility (DM), or constrained liner? (3) Is there a difference in the revision risk when patients are stratified by age at the time of surgery? Methods: Data were analyzed for 16,692 THAs performed to treat fractures of the femoral neck reported in the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR) from January 2008 to December 2018, as this included the first use of DM prostheses. The AOANJRR includes information on more than 98% of arthroplasty procedures performed in Australia. Most patients were female (72%) and the mean age was 74 years ± 11. There were 8582 standard-head prostheses, 5820 large-head prostheses, 1778 DM prostheses, and 512 constrained prostheses identified. The cumulative percent revision (CPR) was determined for all causes as well as CPR for dislocation. The time to the first revision was described using Kaplan-Meier estimates of survivorship, with right censoring for death or closure of the database at the time of analysis. The unadjusted CPR was estimated each year of the first 10 years for standard heads, 10 years for large heads, 8 years for constrained liners, and 7 years for DM prostheses, with 95% confidence intervals using unadjusted pointwise Greenwood estimates. The results were adjusted for age, sex, femoral fixation, and head size where appropriate and were considered by age groups < 70 and ≥ 70 years. Results: When adjusted for age, sex, femoral fixation and head size, there was no difference in the rate of all-cause revision at 7 years for any of the four groups. There was no difference in the rate of all-cause revision when patients were stratified by < 70 or ≥ 70 years of age. Dislocation was the most common reason for revision (32%). When analyzing revision for dislocation alone, large-head THA had a lower rate of revision for dislocation compared with standard head (HR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4 to 0.8]; p < 0.001) and DM prostheses had a lower rate of revision for dislocation than standard head for the first 3 months (HR 0.3 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.7]; p < 0.004) but not after this time point. Conclusions: The Australian registry shows that there is no difference in the rate of all-cause revision for standard-head, large-head, DM prostheses or constrained liner THA after femoral neck fractures for all patients or for patients stratified into younger than 70 years and at least 70 years of age groups. Dislocation is the most common cause of revision. Large-head prostheses are associated with a lower revision risk for dislocation and DM prostheses have a lower rate of revision for dislocation than standard heads for the first 3 months only. Surgeons treating a femoral neck fracture with THA might consider a large head size if the diameter of the acetabulum will allow it and a DM prosthesis if a large head size is not possible. The age, life expectancy and level of function of patients with femoral neck fractures minimizes the potential long-term consequences of these prostheses. The lack of significant differences in survival between most prosthesis combinations means surgeons should continue to look for factors beyond head size and prosthesis to minimize dislocation and revision surgery. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic study.

Objective: Acute changes of cerebral energy metabolism in early brain injury (EBI) after aneurysmal SAH play a crucial role for overall neurologic outcome. However, direct detection of these alterations is limited. Phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) is a molecular-based advanced[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 70. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Skandinavischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Objective: The diffuse infiltration of malignant gliomas underlines the necessity for utmost radicality in surgical treatment with respect to functional outcome. According to previous studies, fluorescence techniques and intraoperative imaging facilitate complete or supratotal resection. MR-algorithms[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 69. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Mexikanischen und Kolumbianischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Collimated outflows (jets) appear to be a ubiquitous phenomenon associated with the accretion of material onto a compact object. Despite this ubiquity, many fundamental physics aspects of jets are still poorly understood and constrained. These include the mechanism of launching and accelerating jets, the connection between these processes and the nature of the accretion flow, and the role of magnetic fields; the physics responsible for the collimation of jets over tens of thousands to even millions of gravitational radii of the central accreting object; the matter content of jets; the location of the region(s) accelerating particles to TeV (possibly even PeV and EeV) energies (as evidenced by γ-ray emission observed from many jet sources) and the physical processes responsible for this particle acceleration; the radiative processes giving rise to the observed multi-wavelength emission; and the topology of magnetic fields and their role in the jet collimation and particle acceleration processes. This chapter reviews the main knowns and unknowns in our current understanding of relativistic jets, in the context of the main model ingredients for Galactic and extragalactic jet sources. It discusses aspects specific to active Galactic nuclei (especially blazars) and microquasars, and then presents a comparative discussion of similarities and differences between them.

A consecutive series of 40 periprosthetic femoral fractures, treated with revision hip surgery using the Oxford trimodular femoral stem, were retrospectively studied, with an average follow-up of 7.9 years. Fractures were classified according to the Vancouver classification. There were 5 type B1 fractures, 28 type B2, and 7 type C. Radiographic union was achieved in 38 (95%) hips. The mean time to fracture union was 3.5 months. The prosthesis survival at 5 years was 95% (confidence interval, 88%-100%). Clinical results were good with a mean Oxford hip score of 30 (hip score maximum, 48). Complications included 1 nonunion, 1 infection, 1 dislocation, and 2 aseptic loosening. The Oxford trimodular femoral component is a safe and reliable prosthesis for the treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures with satisfactory medium-term results.

