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The purpose of this study is to introduce examples of sports club activity reforms that junior high schools tackled in response to the problems of the declining birthrate and the increasing burden on teachers, which are facing sports club activities. We will also provide practical knowledge for future sports club reforms. This case study is a sports club activity reform using an external instructor system for enrolled students. However, for the reform, various opinions of the elementary school and local residents were reflected, and discussions were held over several years as a school. The TS club, which played a central role in this, did not focus on specific sports events, but aimed at improving general athletic ability and human power. The activities spread to the whole school education such as physical education classes and school events, and the burden on the teachers in charge of the club was reduced.The following results were obtained from this case study.(1) It is necessary to grasp the fluctuations in the number of students in the mid- to long-term, and to listen to the opinions of the people concerned widely and work on reforming club activities from a long-term perspective. (2) When reforming club activities at school, students can develop a sense of self-efficacy by using the skills they have acquired in extracurricular activities for other activities, which will bring about a high educational effect. (3) When using external instructors, it is possible to nurture a proactive attitude in students and reduce the burden on advisor teachers by constructing methods for activities by students themselves.

本研究では，総合型地域スポーツクラブ（以下，総合型クラブ）が，社会価値を創出できる事業体へと発展することに視座を置き，「ソーシャル・キャピタル」に着目した。2007年より総合型クラブ育成率100％を維持する富山県下のＡクラブを対象とし，留置き法による質問紙調査の結果をもとに，仮説モデルを設定し解析した。結果，1）ソーシャル・キャピタルを形成する総合型クラブ会員は，地域社会に満足感を抱いていること，及び2）「総合型クラブに対する帰属意識」が「ソーシャル・キャピタル」を経て，「地域関心」「地域参加」を一部規定していることが明らかとなった。また，総合型クラブの事業体として，地域課題解決（＝社会性）と収益性（＝事業性）の両立を可能にするマネジメント知見（＝革新性）の一端を確認することとなった。

Purpose and problem statement: Sports clubs have a positive impact on many children and adolescents, yet teenagers are increasingly quitting their sports club participation when they reach adolescence. The drop-out phenomenon has been widely studied. Conversely, the factors supporting the continuation of the sports club participation have been examined less. Our research question was: How is the experience of involvement related to continuing to participate in sports club activities? In this study, the concept of sports club participation means training in a football team. Involvement, for its part, consists of belongingness, inclusion, and togetherness. Approach: Eight female footballers were interviewed in this retrospective case study. Guided by the theoretical background, the classification body of the four components of involvement; communality, creating space for youth voice, participating in a sport that suits oneself, and environmental factors, was formed. The interview material was transcribed and placed in the categories of involvement components according to the content analysis. Consequently, the resulting subcategories were formed and discussed. Results: The main results of the research suggest that according to the interviewees, communality was built at both the club and the team level and within each adolescent’s positive social relationships. Creating space for youth voice included the dialogue between the club and the player, the coach and the player and the player's role in the team. The factors that made a sport suit oneself were the holistic consideration of the adolescent’s life, the experiences of finding one’s own place in the sport and the meaningfulness of the sport. The environmental factors were linked to the club’s structures, and both the location and the costs of the sport. Due to the limited nature of the research data, the results of the study cannot be generalised but can be considered to be indicative. Conclusions: Based on the study, involvement could provide a diverse approach to the development of sports clubs. By identifying the factors leading to meaningful sport, and by adapting participation according to the components of involvement, it is possible to motivate adolescents to continue their sports club participation longer, develop the sense of belonging and hence their well-being. Further studies should examine the component of creating space for youth voice in sports clubs, as it has been less studied

The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of the middle school sports club and to understand the impact on the self-esteem and social development of middle school students participating in the school sports club. To achieve the purpose of this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 450 students by selecting a middle school. Of the 420 collected questionnaires, 399 questionnaires were used as a valid sample. As a result of examining seven areas of self-esteem, self-esteem in five areas excluding domestic ego and personality ego was highest in the group that participated in the league. As a result of examining the difference in social development according to the type of participation in school sports clubs, the league participation group was higher in all five areas. As a result of examining the difference in self-esteem according to the period of participation in school sports clubs, the group participating in the league was high in six areas excluding physical ability, however, it was difficult to see a statistically significant difference. As for the factor related to physical ability, the group with the longest participation period of 13 months or longer was the highest, and there is a statistically significant difference. As a result of examining the difference in social development according to the period of participation in school sports clubs, the group under 6 months was the highest in four areas other than physical activity. Physical activity was highest in the group over 13 months.

