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A sprout/polyaniline was synthesized via the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of natural sprout, based on a concept of cyborg plant composite. The composite consisted of both polyaniline and plants. The chemical structure was confirmed by infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements. Optical microscopy observation revealed that polyaniline was deposited into the micro-tissue of the sprout to form the conductive polymer bio-composite. Micro-optical fiber functions for the composite were visually confirmed. Furthermore, the sprout/polyaniline based organic diode exhibited an avalanche breakdown phenomenon. Next, a fucoidan/polyaniline composite as a physiological active material/conducting polymer composite was prepared. This composite showed good film-forming ability, electrochromism, and a micro-porous surface. This paper reports the preparation of conducting polymer composites with a combination of bio-tissue and bio-substance for the creation of bio-based electrically active organized architecture.

Seeds of five Bulgarian cotton varieties, stored for one and two years, were subjected to five pre-sowing electromagnetic treatments with different intensity and duration of exposure. It was found that the selected values of controllable factors had stimulating effect on the total length and total mass of sprout and root. The total length of sprout and root increased by 7.5-16.4% (p

The most severe drought of this century in the Amazon rainforest, which was caused by El Niño, occurred from 2015 to 2016. With a focus on the ecophysiology of the regrowth of the Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excelsa, it was investigated how the progression of the drought of 2015-2016 affected the physiological traits of the coppice regrowth of B. excelsa. The experiment was carried out in a ten-year-old plantation of Brazil nut trees, which had been subjected to thinning and coppice regrowth two years earlier. In the sprouts grown on the stumps of cut trees, the following treatments were applied: (T1) thinning to one sprout per stump; (T2) thinning to two sprouts per stump, and (T3) maintenance of three sprouts per stump. Thinning treatments did not alter the growth and ecophysiological traits of the Brazil nut tree sprouts, though the phosphorus content of the leaves was higher in T1. However, the progression of the drought in 2015-2016 negatively affected the growth (height) and gas exchange of sprouts of all treatments. In addition, an increase of around 37% was observed in the intrinsic water-use efficiency. Concerning photochemical performance, no alterations were observed. Therefore, drought stress promoted a negative effect on sprout growth and affected traits related to the photosynthesis of the B. excelsa sprouts independently of the number of sprouts per stump. RESUMO A seca mais severa deste século na floresta amazônica, causada por El Niño, ocorreu de 2015 a 2016. Com foco na ecofisiologia da rebrota da castanheira da Amazônia, foi investigado como a progressão da seca de 2015-2016 afetou as características fisiológicas das rebrotas de uma talhadia de B. excelsa. O experimento foi realizado em uma plantação de castanheiras com dez anos, a qual havia sido submetida a um desbaste e rebrota de talhadia dois anos antes. Nas rebrotas crescidas sobre os tocos das árvores cortadas foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: (T1) desbrota para manter um broto por cepa; (T2) desbrota para manter dois brotos por cepa; e (T3) manutenção de três brotos por cepa. Os tratamentos de desbrota não alteraram o crescimento e as características ecofisiológicas dos brotos da castanheira, exceto para o teor foliar de fósforo, que foi maior em T1. Porém, a progressão da seca em 2015-2016 afetou negativamente o crescimento em altura e as trocas gasosas dos brotos de todos os tratamentos. Além disso, foi observado um aumento de cerca de 37% na eficiência intrínseca do uso da água. Quanto ao desempenho fotoquímico, não foram observadas alterações. Portanto, o estresse hídrico promoveu efeito negativo no crescimento da brotação e afetou características relacionadas à fotossíntese das brotações de B. excelsa, independentemente do número de brotações por cepa.

The significant of a well- balanced diet in the prevention of numerous disease is a well known , consequently , individual nutrition should be aimed at the disease prevention , improving the quality of life and attenuating the process of body ageing. common buckwheat has been a crop of the secondary importance in many countries . it is a sources source of nutrient in general and has many health benefits mainly due to high phenolic compounds in groat and high antioxidant activity. since buckwheat is a gluten free ,thus ,replacing wheat flour in product will dilute the gluten protein and thereby help in preventing celiac disorder . Buckwheat act as good replacement for wheat flour in unleaving product eg cookies.it belong to the family polygonacea . this plant is generally referred to as buckwheat rhrubarb or sorrel family. The common buckwheat plant is a branching habit . common buckwheat was domesticated possibly around 6000BCE when it was first cultivated in southeast Asia .the use of sprout as an ingredient in food product is an interesting method of improving the nutritional value of food , as well as a safer way to ingest sprout , since food processing can reduce microbial contamination and consequently decrease the occurrences of food-borne disease . the germination process is accepted by customers , as well as the product made from the germinated grains or from their flour. Cookies prepared by shortening baking process are free and a cohesive product of protein .

The objective of this study was to determine the storage efficiency and reconditioning of potato cv. Innovator for processing. Tubers were stored at 6, 7 and 8 °C in the dark for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days and reconditioned at 15 °C for 15 days. TRS and RS were reduced as storage temperature increased from 6 + 15 °C to 8 + 15 °C. Regardless of temperature and storage time, sugar contents were suitable for industry; however non-enzymatic browning remained in category 2 for up to 60, 90 and 150 days in tubers stored at 6 + 15 °C, 7 + 15 °C and 8 + 15 °C, respectively. Starch was influenced by storage time, despite the absence of temperature effect. Regardless of the temperature, sprouting started at 90 days, but the growth of shoots was directly proportional to the increase in temperature. The PPO and POD increased at the beginning of storage but did not cause darkening before the frying. Reduction in storage temperature followed by reconditioning did not delay the onset of sprouting, but reduced the size of sprouts, maintained adequate sugar levels, however it promoted non-enzymatic browning.

Background The relationship between physiological age of parental trees and lifespan of clonal offspring is unclear. White oak (Quercus fabri Hance) has a high sprouting capability after harvest, with the regenerated sprouts being typical clonal individuals. To determine whether regenerated sprouts undergo rapid senescence compared with the parent, the senescence levels of 5-, 10-, 20- and 40-year-old regenerated stump sprouts in a natural forest were evaluated. The antioxidative abilities and transcriptomes in these leaves and shoots were compared. Results Older regenerated sprouts still had robust antioxidative systems, with 40-year-old sprouts having lower peroxidation product levels but similar antioxidative enzyme activity levels compared with 5-year-old sprouts. Older leaves had greater transcriptional activities in pathways related to cell growth and division than younger leaves. However, older sprouts had some unhealthy characteristics, such as increased base excision repair levels and upregulated phagosome, proteasome and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways in 40-year-old leaves, which indicates that DNA damage and tissue remodeling occurred more frequently than in younger leaves. Additionally, plant-pathogen interactions and MAPK signals pathways were upregulated in older shoots, which indicates that older shoots suffered from more pathogen-related biotic stress. Conclusions The 40-year-old sprouts still had the same vitality level as the 5-year-old sprouts, although the former had some unhealthy characteristics. We conclude that during their first 40 years of growth, regenerated stump sprouts do not begin to senesce, and that physiological age of parental trees does not significantly affect the lifespan of its clonal offspring.

Black chickpea is a good source of bioactive compounds, particularly isoflavones. Sprouting improves nutraceutical value in chickpea seeds. This study aimed to explore the role of sprouting of black chickpea seeds on the synthesis of isoflavones and evaluate the impact of the soluble isoflavone on cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells. Isoflavones were identified and quantified by HPLC-UV-MS. The CAA and antiproliferative activity were determined in HepG2 cells and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, correspondingly. In sprouted black chickpea, six isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin-A, and its glycosides) were identified and the total isoflavones content increased (0.31 to 35.72 µgBA/mg of extract). The CAA was increased five times from 137.2 to 788.2 µMEQ/100 g of sample. The bioactive compounds in sprouted chickpea decreased the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell line. Also caused morphological changes such as cell shrinkage, rounding and nuclear fragmentation. The results herein suggest that bioactive compounds, as isoflavones, in sprouted black chickpea showed a potential antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Therefore, it may be considered as a value-added product or ingredient for produce functional foods.