We use ACE/SWICS elemental composition data to compare the variations in solar wind fractionation as measured by SWICS during the last solar maximum (1999-2001), the solar minimum (2006-2009) and the period in which the Genesis spacecraft was collecting solar wind (late 2001 - early 2004). We differentiate our analysis in terms of solar wind regimes (i.e. originating from interstream or coronal hole flows, or coronal mass ejecta). Abundances are normalized to the low-FIP ion magnesium to uncover correlations that are not apparent when normalizing to high-FIP ions. We find that relative to magnesium, the other low-FIP elements are measurably fractionated, but the degree of fractionation does not vary significantly over the solar cycle. For the high-FIP ions, variation in fractionation over the solar cycle is significant: greatest for Ne/Mg and C/Mg, less so for O/Mg, and the least for He/Mg. When abundance ratios are examined as a function of solar wind speed, we find a strong correlation, with the remarkable observation that the degree of fractionation follows a mass-dependent trend. We discuss the implications for correcting the Genesis sample return results to photospheric abundances., Accepted for publication in ApJ

Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 114, p. 08101 (2009); International audience

24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2416-2420, To meet the projected market-demand for low-cost, high-performance PV modules, EPV SOLAR, Inc. has increased the average rated power of its standard module by over 28% to 54W. Key factors in this increase were the incorporation of a ZnO:Al/Al back reflector and a larger module size. To capture a larger market-share and to further lower costs, two additional manufacturing facilities have been constructed and brought on-line to bring the total EPV manufacturing capacity to 55 MW/yr. Diagnostic tools including non-destructive a-Si thickness mapping and IR imaging of defects have been developed to improve process control and further increase module performance. R&D efforts to increase performance have focused on improving the optical engineering of the device and the development of an a-Si/nc-Si hybrid structure. Significant results include the demonstration of >4% increase in short circuit current density through the use of a TiOx internal anti-reflective layer, and in collaboration with ENEA, a 9.9% a-Si/nc-Si hybrid tandem fabricated on textured ZnO:Al, sputtered from a reactive-environment hollow cathode sputtering source.

23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 2069-2074, A proven approach to high-throughput PECVD production of a-Si:H has enabled EPV SOLAR to demonstrate impressive manufacturing statistics for tandem junction a-Si modules using its Gen IV technology at the Lawrenceville, NJ plant. The latest technology, Gen VI, is being ramped up in the newer Robbinsville plant and 0.94m2 modules are being produced with initial output powers ranging above 65W. Diagnostic device analyses are presented for cross-flow PECVD geometry and a new metric MPP K is introduced. Textured ZnO:Al films with mobilities in the range 40-50 cm2/Vs have been demonstrated using reactive environment hollow cathode sputtering (RE-HCS). The use of such a TCO in place of commercially available tin oxide has enabled a device efficiency improvement of 8%. RE-HCS was also used to prepare TiO2 index-matching layers that were used to improve device efficiency. The application of a-Si modules to arrays has been studied. It has been found that for modules of a given type, binning by Imp does not lead to a significant increase in array power.

Postmortem investigation was performed on 54 scouring (soon after onset of diarrhea) and 23 healthy suckling piglets. The animals were 1 to 4 weeks of age and were collected from 27 herds. In 21 herds diarrhea had been observed for a long time in piglets in this age group. Coccidia were found in 34 piglets, rotavirus in 2, cryptosporidia in 2, enterotoxigenic E. coli in 6, attaching and effacing E. coli in 1, Cl. perfringens type C in 1, Campylobacter coli in 53 and C. hyointestinalis in 8 piglets. Some of these microorganisms were isolated from healthy piglets as well. TGE- and PED-Virus antigen, as well as Salmonella were not recovered from any of the pigs. Results of the histopathological and enzyme histochemical investigations were in agreement with data from the literature. They confirmed and emphasized the role of coccidia as enteropathogenic agents in the animals examined. On the other hand evidence was shown, that C. coli is non-pathogenic. The role of C. hyointestinalis could not be fully elucidated. At least one sort of enteropathogenic agent was detected in about 68% (n = 37) of the scouring pigs or was present in 81% (n = 17) of the herds, respectively.

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of proteins which control virus replication, exhibit anti-proliferative effectson cells, and modulate immune effector cell functions. The results of five semi-field trials summarized in the present article demonstrate that rBoIFN-αl1 affords significant protection to fattening calves against natural outbreaks of ECP. The product has proved to be similarly promising in the control of shipping fever under North American feedlot conditions., The Bovine Practitioner, No. 25 (1990 September)

Mit Hilfe der Papierchromatographie ist eine qualitative und quantitative Bestimmung des Aminosaureanteiles der Proteine des menschlichen Kammerwassers moglich. Die vergleichende Betrachtung dieser Werte mit denen des Serums und des Linseneiweises last Unterschiede vor allem bei der Glutaminsaure und dem Lysin sowie beim Arginin und Alanin erkennen. Das hierzu durch Vorderkammerpunktion normaler, meist amblyoper Augen gewonnene Kammerwasser wurde nach der von Gerok modifizierten chromatographischen Methode von Pernis & Wunderly untersucht.