NPO Sabae Sports Club has concluded an agreement with Department of Sports and Health Sciences of Fukui University of Technology that students up to 15 people are accepted respectively on the curriculum "Area Activation Practice" and "Enterprise Internship". Sabae Sports Club was established as a first Comprehensive Community Sports Club in Fukui Prefecture in September, 2000. In this paper, Comprehensive Community Sports Club is explained, and its trend in Fukui Prefecture is explained. Next, the current state of Sabae Sports Club is introduced, and the cooperation activities between Sabae Sports Club and Department of Sports and Health Sciences are introduced.

生涯スポーツを国民に広く推し進めるものとして，1995年に文部省（当時）が打ち出した「誰でもが」「いつでも」「初心者から選手まで」参加できるスポーツクラブが総合型地域スポーツクラブ（CCSC）である．スポーツ庁が2018年７月に実施したCCSC育成状況調査によれば，日本スポーツ協会に登録しているCCSCは3,599団体である一方，多くの団体ではヒト・モノ・カネ・情報などの資源不足という課題を抱えており，地域が単独でCCSCを経営することが難しくなってきている． 本研究では，このような背景を踏まえ，既存のCCSCの経営・運営の主体に着目することで経営タイプを分類するとともに，これを基にCCSCの経営と運営が持続可能であるための方策を考察し，福山市でのあり方を提案することを目的とした． まずCCSCの経営タイプについて，既往研究では「行政主導型」「住民主導型」の２種類を挙げているが，本研究ではこれらに加え，Ｊリーグ等の民間団体により運営されている「民間主導型」，さらに，愛媛大学が2006年４月に国立大学初のCCSCを設立していることから「大学主導型」も経営タイプに加えることとした． さらに，経営タイプが異なる12クラブへのヒアリング調査結果より，CCSCを一律的に「行政主導型」「地域主導型」のみで設立するのではなく，大学の有無やCCSCの担い手となる民間団体の有無などの地域特性に応じ，４つの経営タイプでのCCSCの立ち上げが望ましいことを，福山市を事例として明らかにした．, The Comprehensive Community Sports Club (CCSC) is a sports club advocated by the Ministry of Education (at that time) in 1995 that allows "anyone", "anytime", and " From beginners to players" to participate in lifelong sports. In this study, we classify management types by investigating and analyzing the management and operation of the existing CCSC, and based on this, consider measures for sustainability of CCSC management and operation, and to propose the ideal management system for the CCSC in Fukuyama City. Regarding the management type of CCSC, two types, "administrative-led" and "resident-led", are mentioned in the past study. In this paper, we proposed to add “company-led" operated by private organizations and "university-led" operated by universities to the management type. Furthermore, we conducted an interview-based survey of 12 clubs with different management types. As a result, we proposed that CCSC is not uniformly established only by "administrative-led" and "region-led" organizations, but four management types according to regional characteristics such as the existence of universities and private organizations.

In the article "Technical training of cheerleaders in sections of a sports club" the issues of theory and practice of technical training of cheerleaders in sections of a sports club are considered. Cheerleading refers to sports where technique is the basis the art of movement. Because it combines elements of such sports as gymnastics, acrobatics, sports and other dances - and all this technique is aimed at expressiveness, beauty and precision of movements. Technical training is the level of mastery of the cheerleading movement system by athletes. It cannot be considered in isolation, but should be imagined as a component of a single whole, in which technical solutions are closely related to the physical and mental capabilities of the athlete [4, 14, 15 etc.]. In cheerleading, technical readiness is determined by the level of mastering technical techniques (complexity) and the beauty of movements, their expressiveness and accuracy, since these characteristics determine the level of sports results [15, 20, etc.]. A high level of technical preparation is called technical mastery (TM) [15, etc.]; its criteria are: volume of technique - the total number of technical techniques flawlessly performed by athletes in a certain time; variety of technique - breadth of variety of technical methods [4, 14]. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in cheerleading, since this sport has a large arsenal of technical processes. The goal of the group of teachers was to investigate the influence of the method of teaching the discipline of cheerleading, in the conditions of a sports club, on the physical development of athletes, the development of their strength abilities, speed of reaction and general strengthening of health and their technical training.