This study aimed to determine the effect of cutting intensity on the recovery rate, growth, and biomass production of selected savanna forage shrub species. The study was conducted at the University for Development Studies (UDS), Nyankpala Campus in the Tolon District of the Northern Region of Ghana. Cajanus cajan, Stylosanthes mucronata, Tephrosia purpureum and Securinega virosa were cut at 15 cm, 30 cm, and 60 cm above ground level a month after a standardizing cut and number of days to sprout, the number of shoots, plant height, and root collar diameter was recorded. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Shrubs cut at 60 cm used less mean number of days (4.25) for sprouting and those cut at 15 cm took a longer period (4.92) to sprout. Plant height, number of shoots, and root collar diameter after cutting were highest for shrubs cut at 60 cm. Securinega virosa used less mean number of days (4.00) to sprout while S. mucronata used the highest mean number of days (5.44) after cutting. Total dry matter yield was significantly highest (123.90 g/plant) for shrubs cut at 60 cm but lowest for those cut at 15 cm (91.20 g/plant). Cajanus cajan recorded a significantly higher total dry matter (116.30 g/plant) while S. virosa had the lowest (93.00 g/plant). Our results suggest that cutting height significantly influences the rate of sprouting of shrubs after cutting, and the response to the cutting effect is species-dependent., Bu çalışmada, seçilen savana yem çalısı türlerinin geri kazanım oranı, büyümesi ve biyokütle üretimi üzerine kesme yoğunluğunun etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, Kalkınma Araştırmaları Üniversitesi’nin (UDS: University for Development Studies) Gana’nın kuzeyinde Tolon Bölgesi’nde yer alan Nyankpala Kampüsü’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Cajanus cajan, Stylosanthes mucronata, Tephrosia purpureum ve Securinega virosa çalıları standart kesimden bir ay sonra, zemin seviyesinden 15 cm, 30 cm ve 60 cm yükseklikten kesilmiş ve filizlenen gün sayısı, sürgün sayısı, bitki boyu ve kök boğazı çapı kaydedilmiştir. Deneme, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yapılmıştır. Filizlenme için 60 cm’den kesilen çalılarda daha az ortalama gün sayısı (4.25) gerekirken, 15 cm’den kesilenler ise daha uzun süre (4.92) gerekmiştir. Bitki boyu, sürgün sayısı ve kesim sonrası kök boğazı çapı 60 cm'den kesilen çalılar için en yüksek değerleri vermiştir. Securinega virosa en az ortalama gün sayısında (4.00) filizlenirken, S. mucronata ise kesimden sonra en yüksek ortalama gün sayısında (5.44) filizlenmiştir. Toplam kuru madde verimi, 60 cm’den kesilen çalılar için en yüksek (123.90 g/bitki), 15 cm’den kesilenler için en düşük (91.20 g/bitki) bulunmuştur. Cajanus cajan önemli ölçüde daha yüksek toplam kuru madde (116.30 g/bitki) değerine sahip iken, S. virosa en düşük (93.00 g/bitki) değere sahiptir. Sonuçlar, kesim yüksekliğinin kesmeden sonra çalıların filizlenme oranını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini ve kesme etkisine verilen yanıtın türe bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Demand for healthy and organic foods have been enourmously increasing. Microgreens are small-sized various vegetables, cereal and plant seeds harvested after the formation of the first true real leaves on germinated plants. Microgreens attract consumers attention with via their vibrant bright color, fragile structure and positive effects on health, especially with high amounts of bioactive components. Industrial and household production of microgreens have been increasing as a new gourmet culinary ingredient. The short shelf life and fast degradation of the microgreens requires the application of different procedures in the optimization of storage methods and conditions after the harvest. Food safety risks associated with the consumption of microgreens differ from mature vegetables due to growth conditions. In this review; The nutritional content, health benefits, growing conditions, storage methods, contamination risks and safety of microgreens, which are important for producers, consumers and researchers, have been comprehensively reviewed in the light of current research., Günümüzde sağlıklı ve organik gıdalara olan talep giderek artmaktadır. Bu gıdalardan biri olan mikroyeşillikler; sahip oldukları canlı renk, hassas yapı, yüksek aroma ve özellikle içerdikleri biyoaktif bileşenlerden dolayı sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkileri nedeniyle son yıllarda tüketicilerin ilgisini çekmektedir. Mikroyeşillikler çeşitli sebze, tahıl ve bitki tohumlarının çimlenmesinden sonra ilk gerçek yapraklarının oluşumunu takiben hasat edilen küçük boyutlardaki bitkilerdir. Mikroyeşilliklerin üretimi, genellikle gurme mutfaklarda kullanılmak üzere endüstriyel ve ev ölçekli olarak yaygınlaşmaktadır. Mikroyeşilliklerin raf ömürlerinin kısa olması ve çabuk bozulabilmesi nedenleriyle bu ürünlere hasat sonrası muhafaza ve depo koşullarında farklı prosedürler uygulanabilmektedir. Üretim şartları ve genellikle çiğ olarak tüketilmeleri nedeniyle olası bir kontaminasyon durumunda, mikroyeşillikler gıda kaynaklı hastalıklara yol açabilecek potansiyel riskli gıdalar olarak görülmektedir. Bu derlemede; üreticiler, tüketiciler ve araştırmacılar için önem taşıyan mikroyeşilliklerin besinsel içerikleri, sağlığa faydaları, yetiştirilme koşulları, muhafaza yöntemleri, kontaminasyon riskleri ve gıda güvenliğine dair bilgiler güncel araştırmalar ışığında kapsamlı bir şekilde sunulmuştur.

In this study were determined DPPH radical scavenging power, metal-ion chelating activity, gamma aminobutyric acid and phytic acid levels, total phenolic substance content, extraction yield in water and various organic solvents (acetone, n-hexane and ethanol), concentrations (50, 70 and 90%) and germination times (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprouts. The extraction yield ranged from 11.47% (H3) to 28.55% (E1). The highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity was determined at E2 concentration (2.978 μmol/g DW) for 120 h (P0.05) in gamma aminobutyric acid and phytic acid contents at 0, 24 and 48 h analyses. The highest gamma aminobutyric acid content was detected to A1 (67.29 mg/100 g DW) and H1 (69.17 mg/100 g DW) concentrations at 120 h (P0.05). At the end of 120 h, total phenolic components were determined in the lowest levels in W and the highest concentrations in E2 (P, Bu çalışmada, farklı çimlenme sürelerinde (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 ve 120 saat) elde edilen adzuki fasulyesi (Vigna angularis) filizlerinin, su ve çeşitli organik çözücülerde (aseton, n-heksan ve etanol) ve farklı konsantrasyonlarda (% 50, 70 ve 90) ekstrakte edilerek DPPH radikal süpürme gücü, metal-iyon şelatlama aktivitesi, gama aminobütirik asit ve fitik asit düzeyleri, toplam fenolik madde içeriği belirlenmiştir. Ekstraksiyon verimi %11.47 (H3) ila %28.55 (E1) arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek DPPH radikal süpürme kapasitesi, 120 saat boyunca E2 konsantrasyonunda (2.978 μmol/g DW) belirlendi (P0.05) olmadı. En yüksek gama aminobütirik asit içeriği, 120. saatte A1 (67.29 mg/100 g DW) ve H1 (69.17 mg/100 g DW) konsantrasyonlarında tespit edildi (P0.05). 120 saat sonunda, toplam fenolik bileşenler su ekstraksiyonunda en düşük seviyelerde ve E2'de en yüksek konsantrasyonlarda belirlendi (P

Germination can be used to enhance nutritional value and health functions of edible seeds. Sprouts are considered healthier than raw seeds because they are richer in the basic nutritional components (carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals) and also contain more bioactive components responsible for various biological activities. The effect of sprouting on the antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity activities, and metabolite profiles of alfalfa and buckwheat seeds was investigated in this study. DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in buckwheat sprouts followed by alfalfa sprout, buckwheat seed, and alfalfa seed, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging potential showed a similar trend as DPPH with buckwheat sprouts exerting the best scavenging capacity. Alfalfa sprout and buckwheat seed exhibited the highest percentage inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase (96.6 and 96.5%, respectively). Alfalfa sprouts demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase (57.12%) while alfalfa seed showed the highest advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibitory potential (28.7%). Moreover, thirty-three (33) metabolites were characterized in the seed and sprout samples. Sprouts demonstrated a higher level of metabolites compared to raw seeds. Hence, depending on the type of seed and the target activity, sprouting is a good technique to alter the secondary metabolites and functional properties of edible seeds.

The effects of elicitors on broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) and radish (Raphanus&nbsp, sativus L.) sprouts were evaluated. Seeds and then sprouts were soaked daily for 30 min over 6 days in water (control) or a mixture of FeEDTA and sodium silicate or sodium silicate alone. The contents of the flavonoids and phenolic acids (free, esters, and glycosides) were determined using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Phenolic compounds were released from the esters after acid hydrolysis and from the glycosides using alkaline hydrolysis. Quercetin, kaempferol, (‒)-epicatechin, naringenin, apigenin, and luteolin derivatives were found in broccoli and radish sprouts, while derivatives of iso-rhamnetin, orientin, and vitexin were not present at measurable levels. The flavonoid contents, especially derivatives of quercetin, were considerably higher in the broccoli sprouts than in the radish sprouts. The quantitatively major phenolic acid content in the sprouts of both species was found to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Its content in the radish sprouts was several times higher than in the broccoli sprouts. The total flavonoid content of broccoli sprouts was 507–734 µg/g DW, while that of the radish sprouts ranged from 155 µg/g DW to 211 µg/g DW. In contrast, total phenolic acids were higher in radish sprouts, ranging from 11,548 to 13,789 µg/g DW, while in broccoli sprouts, they ranged from 2652 to 4527 µg/g DW, respectively. These differences resulted radish sprouts having higher antioxidant activity compared to broccoli sprouts. The applied elicitors increased the content of the total phenolic acids and the antioxidant activity of radish and broccoli sprouts, while they decreased the level of the total flavonoids in broccoli sprouts.