In this paper, the results of extensive experimental and numerical studies on the bending behaviour of glued laminated timber beams made from European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) are reported and discussed. A total number of 5740 European beech timber boards from four Swiss sawmills were strength graded, systematically examined and documented, and used to produce beams with well known properties, i.e. detailed information on density, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and location and size of knots in each lamination is available. Beams of various heights (200, 400, 600, 800 mm) and strength classes (GL 40c, GL 48c, GL 55c) were tested and modelled in 4-point bending to determine the bending strength, local and global modulus of elasticity, and the shear modulus. In addition to laser-based displacement sensors, a digital image correlation (DIC) system was used, allowing for an in-depth investigation of strains on the surface of the beams., Proceedings of the 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering

This is a COSPAR roadmap to advance the frontiers of science through innovation and international collaboration using small satellites. The world of small satellites is evolving quickly and an opportunity exists to leverage these developments to make scientific progress. In particular, the increasing availability of low-cost launch and commercially available hardware provides an opportunity to reduce the overall cost of science missions. This in turn should increase flight rates and encourage scientists to propose more innovative concepts, leading to scientific breakthroughs. Moreover, new computer technologies and methods are changing the way data are acquired, managed, and processed. The large data sets enabled by small satellites will require a new paradigm for scientific data analysis. In this roadmap we provide several examples of long-term scientific visions that could be enabled by the small satellite revolution. For the purpose of this report, the term "small satellite" is somewhat arbitrarily defined as a spacecraft with an upper mass limit in the range of a few hundred kilograms. The mass limit is less important than the processes used to build and launch these satellites. The goal of this roadmap is to encourage the space science community to leverage developments in the small satellite industry in order to increase flight rates, and change the way small science satellites are built and managed. Five recommendations are made; one each to the science community, to space industry, to space agencies, to policy makers, and finally, to COSPAR. (C) 2019 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Silver mirroring is a bluish metallic sheen appearing on the surface of silver based photographs as result of ageing. One of the photographic processes most affected by silver mirroring is that of silver gelatin glass negatives, the most common photographic negative process between the 1880s and the 1920s when they were slowly replaced by nitrate and acetate negatives. The present research was initiated by the findings of plates that, beside the usual silver mirroring along the negative edges, had mirroring stains at the centre of the plate whose shape matched the creases of the glassine envelope in which the plates were stored. An informal inquiry among photographic conservators revealed that patterns connected to the enclosure material are rather common and they are not necessarily related to the poor quality of the material. Although silver mirroring has been observed since the early years of silver gelatin photography and it has been investigated again and again in the course of the XX century, confusion is still present on its chemical composition, on the compounds responsible for its formation and on the reasons for the specific patterns. The aim of this work is to better understand the mechanisms of both local and pattern formation of silver mirroring in order to set the choice of best suited enclosure materials and storage conditions on a more rational basis. This work is focused on silver gelatin glass negatives but the results and models here presented can be easily applied to other photographic processes exhibiting silver mirroring. The first chapter is a gallery of possible patterns found on silver gelatin glass negatives. This is first of all a visual definition of silver mirroring. Moreover, as patterns do not arise by coincidence but they are the result of simple physical processes, the visual features of silver mirroring suggest the causes for its formation. The models about silver mirroring developed in the course of the XX century are reviewed in the second chapter. The outcome is the definition of the open questions on silver mirroring: the detailed microscopic processes leading to its local formation on one side and the macroscopic processes leading to the pattern formation on the other side. In order to answer the first question new experiments on the chemical composition and the physical structure of the silver mirroring layer were performed. Based on these results some improvements to the well-established oxidation-migration-re-aggregation model of local silver mirroring formation are proposed in the third chapter. The reasons for the arising of the usual silver mirroring edge patterns are investigated in the fourth chapter. A mathematical model based on the diffusion and reaction of gases explaining the formation of both historically and artificially produced edge patterns is presented. The fifth chapter deals with the formation of inner patterns of silver mirroring. In this case, it was not possible to propose a unique model explaining the formation of the many different inner patterns that are likely to be found on silver gelatin glass negatives. The case of negatives with mirroring stains resembling the wrinkles of glassine envelopes is examined in details and a mechanism of formation is proposed. Finally, in the conclusions, it is stated which are the contributions of this dissertation to the development of strategies to prevent or mitigate silver mirroring and which are the questions on which more research is needed.