本研究は、法政大学多摩キャンパスを拠点とする特定非営利活動法人総合型地域スポーツクラブ法政クラブの創設10年の歴史をたどることと、今後のクラブの在り方について検討することを目的とした。法政クラブは10年で会員数も安定し、講座のスクラップアンドビルドを繰り返しながら現在の形となった。今後は更なる発展、成長するために、大学、自治体との連携を深め、大学の保有する人的、物的資源を活用し、地域のニーズに合わせた持続可能な活動を担っていくことが法政クラブの使命であろう。本研究が大学を拠点とする総合型地域スポーツクラブのモデルケースとなり、多くの大学や教育施設でクラブが普及することの一助となれば幸いである。

本研究は、設立10年を迎えた特定非営利活動法人スポーツクラブ法政クラブのプログラム、指導法などに関するアンケート調査を実施し、クラブの現状を把握し、今後の課題を検討するものである。アンケートは参加者および保護者に実施し、指導法や習熟・理解などについて評価してもらった。その結果、指導法について、参加者、保護者ともに高い評価を得た。また運動の習熟・理解についても高い評価を得た。このようなアンケート調査を定期的に実施することで会員のニーズを把握し、地域に根差したクラブ運営、さらに安定した経営に繋げることが望まれる。

長崎国際大学では、強化指定部12団体・運動部8団体、体育系サークル11団体と多様かつ多数の学生が所属している。本研究では、大学部活動の競技力向上のための基礎調査として、学生のニーズについて調査を行い、スポーツ系学生が大学に求めるトレーニングや講習などのサポートについて検討した。活動状況について、強化指定部は活動日数や休日の活動時間が他に比べ多く、特に強化指定部においては平日のうち週4日以上部活動を行っている者が9割以上であることが示された。また、ニーズ調査の結果、レベルアップのために身体的トレーニング（16.3％）やコンディショニング（12.4％）に取り組みたいこと、身体的トレーニング（12.4％）や心理的トレーニング（10.4％）、コンディションニングなどの講習や情報を求める回答が多かった。大学に望むこととして、活動頻度の低い体育系サークルに比べ、非常に多くの時間を部活動に費やしている強化指定部や運動部から多くの意見が得られ、学生のニーズに対する具体的支援を検討する必要性が示された。

実践・事例報告 Practical investigations and case studies

Background: The increase in the competitiveness on the sports market forces elaboration of the proper organization structure in sports clubs. In 2011 Lech Poznan Club found itself in a situation which was inadequate to its ambition. The aim of this work is to present the influence of the implemented organization structure changes on the process of club management. Material and methods: The subject of the research was the Lech Poznan club and its organization structure between 2011 and 2014. The applied research methods were the interview and the survey questionnaire. Results: The introduction and the strategy realization, as well as the clear distribution of tasks were visible in the process of the changes in the organization structures. The success of those actions may be verified on the basis of the results of the end of season 2014/15. Conclusions: The conducted research shows that the Lech Poznan football club experienced transformation between 2011 and 2014. This transformation was adequate to the current trends of the sports club management, and it has permitted the club to win the Polish football championship.