Quinoa plant is a valuable food crop because of its high nutritional and functional values. Total saponin content, sapogenins, polyphenol, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed in various parts of quinoa plants, including sprout, seeds, bran, pericarp, leave, stem, and root. Quinoa seeds (QS) had significantly higher sapogenin content than quinoa stem (QT), quinoa leaves (QL), and quinoa roots (QR). Quinoa saponin was mainly composed of phytolaccagenic acid. Quinoa root (QR) had the highest amount of total saponin (13.39 g 100 g−1), followed by quinoa bran. The highest total phenolic content (30.96 mg GAE 100 g−1) and total flavonoid content (61.68 mg RE 100 g−1) were observed in quinoa root extract and 1‐month‐old sprout extract, respectively. Quinoa sprouts showed better antioxidant activity than fully grown parts of the quinoa plant. Overall, root and sprout had a higher antioxidant capacity compared to other parts of the quinoa plant, suggesting the potential use of quinoa root and sprout as a nutraceutical ingredient in the health food industry.

The balloon flower (BF) is a potent natural source of phytochemical compounds and is associated with our health. The sprouting process is accompanied by significant changes in phytochemical compounds in comparison with their original plants. Even though many studies are conducted with BF, there are not yet reports of BF sprouts. In the present study, we determined the chemical composition and biological activity of BF sprouts that had been cultivated for 50 days. Kaempferol‐3‐O‐galactoside and 1‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid were identified as major components of whole BF sprouts. The leaves/stems of the sprouts had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and lower IC50 values in DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging assays than whole sprouts or roots. The roots of the sprouts had the highest polygalacin D content (1.44 mg/g). We also determined the effects of different parts of BF sprouts on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. When these cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), their nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production increased. BF sprouts suppressed the LPS‐induced production of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐6 in a concentration‐dependent manner without causing any cytotoxic effects. Nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production were significantly inhibited by the roots and leaves/stems, respectively. The inhibitory effects of BF sprouts on LPS‐stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were associated with suppressed NF‐κB activation. These findings suggest that BF sprouts could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds and exert anti‐inflammatory effects due to their polygalacin D, deapi‐platycodin D3, and polyphenol content.

The aimof the research – to study the complex of biological parameters and physiological specificity of plants of P. tenuifolium Gaertn variety as criteria of their adaptive possibilities under new conditions. Many researchers considered problems of adaptation under conditions of industrial interiors of separate varieties and groups of plants. Information, concerning the adaptive potential of varieties of Pittosporum genus is very limited. There are only brief reports about biological peculiarities of separate varieties of the genus under conditions of introduction (Tumak, Palamar 2007; Bojko, 2015, 2016, 2018; Larsen, 1979; Tranguillini, 1964). As far as such studies for P. Tenuifolium variety are practically absent, problems of studying adaptive abilities of plants of this variety become especially urgent. In this connection plants of this variety were chosen as theobjectof the research. The phonological, comparative, morphological and anatomic researchmethodsof were used in this work. According tothe resultsof phonological observations, plants of Pittosporum tenuifolium variety demonstrated adaptive changes, characterized by the period of forced rest and variation of terms and duration of this period, conditioned by keeping conditions. The comparative analysis of morphometric parameters of a sprout and leaf of plants, growing in interiors with different microclimatic conditions, revealed morphological changes, manifested in rates of annual growth, number of young leaves and their sizes, internode length. The anatomic construction of a leaf demonstrated the thickness increase of the adaxial epidermis by 32,5 %; thickness decrease of a leaf by 8 %. There was established the unessential increase of palisade coefficient, accompanied by redistribution between spongy and columnar mesophyll to the latter side. Adaptation at the physiological-biochemical level was manifested by changes of the quantitative content of pigments and their ratios under conditions of industrial interior. Conclusions.The assessment of ecological-biological, morphological-anatomical and physiological peculiarities of plants of Pittosporum tenuifolium variety revealed adaptive changes, characterized by forced rest, variation of occurrence terms and duration of this period; morphological-anatomical changes in the sprout and leaf construction; change of the quantitative content of pigments and their ratios. The established changes favored the resistance increase of Pittosporum tenuifolium plants under changed keeping conditions

Soil and water salinization differently affects the growth and development of rice at all stages, reducing its productivity. The article presents the results of the analysis aimed to determine salt resistance of 186 hybrid samples of rice F 5 developed in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. There were studied the samples developed from three hybrid combinations “IR 52713-2B-8-2B-1-2 x Novator”; “IR 74099-3R-3-3 x Novator”; “NSIC Rc 106 x Novator”. The studies were carried out in the ABSIE FSBI HE DonSAU. The rice seeds were germinated in rolls of filter paper on 1.5% NaCl solution and in distilled water. Salt tolerance was determined as the ratio of the percentage of germinated seeds in the experiment to the control. The purpose of the research is to analyze rice samples for salinization resistance. The analysis found out that the rice samples differed significantly among themselves in the length of the sprouts and roots on the salted and control variants. The graphic material of the article reliably shows the relative and absolute values of sprouts and roots in a trial and in a control variant. The analysis showed an average correlation between the length of sprouts in the trial and salt tolerance for sprouts (0.62±0.08), as well as a high correlation between the length of the roots in the trial and salt tolerance for the roots (0.74±0.09). PCR analysis with the help of the markers RM493 and RM7075 made possible to identify in 59 forms the presence of the dominant QTL locus Saltol in the homozygous state. According to the set of indicators 14 best samples were identified. Selected on salt solutions, the best samples with long shoots and roots have been planted on the rice bays of the OS “Proletarskaya” in the form of seedlings.

Sprout is a nutritious ready-to-eat vegetable. In this study, we examined the effects of ultrasonication treatments (treated with 28, 40 or 80 kHz frequency for 10 min at 25 °C) on the changes in microstructure, seed hydration and germination, sprout growth, sprout quality, and microbial load of two adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) varieties (Kaohsiung 8 and Kaohsiung 10). The results indicated that the ultrasonication at 40 kHz or 80 kHz improved seed hydration and enhanced germination, this is linked to the ultrasound-induced microstructure changes in the hilum and seed coat surface of treated seeds. The ultrasonication-increased sprout growth and yield were possibly attributable to the increased α-amylase activity during germination. Ultrasonication also improved total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total saponins contents and further enhanced the anti-oxidative activities (FRAP and DPPH) of produce sprouts. The results further indicated that the 40 kHz or 80 kHz treatment decreased microbial loads of treated sprouts to an acceptable level, therefore, these two treatments can be used for germination improvement and an effective microbial control treatment for adzuki bean sprout production.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae), one of the most popular food crops worldwide, contains basic and essential nutrients and various health benefiting phytochemicals. Among them, flavonoids have attracted significant interest owing to their various health-promoting properties. In this study, 35 wheat mutant lines were developed via gamma-irradiated mutation breeding from the original cultivar. The effects of radiation breeding on the endogenous phytochemical production in the sprouts of these mutant lines were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS) with multivariate analysis for the first time in this study. Fourteen characteristic peaks, including eleven flavone C-glycosides, two flavone O-glycosides, and one flavone, were identified. In addition, the contents of three flavone C-glycosides, namely, isoschaftoside, isoorientin, and isoscoparin, in 37 wheat sprout samples from the original cultivar, certificated cultivar, and the mutant lines were determined. A heat map combined with hierarchical clustering showed variation in the relative content for the flavonoids between the 37 wheat sprout samples, clustering into three groups. On principal component analysis scores scatter and loading plots, significant differences in the levels of flavonoids were found between the samples and several markers responsible for group separation were detected. These results provide a scientific reference for the phytochemical variation in wheat mutant lines, thereby aiding in further mutation mechanism studies and for the quality control of the improved wheat cultivars.

Quantitative profiling of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) in seeds, sprouts, and grasses of corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were performed. TPC and AOA were strongly correlated and increased with days. Grasses between 10 and 13 days showed the highest TPCs and AOA. The AOA in sprouts and grasses were a fifth and two-thirds of ascorbic acid (AA) standard, respectively, which are higher than in several popular natural antioxidants. Further cell-based studies or in vivo studies could be considered in future to draw more valuable information related to human health.

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean crop, member of the Asteraceae family, characterized by high production of biomass and secondary metabolites and by a good adaptation to climate change, usable in green chemistry, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. Recent studies demonstrated the ability of cardoon to grow up in a stressful environment, which is associated with enhanced biosynthesis of biologically active compounds in these plants, and this effect is increased by abiotic stresses (salt, heat, pollution, and drought stress) that characterize many world marginal areas, affected by the climate changes. The plant response to these stresses consists in implementing different processes that modify some plant biological functions, such as alleviating both cellular hyperosmolarity and ion disequilibrium or synthesizing antioxidant molecules. The aim of this work was to investigate different cardoon response mechanisms to abiotic stresses and to evaluate their influence on the biologically active compounds biosynthesis. Following this purpose, we analyzed the ability of cardoon seeds to germinate under different salt stress conditions, and on the sprouts obtained, we measured the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity. Moreover, the growth of cardoon seedlings grown under heavy metals stress conditions was monitored, and the expression levels of heavy metal transport-associated genes were analyzed. The results showed the ability of cardoon plants to tolerate abiotic stress, thanks to different defense mechanisms and the possibility to obtain biomass with high content of biologically active molecules by exploiting the natural tolerance of this species for abiotic stresses. Moreover, we identified some important genes encoding for metal transportation that may be involved in arsenic and cadmium uptake and translocation in C. cardunculus. Then, this species can be considered as a promising crop for green chemistry and energy in marginal lands.

Rapeseed is the third largest oil crop in the world and the largest oil crop in China. The multi-functional development and utilization of rapeseed is an effective measure for the high-quality development of rapeseed industry in China. In this study, several basic nutrients of eight rapeseed sprouts and five bean sprouts (3–5 varieties each) were determined, including sugar, crude protein, crude fiber, vitamin E, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, and glucosinolates. Data analysis revealed that compared with bean sprouts, rapeseed sprouts were nutritionally balanced and were richer in active nutrients such as glucose, magnesium, selenium, vitamin E, and glucosinolate. Moreover, rapeseed sprouts exhibited reasonable amino acid composition and abundant unsaturated fatty acids (accounting for 90.32% of the total fatty acids). All these results indicated the potential of rapeseed sprout as a functional vegetable. Subsequently, three dominant nutrients including vitamin E, glucosinolate, and selenium were investigated in seeds and sprouts of 44 B. napus L. varieties. The results showed that germination raised the ratio of α-tocopherol/γ-tocopherol from 0.53 in seeds to 9.65 in sprouts, greatly increasing the content of α-tocopherol with the strongest antioxidant activity among the eight isomers of vitamin E. Furthermore, germination promoted the conversion and accumulation of glucosinolate components, especially, glucoraphanin with strong anti-cancer activity with its proportion increased from 1.06% in seeds to 1.62% in sprouts. In addition, the contents of selenium, vitamin E, and glucosinolate in rapeseed sprouts were highly correlated with those in seeds. Furthermore, these three dominant nutrients varied greatly within B. napus varieties, indicating the great potential of rapeseed sprouts to be further bio-enhanced. Our findings provide reference for the multi-purpose development and utilization of rapeseed, lay a theoretical foundation for the development of rapeseed sprout into a functional vegetable, and provide a novel breeding direction.

Pruning some of the sprouts of poplar clones in short rotation system causes the left sprouts use more minerals, light, water and finally they have thicker and taller trunks. The aim of this project was to evaluate the poplar clones by using sprouts management method in the second harvesting period. This study was carried out on five poplar clones of P. deltoides and P. x canadensis with 3 treatments (1, 2 and multi sprouts) using statistical split plot design with 3 replicates. At the end of the growing season, growth characteristics of trees and at the end of period the woods such as branches, trunks to a diameter of 10 cm and trunks to a diameter more than 10 cm were measured. Analysis of variance results of growth characteristics at the end of period after the second harvesting indicated that diameter at breast height (dbh) and height of sprouts showed significant differences in type of clone and sprout management treatments and dry biomass of branches and trunks to a diameter more than 10 cm in sprout management treatment. Height of sprout, height of the tallest sprout and dbh were in first group in clones of P. d. 63/8 and P.x 561/41. Mean comparing for dry biomass showed that P. d. 63/8 and P.x 561/41 clones with 6.7 and 6.4 t. ha-1yr-1, respectively, obtained the highest dry biomass in a diameter lower than 10 cm. Also, the highest results of trunk production with a diameter more than 10 cm were observed in 1 sprout treatment.

The effect of water stress on quality and productivity of winter wheat seeds The article presents the study results of water stress effect on quality and productivity of winter wheat seeds. The moisture supply of plants affects the growth power and field germination of seeds. The decrease of the index has no significant effect on the laboratory germination, as it does not fully reflect the quality of the seeds. The varieties ‘Asket’, ‘Don 93’ and ‘Izyuminka’ showed the minimum decrease of 1000-kernels weight under the stress conditions on 24%, 25% and 27% respectively. The variety ‘Aksiniya’ showed the maximum decrease of this trait (40%). The variety ‘Asket’ has shown the increase of sprouts number (30% FG) in comparison with the standard variety (70% FG). The variety ‘Ermak’ has shown a slight decrease of field germination (on 2%) and the variety ‘Lilit’ has shown a large decrease of field germination (on 17%) in comparison with the standard variety. The conducted study determined that the varieties of winter soft wheat had a different reaction during germination in the conditions of artificial drought. The quality of seeds grown in dry conditions have lower indexes in comparison with the optimal growing conditions, excluding the variety ‘Asket’ that surpassed the indexes of growth power (on 2%) and field germination (on 1%) compared with the control variety.

It has been experimentally proven that germinated plant seeds, such as leek, red clover, broccoli, and others contain proteases, which are able to digest animal protein such as gelatin, bovine albumin, casein, and egg albumin. Preliminary tests were carried out with the use of a semi-qualitative gelatin test, which is often applied to prove the presence of fruit enzymes. Quantitative examinations were carried out with the use of a ninhydrin reaction for amino acid determination as well as the Bradford and Smith methods for protein determination. Respective calibration curves were obtained for glycine (amino acid analysis) as well as for egg albumin, bovine albumin, and gelatin (protein analysis), with a full statistical evaluation including Mandel and Lack-of-Fit tests to check for linearity. It has been proven that the selected germinated seeds containing proteases can be applied as an effective aid for animal protein digestion.

Background: Application of bio-stimulants is one of solutions to quantitative and qualitative changes in metabolites of medicinal plants sprouts. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chitosan bio-stimulation on trigonelline content of sprout under water stress. Methods: This study was conducted in three separate factorial experiments (three times of 4, 8 and 12 days after planting) based on completely randomized design with 15 treatment in 3 replications. The treatments were chitosan in five levels (0, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4%) and water stress in 3 levels (control without stress treatment, -0.2 and 0.4 Mpa). Results: The result of variance analysis showed that chitosan, under stress and interaction effect of chitosan and water stress had significant effect on trigonelline content of 4, 8 and 12-day sprout. The trigonelline content decreased during the experiment in a way that the highest content of that was observed at the first days of seed germination. Conclusion: By induction of water stress and application of chitosan with optimum amount (to 0.2%) decrease in trigonelline content attained to the lowest trend during the experiment.

The aim of the research – to study the complex of biological parameters and physiological specificity of plants of P. tenuifolium Gaertn variety as criteria of their adaptive possibilities under new conditions. Many researchers considered problems of adaptation under conditions of industrial interiors of separate varieties and groups of plants. Information, concerning the adaptive potential of varieties of Pittosporum genus is very limited. There are only brief reports about biological peculiarities of separate varieties of the genus under conditions of introduction (Tumak, Palamar 2007; Bojko, 2015, 2016, 2018; Larsen, 1979; Tranguillini, 1964).As far as such studies for P. Tenuifolium variety are practically absent, problems of studying adaptive abilities of plants of this variety become especially urgent. In this connection plants of this variety were chosen as the object of the research. The phonological, comparative, morphological and anatomic research methods of were used in this work.According to the results of phonological observations, plants of Pittosporum tenuifolium variety demonstrated adaptive changes, characterized by the period of forced rest and variation of terms and duration of this period, conditioned by keeping conditions.The comparative analysis of morphometric parameters of a sprout and leaf of plants, growing in interiors with different microclimatic conditions, revealed morphological changes, manifested in rates of annual growth, number of young leaves and their sizes, internode length. The anatomic construction of a leaf demonstrated the thickness increase of the adaxial epidermis by 32,5 %; thickness decrease of a leaf by 8 %. There was established the unessential increase of palisade coefficient, accompanied by redistribution between spongy and columnar mesophyll to the latter side. Adaptation at the physiological-biochemical level was manifested by changes of the quantitative content of pigments and their ratios under conditions of industrial interior.Conclusions. The assessment of ecological-biological, morphological-anatomical and physiological peculiarities of plants of Pittosporum tenuifolium variety revealed adaptive changes, characterized by forced rest, variation of occurrence terms and duration of this period; morphological-anatomical changes in the sprout and leaf construction; change of the quantitative content of pigments and their ratios. The established changes favored the resistance increase of Pittosporum tenuifolium plants under changed keeping conditions, Цель исследований - изучить комплекс биологических показателей, анатомическую и физиологическую специфіку растений вида P. tenuifolium Gaertn., которые служат критеріями их адаптационных возможностей в нових условиях. Многими исследователями рассматривались вопросы адаптации в условиях промышленных интерьеров отдельных видов и групп растений. Информация, касающаяся адаптивного потенциала видов рода Pittosporum очень ограничена. Встречаются только кратки сообщения о биологических особенностях отдельных видов рода в условиях интродукции (Тумак, Паламар 2007; Бойко, 2015, 2016, 2018; Larsen, 1979; Tranguillini, 1964).Поскольку подобне исследования для вида P. tenuifolium, практически отсутствуют, вопросы изучения адаптивних спосoбностей растений вида становятся особо актуальными. В святи с этим объектом исследований были избраны растения этого вида. В работе использованы фенологический, сравнительный, морфолого-анатомический методы исследований.За результатами фенологических наблюдений у растений вида Pittosporum tenuifolium выявлены адаптивне изменения характеризующиеся наличием периода вынужденного покоя и варьированием сроков и длительности этого периода, обусловленных условиями содержания.Сравнительный аналіз морфометрических показателей побега и листа у растений, произрастающих в интерьерах с различными микроклиматическими условиями, выявил морфологические изменения проявляющиеся в темпах годичного прироста, количестве молодых листьев и их размеров, длине междоузлия. В анатомическом строении листа виявлено увеличение толщины адаксиальной эпидермы на 32,5 %; уменьшение толщины листа на 8 %. Установлено незначительное увеличение коефициента палисадности, сопровождающееся перераспределением между губчастым и столпчастым мезофиллом в сторону последнего. Адаптация на физиолого-биохимическом уровне проявлялась в изменении количественного содержания пигментов и их соотношений в условиях промышленного интерьера.Выводы. Оценка эколого-биологических, морфолого-анатомических и физиологических особенностей растений вида Pittosporum tenuifolium выявила адаптивне изменения, которые характеризуються наличием вынужденного покоя, варьированием сроков наступления и длительности этого периода; наличием морфолого-анатомических изменений в строении побега и листа; в изменении количественного содержани япигментов и их соотношений. Установленные изменения способствуют повышению устойчивости растений Pittosporum tenuifolium в измененных условиях содержания, Мета досліджень –вивчити комплекс біологічних показників, анатомічну та фізіологічну специфіку рослин виду P. tenuifolium Gaertn., що є критеріями їх адаптаційних можливостей в нових умовах.Низкою дослідників розглядалися питання адаптації в умовах промислового інтер’єру окремих видів та груп рослин. Відомості щодо досліджень адаптивного потенціалу стосовно видів роду Pittosporum досить обмежені. Зустрічаються лише фрагментарні відомості щодо біологічних особливостей деяких видів роду (Тумак, Паламар 2007; Бойко, 2015, 2016, 2018; Larsen, 1979; Tranguillini, 1964). Оскільки дослідження такого напрямку для виду P. tenuifolium, практично відсутні, питання виявлення адаптивних можливостей рослин виду набувають актуальності.Об’єктом досліджень було обрано рослини виду Pittosporum tenuifoliumУ роботі застосовувалися фенологічний, порівняльний та морфолого-анатомічний методи досліджень.За результатами фенологічних спостережень у рослин виду Pittosporum tenuifolium виявлено адаптивні зміни, які реалізуються через настання вимушеного спокою та варіювання термінів настання і тривалості цього періоду, що детерміновано умовами утримання.Порівняльний аналіз морфометричних показників пагону та листка у рослин при вирощуванні в умовах інтер’єрів, що різнилися за мікрокліматичними умовами виявив морфозміни, що проявлялися у темпах річного приросту, зміні кількості новоутворених листків, розмірів листкових пластинок, довжині міжвузля.В анатомічній будові листка виявлено збільшення товщини адаксіальної епідерми на 32,5 %; зменшення товщини листка на 8 %. Виявлено зростання коефіцієнту палісадності, що супроводжувалося перерозподілом між губчастим і стовпчастим мезофілом. Адаптація на фізіолого-біохімічному рівні проявлялася у зміні кількісних показників вмісту пластидних пігментів та їх співвідношення.Висновки. Оцінка еколого-біологічних, морфолого-анатомічних та фізіологічних особливостей Pittosporum tenuifolium виявила адаптивні зміни, що реалізуються через настання вимушеного спокою та варіювання термінів настання і тривалості цього періоду, морфолого-анатомічні структурні зміни в будові пагона та листкової пластинки, зміну кількісних показників вмісту пластидних пігментів та їх співвідношення. Виявлені зміни сприяють підвищенню стійкості рослин Pittosporum tenuifolium в змінених умовах існування