Background Lifestyle interventions to prevent paediatric obesity often target family and peer settings; their success is likely to depend on the influence that peers and families exert on children’s lifestyle behaviors at different developmental stages. Objective First, to determine whether children’s lifestyle behavior more closely resembles their peers’ or siblings’ behaviors. Secondly, to investigate longitudinally whether children’s behavioral change is predicted by that of their peers or their siblings as they grow older. Methods The European prospective IDEFICS/I.Family cohort (baseline survey: 2007/2008, first follow-up: 2009/2010, and second follow-up: 2013/2014) aims at investigating risk factors for overweight and related behaviors during childhood and adolescence. The present investigation includes 2694 observations of children and their siblings aged 2 to 18 years. Peers were defined as same-sex, same-age children in the same community and identified from the full cohort. The longitudinal analysis (mean follow-up time: 3.7 years) includes 525 sibling pairs. Children’s lifestyle behaviors including fast food consumption (frequency/week), screen time (hours/week) and sports club participation (hours/week) were assessed by questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear models. Results Children’s lifestyle behavior was associated with the respective behavior of their peers and sibling for all 3 behaviors. For fast food consumption, the peer resemblance was more than 6-fold higher than the sibling resemblance and the peer resemblance surpassed the sibling resemblance by the age of 9–10 years. The similarities with peers for fast food consumption and screen time steadily increased, while the similarities with siblings steadily decreased with increasing age of the children (P interaction

Background Sports club participation begins to decrease in adolescence. There is a lack of knowledge, how sports club participation changes from adolescence to early adulthood in Finland, and how goal orientation influences on it. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine if goal orientation is associated to changes in sports club participation during afore mentioned critical years. Methods The study design is longitudinal. A sample of 366 (140 boys, 226 girls) adolescents were followed from age 15 (year 2014) to age 19 (year 2018). Sports club participation (yes/no) and goal orientation (no competitive goal, sports for hobby or physical development/regional, national or international success in adolescence/national, international or professional success in adulthood) were measured using questionnaires. In order to study changes in sports club participation, and goal orientation, descriptive statistics were performed. Gender differences were estimated using Chi-squared tests. A binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the association between sports club participation, goal orientation and gender. Results By the age 19, 33% of boys and 43% of girls had dropped out from sports club, 45% of boys and 26% of girls had continued participation, and 21% of boys and 31% of girls never participated (p > 0.01). More boys (57%) than girls (31%) had a success in adulthood as a goal, and more girls (48%) than boys (27%) had a success in adolescence as a goal (p > 0.001). Adolescents with success in adulthood as a goal continued participation in sports club more likely than adolescents without competitive goal (OR = 4.81; 95% CI 2.26-10.23). Furthermore, boys were more likely to continue participation than girls (OR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.02-3.01). Conclusions The dropout from sports club activities from adolescence to early adulthood is obvious. Especially the adolescents without a competitive goal and girls are in danger to drop out. This indicates that contemporary forms of sports club activities support adolescents with strong competitive orientation. Therefore, there is a need for sports clubs to develop activities suitable for adolescents with less competitive orientation to ensure their continuous participation in sports club. nonPeerReviewed