The balloon flower (BF) is a potent natural source of phytochemical compounds and is associated with our health. The sprouting process is accompanied by significant changes in phytochemical compounds in comparison with their original plants. Even though many studies are conducted with BF, there are not yet reports of BF sprouts. In the present study, we determined the chemical composition and biological activity of BF sprouts that had been cultivated for 50 days. Kaempferol‐3‐O‐galactoside and 1‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid were identified as major components of whole BF sprouts. The leaves/stems of the sprouts had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and lower IC50 values in DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging assays than whole sprouts or roots. The roots of the sprouts had the highest polygalacin D content (1.44 mg/g). We also determined the effects of different parts of BF sprouts on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. When these cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), their nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production increased. BF sprouts suppressed the LPS‐induced production of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐6 in a concentration‐dependent manner without causing any cytotoxic effects. Nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production were significantly inhibited by the roots and leaves/stems, respectively. The inhibitory effects of BF sprouts on LPS‐stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were associated with suppressed NF‐κB activation. These findings suggest that BF sprouts could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds and exert anti‐inflammatory effects due to their polygalacin D, deapi‐platycodin D3, and polyphenol content., Balloon flower sprouts could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds and exert anti‐inflammatory effects via suppression of NF‐kB activation due to their polygalacin D and polyphenol content.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) sprouts accumulate high amounts of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) including chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and 1,5-diCQA. These compounds, which can be found in many plants, including tomato, globe artichoke, and chicory, have many health benefits, including antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, and antiglycative activities. However, CQA profiles and biosynthesis have not previously been studied in sunflower sprouts. In the present study, we found that 5-CQA and 1,5-diCQA were the major CQAs found in sunflower sprouts. We also identified minor accumulation of other CQAs, namely 3-CQA, 4-CQA, 3,4-diCQA, and 4,5-diCQA. According to genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of genes involved in CQA biosynthesis in sunflower, three genes (HaHQT1, HaHQT2, and HaHQT3) encoding hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and two genes (HaHCT1 and HaHCT2) encoding hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) were identified. Expression analysis of these five genes in hypocotyls and cotyledons strongly suggested that HaHQT2 could be the main enzyme responsible for CQA biosynthesis, as HaHQT2 had the highest expression levels. In addition, when transiently expressed in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, all three HaHQTs, which were soluble and not membrane-bound enzymes, could increase the content of 5-CQA by up to 94% compared to that in a control. Overall, our results increase understanding of CQA biosynthesis in sunflower sprouts and could be exploited by plant breeders to enhance accumulation of health-promoting CQAs in these plants.

Quinoa plant is a valuable food crop because of its high nutritional and functional values. Total saponin content, sapogenins, polyphenol, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed in various parts of quinoa plants, including sprout, seeds, bran, pericarp, leave, stem, and root. Quinoa seeds (QS) had significantly higher sapogenin content than quinoa stem (QT), quinoa leaves (QL), and quinoa roots (QR). Quinoa saponin was mainly composed of phytolaccagenic acid. Quinoa root (QR) had the highest amount of total saponin (13.39 g 100 g−1), followed by quinoa bran. The highest total phenolic content (30.96 mg GAE 100 g−1) and total flavonoid content (61.68 mg RE 100 g−1) were observed in quinoa root extract and 1‐month‐old sprout extract, respectively. Quinoa sprouts showed better antioxidant activity than fully grown parts of the quinoa plant. Overall, root and sprout had a higher antioxidant capacity compared to other parts of the quinoa plant, suggesting the potential use of quinoa root and sprout as a nutraceutical ingredient in the health food industry., 1. A method for sapogenin analysis in extracts of various parts of the quinoa plant grown in Korea was developed and validated using GC‐MS/MS. 2. Total saponin, polyphenols, and flavonoids contents were the highest in quinoa roots among various parts of the quinoa plant. 3. Contents of three sapogenins were the highest in quinoa seed bran. 4. The functional aspect of quinoa sprout, bran, leaves, and roots was confirmed.

This study focused on the comparison of two contrasting forest regeneration types and their susceptibility to drought stress. Transpiration and biomass production were studied on young sessile oak trees Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. regenerated as sprouts and seedlings, and grown in a coppice experimental site in the Czech Republic. Biomass production was estimated using destructive methods, while transpiration was derived from sap flow measurements and assessed according to the plant biometry and microclimatic conditions. Sprouts were characterized by a significantly higher diameter, height, leaf area and above-ground biomass and by a lower wood density as compared with seedlings of the same age. Moreover, the sap flow of sprouts was higher than that of seedlings, which was explained by the plant dimension. Transpiration, expressed as sap flow scaled to plant leaf area, did not differ between seedlings and sprouts when soil water was not limiting. However, during drought periods, when soil water potential dropped below -1.4 MPa, sprouts transpired significantly more than seedlings. Our results confirm that sprouts have access to a larger water pool via the old stump root system and are able to draw more water under drought. Moreover, sprouts seemed to be less susceptible to water limitations than seedlings of similar age. Less influence of drought on sprouts may partially explain their higher above-ground biomass production. Based on our results, coppice could be an appropriate management system to be adopted in sites characterized by frequent or extreme drought periods.

Background: Some health-protecting secondary metabolites can be found at a higher concentration in the sprouts compared to other stages of plant growth. In addition, environmental stresses such as salt stress may be resulting in the increase or decrease of specific secondary metabolites in sprouts and plants. Objective: Evaluation the changes of trigonelline, nicotinic acid, and proline content of fenugreek sprouts under saline and non-saline condition in the different harvesting times. Methods: This experiment was conducted on the base of factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were included three levels of salinity (0, 75 and 150 mM of NaCl), and three harvesting times of sprouted fenugreek (4, 8 and 12 days after beginning the experiment). Results: In each level of salinity, the highest trigonelline content of sprouts was obtained on the fourth day, and its content was reduced on the eighth and twelfth days. The nicotinic acid amount under moderate (75 mM of NaCl), and severe (150 mM of NaCl) salinity was gradually reduced from the fourth up to twelfth days. Thus, the highest amount of nicotinic acid was observed on the fourth day, and its lowest was obtained on the twelfth day. The proline content of sprouted fenugreek was increased from the fourth up to twelfth day at different levels of salinity, so that the highest proline content of sprouts was observed on the twelfth day especially under 150 mM salinity. Conclusion: In general, the trigonelline and nicotinic acid content of sprouted fenugreek was reduced from the fourth up to twelfth days, and the highest content of them was observed under 150 mM salinity on the fourth day.

Reforestation of technologically polluted areas has become an increasingly important issue. In this study, seed germination capacity and survival rate and morphometric characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in a magnesite-polluted soil medium were investigated in a pot experiment. Significant differences in seed field germination, sprout survival, seedling length at various growth stages, and root collar diameter of the seedling were discovered between the trial variants for the pot trial using growing media from the polluted areas and the control site. In addition, it was observed that the differences between the trial variants depended on seed origin and the level of soil pollution. The data indicate that seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced as the levels of pollution increased. These negative effects of the pollution tend to increase as the seedling gets older. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Acknowledgements The work was carried out within the framework of the State task of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Oktay YILDIZ, Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, in Turkey, and Prof. Dr. Sergey MENSHIKOV Botanical Garden Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia, for their contributions to the paper.

In the last decade, there has been an increase in the use of sprouted grains in human diet and a parallel increase in the scientific literature dealing with their nutritional traits and phytochemical contents. This review examines the physiological and biochemical changes during the germination process, and the effects on final sprout composition in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients and bioactive compounds. The main factors affecting sprout composition are taken into consideration: genotype, environmental conditions experimented by the mother plant, germination conditions. In particular, the review deepens the recent knowledge on the possible elicitation factors useful for increasing the phytochemical contents. Microbiological risks and post-harvest technologies are also evaluated, and a brief summary is given of some important in vivo studies matching with the use of grain sprouts in the diet. All the species belonging to Poaceae (Gramineae) family as well as pseudocereals species are included.

Wheat sprouts and wheatgrass represent a sort of fresh vegetable for the ready-to-eat market and are acknowledged for their bioactive compounds content. Besides nutritional properties, sensory quality is a crucial issue for consumers' satisfaction. This work reports several sensory traits of sprouts and wheatgrass from five genotypes of Triticum species. Sprouts showed higher soluble solids content (SSC) and SSC/TA (titratable acidity) ratio than wheatgrass. The prevalent volatile compounds of both sprouts and wheatgrass were 1-penten-3-ol, 1-penten-3-one, E-2-hexenal, and 1-octen-3-ol, responsible for green, solvent, earthy, and mushroom odors. Differences among samples were affected more by the growing stage than by the genotype. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Results indicate sprouts and wheatgrass have a strong flavor, which might not be acceptable to consumers. This suggests the addition of sprouts to vegetable-based products, such as salads, in order to enhance the taste complexity while providing valuable phytochemicals. Similarly, the strong flavor of wheatgrass, which is mainly used alone to make juices, could be mitigated by mixing it with other vegetable products or by using it as a garnishment. Overall, the observed sensory traits and volatile compounds represent a tool for a tailored choice of the sprout stage and genotype depending on the desired food specialty (e.g., salad, course garnishment, juice).

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such “monodominant” forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors. Biodiversity Dynamics Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Systems Ecology Free University, De Boelelaan 1087 Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15 Institute of Forest Growth and Computer Sciences Technische Universitaet Dresden, Postfach 1117 AMAP IRD CIRAD CNRS INRA Université de Montpellier, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, A comprehensive Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Perimetral, s/n Coordenação de Botânica Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399 EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial School of Geography University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri Keller Science Action Center The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha Herbario Amazónico Colombiano Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44 Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Dep. of Wetland Ecology Institute of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1 Biogeochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Science and Education The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive Jardín Botánico de Missouri Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja Herbario Vargas Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733 Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP – Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas – IGCE Bela Vista Centro de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5 Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla 6204 Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter, Rennes Drive Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65 Agteca-Amazonica Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Natural History Museum University of Oslo, Postboks 1172 International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243 Cirad UMR Ecofog AgrosParisTech CNRS INRA Univ Guyane, Campus agronomique Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva – Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 – Manguinhos Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/no. Diretoria Técnico-Científica Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584 Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) UNELLEZ-Guanare Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904 Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd. Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Universidad de los Andes, Via Chorros de Milla Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane Center for Conservation and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123 Universidade Federal do Amapá Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2 Department of Integrative Biology University of California Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St. Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd Tropical Diversity Section Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row Department of Ecology University of Brasilia Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01 Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London, Silwood Park, South Kensington Campus Ecosistemas Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha Department of Biology University of Miami Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km 5 Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y Medio Ambiente Instituto Tecnológico de Antioquia - Institución Universitaria, Calle 78B No. 72A-220 Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177 Taxonomy and Systematics Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Museu Universitário/Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza/Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal do Acre Institute of Biological and Health Sciences Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King’s Buildings Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Jr. Independencia 405 Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299 Department for Identification & Naming Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Department of Forestry Management Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Avenido La Molina, Apdo. 456, La Molina School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Biology Department and Center for Energy Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier UMR 5174 EDB Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales-COCIBA & Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences-GAIAS Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 ICNHS Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial Direction régionale de la Guyane ONF PROTERRA Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5 ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco No. 370 Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24 Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Environmental Change Institute Oxford University Centre for the Environment Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945 Instituto de Ciência Agrárias Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501 Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Jirón San Martín 451 Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Av. Ejercito Laboratory of Human Ecology Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632 Cambridge University Botanic Garden 1 Brookside. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions CEED The University of Queensland University of Campinas Plant Biology Department, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, Lumen, building number 100 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000 Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR) Universidad de los Andes Conjunto Forestal Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas – ICB1, Av General Rodrigo Octavio 6200 GeoIS El Día 369y El Telégrafo 3° Piso Department of Biology University of Maryland University of Nottingham University Park School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Environmental Science and Policy Northern Arizona University Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building Medio Ambiente PLUSPRETOL The Mauritius Herbarium Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Department of Bioscience Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C FOMABO Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR) Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS) Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232 School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent, Marlowe Building Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Universidad Técnica del Norte Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós Facultad de Biologia Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra Department of Biology University of Missouri Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP – Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas – IGCE Bela Vista

Research Highlights: The influence of litter raking and livestock grazing on the development of juvenile sessile oak and European hornbeam sprouts as well as on sessile oak standards were studied. Such experiments are very rare, especially in central Europe where these activities have been prohibited for several decades. Little is known on how these ancient management activities affect tree growth. Background and Objectives: Traditional management practices in coppice forests such as grazing and litter raking have been abandoned, but have recently been studied as to whether these practices can substantially contribute to an increase in the species diversity of coppices. The important question is, however, how these practices influence the growth of coppice-with-standards. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of grazing, litter raking, and their combination on both sprouts and adult trees in a coppice-with-standards system one year after harvest. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in the area of the Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny, Czech Republic, in a forest stand dominated by sessile oak and European hornbeam. We analyzed 132 oak polycormons, 132 hornbeam polycormons, and 163 oak standards. Results: The number of sprouts per stump was affected by the stump size and management practice: (A) coppice-with-standards, litter raking, and sheep grazing, (B) coppice-with-standards and sheep grazing, (C) coppice-with-standards and litter raking, and (D) coppice-with-standards), but not by tree species. The number of the sprouts as well as their height increased with the stump size. In contrast, grazing resulted in a smaller height of the sprouts while thinner sprouts were found under a combination of grazing and raking. When comparing the species, the oak sprouts were higher and thicker when compared to the hornbeam sprouts. The increment of standards increased after stand harvest. This, however, was not the result of grazing or raking, but the response to the reduction of tree number and thus of competition between neighboring trees. Conclusions: The results showed that there were rather negative impacts from the implemented traditional management practices on the growth of sprouts. This may lead to the question of whether ecological diversity resulting from the traditional practices may prevail their negative effect on the growth of the coppices.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important food-borne pathogens to threaten public health. Cultural methods are used as a gold standard while they are laborious and time-consuming. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method is an alternative method that became widely used for the detection of food-borne pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of LAMP method for detection of E. coli O157:H7, also to compare detection performances with VIDAS UP and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) methods in different food matrices (beef meat, minced lamb meat, milk, cheese, apple puree, and soybean sprouts). E. coli O157:H7 were spiked in three different levels (high 4.58; medium 2.32; low 0.30 log10 CFU/g-ml) to food matrices. Although there were no significant differences in terms of the specificity and sensitivity values among the three methods (p ≥.05), it was determined that the highest specificity and sensitivity values obtained from the LAMP method. Sensitivity and specificity values of LAMP method were found as 0.997 and 0.988, for the ISO method were 0.989 and 0.971, and for the VIDAS UP method were 0.980 and 0.963, respectively. In milk samples, sensitivity and specificity values of the VIDAS UP method were significantly lower than LAMP and ISO methods (p .05). It can be summarized from this study that specificity and sensitivity values of the LAMP method are equal or higher and less time-consuming than ISO and VIDAS UP methods. In conclusion, using a simple, fast, and inexpensive detection method, such as LAMP, especially in endemic regions or in an outbreak to control spreading of pathogens, is very important for public health. © 2019

Приведено метод оптимізації процесу відтворення вихідного матеріалу картоплі шляхом додавання до поживного середовища МС фізіологічно активних форм гумусових кислот. Встановлено, що доцільним є використання фульватів, які не втрачають фізіологічної активності після термообробки, забезпечують скорочення термінів культивування в умовах in vitro та прискорюють регенерацію мікророслин

Glucosinolate (GSL) profiles and concentrations in various tissues (seeds, sprouts, mature root, and shoot) were determined and compared across nine Brassica species, including cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, radish, baemuchae, pakchoi, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, and kale. The compositions and concentrations of individual GSLs varied among crops, tissues, and growth stages. Seeds had highest total GSL concentrations in most of crops, whereas shoots had the lowest GSL concentrations. Aliphatic GSL concentrations were the highest in seeds, followed by that in sprouts, shoots, and roots. Indole GSL concentration was the highest in the root or shoot tissues in most of the crops. In contrast, aromatic GSL concentrations were highest in roots. Of the nine crops examined, broccoli exhibited the highest total GSL concentration in seeds (110.76 µmol·g(-1)) and sprouts (162.19 µmol·g(-1)), whereas leaf mustard exhibited the highest total GSL concentration in shoots (61.76 µmol·g(-1)) and roots (73.61 µmol·g(-1)). The lowest GSL concentrations were observed in radish across all tissues examined.