De nombreuses études ont examiné la manière dont l'adhésion à un club sportif peut engendrer des résultats affectifs bénéfiques. La littérature scientifique a également montré que les sports d'équipe, les sports intensifs et les sports pratiqués en milieu naturel de manière fréquente peuvent entraîner un accroissement des affects positifs. Cependant, à notre connaissance, aucune étude n'a examiné l'influence de certains sports sur les affects positifs et négatifs. Sur la base de la littérature, nous avons supposé que certains sports qui répondant aux critères définis précédemment apporteront de plus grands bénéfices affectifs. Cette étude à grande échelle a examiné les données d'adolescents (N = 12 849, femmes = 5 812, âgés de 10 à 18 ans, moyenne = 12,56 ± 2,00 ans) et visait à répondre à cette hypothèse. Nos résultats ont montré que, bien que des différences d'affects puissent être trouvées entre l'absence d'adhésion à un club et la plupart des adhésions à un club sportif, ces différences entre les sports spécifiques sont moins frappantes. Les sports qui sont associés au plus haut niveau d'affectivité positive et au plus bas niveau d'affectivité négative ne sont pas nécessairement ceux auxquels nous nous attendions. Enfin, les adolescents pratiquant l'athlétisme ont rapporté plus d'affects positifs et moins d'affects négatifs comparés aux adolescents pratiquant d'autres sports. Nos résultats suggèrent également que le football en tant que sport le plus pratiqué par les adolescents français était associé à des affects plus positifs que la majorité des 10 sports français les plus licenciés pratiqués par les adolescents entre 2008 et 2019. D'autres sports, comme la danse, le badminton, la boxe ou encore l'équitation sont associés à moins de bénéfices affectids. La pratique sportive en club engendre une augmentation des bénéfices affectifs et sports spécifiques peuvent engendrer des bénéfices supplémentaires. Prior studies extensively examined the way sports club membership can lead to beneficial affective outcomes. Prior experiments also found that team sports, intensive sports, and sports that are frequently pursued can lead to even more affective benefits. However, no prior studies examined the differences between the affective benefits of specific sports. Based on prior results, we supposed that certain sports that meet all the previously set criteria-will provide the greatest affective benefits. The present large-scale investigation examined the data of adolescents ( = 12,849, female = 5,812, aged between 10 and 18, = 12.56 years, and = 2.00) and aimed to fill this gap. Firstly, the results showed that-although differences in affect can be found between the lack of club membership and most of the sports club memberships-the differences between the specific sports are less striking. Secondly, the sports that are associated with the highest level of positive and the lowest level of negative affectivity are not necessarily the ones expected. Finally, adolescents who practice athletics, reported the lowest means of negative, and the highest means of positive affect. However, it did not differ significantly from the results regarding the most practiced sport in France: soccer. Our results suggest that soccer as the most practice sport among French adolescents was associated with more positive affects than the majority of the 10 most licensed members French sports practiced by teens between 2008 and 2019. All in all, being a member of a sports club is associated with affective benefits, and some specific sports clubs can have some extra benefits. 12

The search for reserves to increase the effectiveness of the training process in swimming prompted consideration of the prospect of its implementation in the conditions of a swimming sports club. Instead, the construction of swimming training classes for children of primary school age in the conditions of a sports club has a significant number of questions regarding their organization and methods of conducting. The purpose of the work is to develop and verify the effectiveness of organizational and methodological approaches to building training classes with children of primary school age in a swimming sports club. The results. In the process of building educational and training classes in swimming in the conditions of a sports club, attention should be paid to the following organizational and methodological approaches: the readiness of the coach to solve the tasks of the educational and training process at a high professional level; development of coordinated strategies for the functioning of the training model for young athletes in compliance with its main stages and the gradual algorithm for solving training tasks; differentiation of the content of the training of young athletes in swimming based on taking into account the individual characteristics of their physical condition; establishment of operational algorithms of interaction between subjects of the educational process in order to achieve its maximum efficiency; systematic control over the course of the educational and training process with the implementation of various forms of control and the use of informative indicators of its effectiveness. The implementation of these approaches in the training activities of young swimming athletes contributed to statistically significant changes in the level of children's swimming readiness. Conclusion. The implementation of the swimming training process in the conditions of a sports club requires the systematization of this activity and the observance of organizational and methodical approaches to the interaction of all subjects of the educational and training process. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches with a positive effect on the level of swimming readiness of children of primary school age was experimentally verified.

The authors of the scientific publication «The use of vitamins to preserve and strengthen health in school and student youth, cadets of the «Combat Horting» sports club (experimental work)» tried to prove the relevance of the chosen research topic. Thus, I. Korzhenko listed the main regulatory and legal documents of Ukraine, which provide for the promotion of health preservation and strengthening of Ukrainians, and according to the requirements, prepared the abstract and keywords in English and part of the publication – the relevance of the research topic; A. Steshyts submitted developed questions for scientific and pedagogical workers, trainers with answer options; issued references and abstract and keywords in Ukrainian according to the requirements; higher education graduate V. Kostenko proposed the author's developed questions with multiple-choice answers for pupils and student youth, cadets (after listening to a determined contingent of all conversation topics) [2]; on the basis of the given list of conversation topics [2], their predicted result (to know) is described (author Z. Dikhtiarenko), which should preferably be checked in parts during training, the educational process, and, especially, remotely regarding the importance and use of vitamins for preserving and strengthening health in school and student youth, cadets of the «Combat Horting» sports club (if it is possible to conduct them and in the conditions of martial law) every Sunday after listening to the determined contingent of all conversation topics; determined the purpose and tasks of the research; conducted an analysis of literary sources, the main material of the research, conclusions, issued the literature.