The contents of total Se and of inorganic and organic Se species, as well as the contents of proteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolic acids, were measured in 10-day old sprouts of rice (Oryza sativa L.) obtained with increasing levels (15, 45, 135, and 405 mg Se L–1) of sodium selenite and sodium selenate and with distilled water as control. Increasing Se levels increased organic and inorganic Se contents of sprouts, as well as the content of phenolic acids, especially in their soluble conjugated forms. Moderate levels of sodium selenite (i.e., not higher that 45 mg L–1) appeared the best compromise to obtain high Se and phenolic acid yields together with high proportion of organic Se while limiting residual Se in the germination substrate waste. Se biofortification of rice sprouts appears a feasible and efficient way to promote Se and phenolic acid intake in human diet, with well-known health benefits.

In our country, bean sprouts are vegetables that people like eating. When the food safety is threatened, we need find the root of the problem timely and solve the problem. In this paper, it studies air distribution in production workshop about sprouts production base and workshop wall producing mold in Shenyang area. Finding the factors that lead to mold growth. The article outs forward the corresponding measures to avoid the growth of mold, it makes food safety guarantee. In this way, people can eat bean sprouts on the trust.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Changes in the aqueous solubility of proteins, amino acids, sugars, and other bioactive compounds of the soybean (BRS 257) were studied after different germination times (0, 8, 32, 56, 80, 104 and 176 h). The germination process clearly changed the solubilization of the components, and even antioxidant activities, in aqueous extracts. Significantly (p

In trees, xylem must fulfil three important tasks: conducting water to leaves, storing nutrients and water, and supporting the trunk. The origin of the trunk, i.e., seed or basal bud that forms sprouts, and the growth site may affect xylem anatomy, differences of which can affect successful growth of trees. Both seedlings and sprouts of downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) from four different growth sites with two different soil media, peat and mineral soil, were studied. The diameter of fibres and vessels and the thickness of the double fibre wall were measured, and the number of vessels, rays and axial parenchyma cells was counted. The fibre wall:lumen ratio, vessel percentage area and vessel size:number ratio were calculated. Xylem from sprouts showed only occasionally more mature characteristics than that of seedlings. The number of rays was similar at all four sites, but differences were observed in all other studied characteristics between sites, particularly if soil type was different. The vessel size and number correlated with the number of axial parenchyma cells in juvenile wood, which emphasises the importance of their connections with storage cells particularly at this stage of growth. Good water conductivity was connected with weaker wood, particularly in maturing wood., published version, peerReviewed

[CA] Durant les últimes fases del cultiu, les plantes de xufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck.) presenten gitat degut a la gran longitud de les fulles i l’absència de tiges vertaderes. El gitat precoç afecta negativament a la producció de tubercles. Amb la finalitat de retardar i reduir el gitat de les plantes, i conseqüentment augmentar el seu rendiment, s’ha assajat l’aplicació de 5 retardadors del creixement: chlormequat, mepicuat, paclobutrazol, prohexadiona càlcica i trinexapac-ethyl. Tots els tractaments s’han assajat a dues dosis diferents. Al llarg del cicle de cultiu les plantes tractades amb paclobutrazol, en les dues dosis, van presentar una menor altura de la planta, i alhora el major nombre de brots, a causa de la major presència de rebrots. També presentaven major pes sec del sistema aeri i de les arrels. El rendiment obtingut ha sigut molt elevat en tots els casos assajats, obtenint en el tractament control 2.24 kg m-2 . El major rendiment (p≤0.01) es va obtenir en les plantes tractades amb mepicuat (2.36 kg m-2 ), amb diferències significatives (p≤0.05) pel que fa a les plantes tractades amb paclobutrazol, chlormequat i trinexapac-ethyl, i sense diferències significatives (p≤0.05) pel que fa a les plantes tractades amb prohexadiona càlcica, ni pel que fa a les plantes control. La dosi d’aplicació no va afectar de manera significativa (p≤0.05) al rendiment. Ni el retardador ni la dosi van influir significativament (p≤0.05) en el rendiment comercial. El pes unitari dels tubercles (tant totals com comercials) es va veure afectat (p≤0.05) pel producte aplicat, obtenint-se els tubercles de major grandària en les plantes tractades amb paclobutrazol (0.61 g) i mepicuat (0.60 g), sense diferències significatives entre ells, mentre que els tubercles més menuts van ser produïts per les plantes tractades amb trinexapac-ethyl (0.51 g) i amb chlormequat (0.55 g)., [ES] Durante las últimas fases del cultivo, las plantas de chufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck.) se encaman, debido a la gran longitud de las hojas y a la ausencia de verdaderos tallos. El encamado precoz afecta negativamente a la producción de tubérculos. Con el fin de retrasar y reducir el encamado de las plantas, y consecuentemente aumentar su rendimiento, se ha ensayado la aplicación de 5 retardadores del crecimiento: chlormequat, mepicuat, paclobutrazol, prohexadiona cálcica y trinexapac-ethyl. Todos los tratamientos se han ensayado a dos dosis diferentes. A lo largo del ciclo de cultivo las plantas tratadas con paclobutrazol, en las dos dosis, presentaron una menor altura de la planta, y a la vez el mayor número de brotes, debido a la mayor presencia de rebrotes. También presentaban mayor peso seco del sistema aéreo y de las raíces. El rendimiento obtenido fue muy elevado en todos los casos ensayados, obteniendo en el tratamiento control 2.24 kg m-2 . El mayor rendimiento (p≤0.01) se obtuvo en las plantas tratadas con mepicuat (2.36 kg m-2 ), con diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) con respecto a las plantas tratadas con paclobutrazol, chlormequat y trinexapac-ethyl, y sin diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) con respecto a las plantas tratadas con prohexadiona cálcica, ni con respecto a las plantas control. La dosis de aplicación no afectó significativamente (p≤0.05) al rendimiento. Ni el retardador ni la dosis influyeron significativamente (p≤0.05) en el rendimiento comercial. El peso unitario de los tubérculos (tanto totales como comerciales), se vio afectado (p≤0.05) por el producto aplicado, obteniéndose los tubérculos de mayor tamaño en las plantas tratadas con paclobutrazol (0.61 g) y mepicuat (0.60 g), sin diferencias significativas entre ellos, mientras que los tubérculos más pequeños fueron producidos por las plantas tratadas con trinexapac-ethyl (0.51 g) y con chlormequat (0.55 g)., [ES] During the last phases of the crop, the tiger nut plants (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck.) presents bedding, owed to the big length of the leaves and the absence of true stems. The precocious bedding affects negatively to the production of tubercles. With the purpose of delaying and reducing the bedding of the plants, and consequently increasing its performance, the application of 5 delayers of growth has been tested: chlormequat, mepicuat, paclobutrazol, prohexadiona calcic and trinexapacethyl. All the treatments have been tested in two different doses. Along the crop cycle, the plants treated with paclobutrazol, in both doses, presented a lesser plant height, and at the same time the greater number of shoots, due to the greater presence of sprouts. Also, they presented greater dry weight of the aerial system and the roots. The performance obtained was very elevated in all the tested cases, obtaining 2.24 kg m-2 in the control treatment. The best performance (p≤0.01) was obtained in the plants treated with mepicuat (2.36 kg m-2 ), with significant differences (p≤0.05) regarding the plants treated with paclobutrazol, chlormequat and trinexapac-ethyl, and without significant differences (p≤0.05) regarding the plants treated with prohexadiona calcic, neither regarding control plants. The dose of application did not affect significantly (p≤0.05) to the performance. Neither the retarder nor the dose influenced significantly (p≤0.05) in the commercial performance. The unitary weight of the tubercles (both totals and commercials), were affected (p≤0.05) by the product applied, obtaining tubercles of larger size in the plants treated with paclobutrazol (0.61 g) and mepicuat (0.60 g), without significant differences between them, while smaller tubercles were produced by the plants treated with trinexapac-ethyl (0.51 g) and with chlormequat (0.55 g).

Iron (Fe) is an essential element for human nutrition, and its deficiency or low hemoglobin levels are a global health issue. Strategies aimed at increasing the amounts of essential elementals in agricultural products, as sprouts of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), can be a way to minimize deficiencies, mainly in the populations of developing countries. Therefore, in this work was evaluated: production of Fe-enriched adzuki bean sprouts; Fe accumulation and translocation in plants in different culture media enriched with different Fe masses (500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 µg); and effects of the enrichment by means of 3000 µg FeIII-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (FeIII-EDTA): on the distribution of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, P, Mg, S, and Zn in different parts of the plant; on protein concentrations (albumins, globulins, prolamins, and glutelins) and their association with Fe in edible parts of the plant (stems); and on Fe bioaccessibility in the edible part of the plant (stems). The enrichment via FeIII-EDTA favored the translocation and increased Fe content of sprouts (75%), besides promoting interactions of Fe with albumins (141%), globulins (180%), and glutelins (93%). In the bioaccessibility assays, Fe was 83% bioaccessible in Fe-enriched sprouts.

В статті наведено результати досліджень із вивчення еколого-біологічних особливостей собачої кропиви п’ятилопатевої (Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.) в умовах ботанічного розсадника Житомирського національного агроекологічного університету. На основі багаторічних досліджень вивчено вплив комплексного застосування регуляторів росту і мікродобрив на ріст та розвиток собачої кропиви п’ятилопатевої (Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.), оцінено їх вплив на продуктивність і якість лікарської сировини в умовах Полісся України. На основі вивчення біологічних особливостей показано можливість вирощування нетрадиційної лікарської культури – собачої кропиви п’ятилопатевої (Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.) – в умовах Полісся України для отримання стабільного врожаю і високого вмісту ефірної олії в надземній масі., The article presents the results of studies on the study of ecological and biological features of Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. under conditions of a botanical nursery of the Zhytomyr National Agroecological University. On the basis of many years of research, the influence of the complex application of growth regulators and microfertilizers on the growth and development of Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. has been studied, their influence on the productivity and quality of medicinal raw materials under the conditions of Polissіa of Ukraine has been evaluated. Cultivation of medicinal plants is one way of preserving the natural population of species, providing the required amount of raw materials for the needs of the pharmaceutical industry, replenishing the species diversity of medicinal plants through the use of rare and endangered species, and the introduction of promising species of adventitious species. The growth-stimulating activity of the Zircon growth regulator, which was included in the «State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals Permitted for Use on the Territory of Ukraine», was studied for the treatment of vegetative plants. On the basis of the study of biological characteristics, the possibility of growing an unconventional medicinal crop of Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. in the conditions of Polissіa of Ukraine is shown in order to obtain a stable crop and high content of essential oils in the aboveground mass. Increasing the yield of biomass of Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. and improving the quality of the raw material provides a two-fold application of the Zircon growth regulator at a rate of consumption of 35 milliliter per hectare (first year of vegetation) + 50 milliliter per hectare (from the second year of vegetation) or the combined use of zircon with a rate of consumption 35 milliliter per hectare (the first year of vegetation) and microfertilizer Ferovit and Citovit with a rate of consumption of 400 ml/ha in the second year of vegetation. The use of two-fold processing by the growth regulator Zircon of vegetative plants of doggy nettle in the first and second years of vegetation leads to an increase in the yield of biomass by 34–45% and the content of extractives by 10–11%. Comprehensive application of the Zircon growth regulator in the first year of the vegetation of the dog nettle of five-meadow and microfertilizer Ferrovit and Citovit in the second year contributed to an increase in the yield of medicinal raw materials by 32–34%, the content of extractives remained at the control level. The dynamics of yield, content and component composition of essential oils in the raw material of Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. and the prospects of growing these cultures of Polissіa of Ukraine have been investigated., В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению эколого-биологических особенностей пустырника сердечного (Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.) в условиях ботанического питомника Житомирского национального агроэкологического университета. На основе многолетних исследований изучено влияние комплексного применения регуляторов роста и микроудобрений на рост и развитие пустырника сердечного (Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.), оценено их влияние на урожайность и качество лекарственного сырья в условиях Полесья Украины. На основе изучения биологических особенностей показана возможность выращивания нетрадиционной лекарственной культуры – пустырник сердечный (Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.) условиях Полесья Украины для получения стабильного урожая и высокого содержания эфирного масла в надземной массе.

Indoleacetic acid (IAA) producing Pseudomonas isolates from the rhizosphere of maize (Q4 and Q20), alfalfa (Q1 and Q16) and wild red clover (B25) were selected for the investigation of their effect on the biological vitality of the potato seed tubers. The production of IAA ranged from 4.09 to 15.9 µ gmL- 1 after 24h of cultivation and 4.08 to 26.4 µ gmL-1 after 48h of cultivation. The molecular comparison by RAPD analysis also was done. RAPD patterns of selected Pseudomonas spp. isolates obtained by BC318, AF14, SPH 1 and AP 10 primers demonstrated the suitability of RAPD method in distinguishing a high variability among the four isolates (44 to 68%). The effect on the biological viability of potato (industrially important variety Pirol) was observed during the seven weeks of sprouting at the temperature of 18-20°C. Potato tubers treated by the selected isolates formed slightly lower number of sprouts, but statistically higher mean length - up to 129.9% higher than the control. The mean sprouting capacity was 64.5% higher than a control. Obtained results suggested positive effects of selected IAA producing Pseudomonas isolates on the length of potato tubers and sprouting capacity as the parameters which define biological viability. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III46007]

We investigated the sprouting capacity of poplar stumps in ten 8–21-year old stands growing on former farmland in Sweden situated between 55°N and 60°N. Seven of the stands were planted with the clone OP-42 (Populus maximowiczii Henry × Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray), one with black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray) and two with unidentified clones. The poplars’ mean age was 17 years (range 8–21), six of the stands were growing on clay soils, two on tills and two on loam. The studied sprouts were 1–7 years old. Stump sprouting was observed in all studied stands. The number of sprouts per living stump decreased as sprout age increased. The mean dry mass of all sprouts stump−1 was 16.1 ± 14.0 (range 3.3–37.2) kg. A biomass equation was constructed for estimating sprout biomass from the sprouts’ diameter at 10 cm above the ground (D10). The mean total sprout weight per hectare for sprouts amounted to 16.9 ± 14.6 (range 1.2–41.3) tons ha−1 when calculated for the actual living stumps in the studied areas.

Avaliou-se a variedade precoce de lentilha (Lens esculenta), PRECOZ, desenvolvida e cultivada na Argentina, para uso como broto alimentício, em caixa térmica de poliuretano com dreno lateral para escoamento da água, com ausência de luz e temperatura controlada. Aporcentagem de germinação era de 86% e iniciou-se a partir do segundo dia após a embebição,com desenvolvimento dos brotos até o sexto dia. Após 48h, para aumentar a síntese de etileno e melhorar a qualidade dos brotos produzidos, para criar estresse fisiológico, foram usados pesos sobre os brotos, os quais também foram submetidos a provas microbiológicas, cujos valores foram maiores que 1,1 x 104 NMP g-1 para coliformes fecais e com acidez de 2,64% e pH de 5,48 (pouco ácido). Não houve crescimento de Salmonella e, para Escherichia coli, os níveis foram inferiores a 10 UFC g-1. Em 100 g de brotos, foram encontrados 54,34 g de carboidratos, 6,24 g de fibra bruta e 25,56 g de proteínas. Testes sensoriais foram realizados em comparação combrotos de alfafa e feijão, com provadores não-treinados. A aceitabilidade foi de 73,3%, com apenas 13,3% de rejeição e 13,3% de indiferença, valores inferiores aos do feijão, com 96,7% de aceitaçãoe 3,3% de rejeição, e alfafa, com 83,3% de aceitação e 10,00% de rejeição. Pela baixa rejeição e indiferença, é possível sugerir que a variedade de lentilha em estudo pode ser utilizada para produzir brotos alimentícios, como complemento nutricional na dieta alimentar.This trial aimed to evaluate a precocious variety of lentil (Lens esculenta), developed and grown in Argentina, named PRECOZ, to be used for sprout production, using a thermal polyurethane box with a lateral drain to allow the water to flow off. The process was carried out in darkness at room-controlled temperature. Germination began in the second day after the imbibing practice, while sprouts development came on until the sixth day, with 86% germination percentage. Eight days after sowing, weights were put on sprouts to create a physiological stress as well as to increase ethylene synthesis and improve the quality of produced sprouts. They were also submitted to microbiological tests, whose values were superior to 1.1 x 104 NMP g-1 for fecal coliforms, with acidity of 2.64% and a pH of 5.48, with low acidity. There was no growth of Salmonella or Escherichia coli, once the levels were lower than 10 UFC g-1. The physiochemical analyses, in 100 grams of sprouts, presented 54.34 g of carbohydrates; 6.24 g of crude fiber and 25.56 g of protein. Non-trained taster persons were submitted to sensory tests in order to compare, according to palatability, which was more acceptable – sprouts of alfalfa or beans. The acceptability of lentils was 73.3%, with only 13.3% of rejection and 13.3% of indifference; these results were inferior to beans, which had 96.7% of acceptability and 3.3% ofrejection, as well as alfalfa, which had 83.3% of acceptability and 10.00% of rejection. According to the low rejection and indifference, it is possible to suggest that the studied variety of lentil canbe used in the production of sprouts, as a nutritional nourishing complement.