本研究は，運動部活動の地域移行に関わる諸問題について概観し，議論における成果と課題について考察することを目的とした．運動部活動の地域移行に関する議論は，教員の労働時間が長時間に及んでいることを起点として議論が構成されるが，部活動に対する生徒のニーズが一定程度あることにより，部活動は廃止ではなく存続の可能性が探られていった．こうした議論の構成をとることで「地域スポーツクラブ」の活用の可能性の道が拓かれ，経済的価値を部活動を起点に創出することで，経済的成長戦略となる可能性が提起された．しかし，これまでの取り組みにおける運動部活動の教育的機能については評価・検討する必要があると考えられた．また，運動部活動に携わる教員の専門性に関わること及び運動部活動が教育の論理と競技力の論理の二重構造を持ち存在していることに関しては，十分に議論が進められていないと考えられた．したがって，活動の実態からだけでは見えない部分あるいは教員が形成する教育文化に関する検討が必要だといえた．そして，運動部活動の地域移行を進めるに当たっては，自主性・継続性・公認性の3条件を担保する必要性があると考えられた．

Under the continuous development of the times, the e-sports industry is also constantly developing and becoming an emerging industry with great development potential, so that more and more investors are focusing on this industry. It can be seen that the in-depth analysis of the industry is of great significance. Therefore, this research studies the profit model and development strategy of the e-sports industry, in order to study what aspects of the industry can obtain revenue, and what ways it can make changes if it wants to develop better. The research indicates that the current e-sports industry’s revenue mainly from the event bonuses, sponsors, live broadcast platforms, and derivatives. And can be changed from strengthening the talent pool, enhancing the supervision of all aspects of the industry, and enriching the promotion of this emerging industry. Although the development of the e-sports industry is extremely competitive at present, it is still in a less mature stage of development, which requires more investment in manpower, material and financial resources to promote its development toward more comprehensive, more popular and more solid direction.

Educational work in student sports is aimed at developing students’ competencies of personal and collective responsibility for the quality of self-realization in life. Integration of standards of professional, educational and sports activities in terms of goal setting ensures the achievement of personal results of participants of student sports clubs. The protection of the rights of student-athletes in the mediation (reconciliation) service implements educational and regulatory functions and justifies its necessity. The attitude to mediation as a way of settling disputes on the implementation of the rights of student-athletes justifies the expediency of the mediation service. The survey of participants and staff of the student club of the Higher School of Physical Culture and Sports of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (N = = 61) proved the relevance of the problem of protecting the rights of student-athletes to participate in competitions and be admitted to sports teams (83.7%); the presence of competence deficits in sports ethics (78.7%); willingness to resolve a conflict with the leaders of a sports club and a sports team in the mediation service on the issue of sports sanctions for misconduct (73.8%); acceptance of mediation as a way to develop and conclude a mutually beneficial solution (93.4%); the likelihood of contractual capacity in conflict resolution based on a common interest in honest, fair play (95.1%); balance as an essential personality trait of the sports mediator (93.4%). The survey data determine the recommendations for the organization of mediation services in the sports student club: the structure of the educational work of the club; humanitarian service of legal protection and psychological support of the club members and employees; standardization of documentation, regulatory and methodological support of the club’s activities; regulation of friendly dispute resolution on the implementation of the rights of student-athletes.

El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar y describir las lógicas deportivas que implica el pugilismo en jóvenes que participan activamente de la rama de boxeo de un club deportivo de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. Para ello, se contempló la etnografía como método de investigación que permite captar las interacciones sociales en el marco de la observación del lenguaje corporal y visual de los deportistas involucrados. Dentro de los hallazgos se visualizan comportamientos que permiten enaltecer el deporte como actividad que propicia la autosuperación, la reconfiguración de los cuerpos a tenor de movimientos que se realizan a contracorriente de la naturaleza humana, el cansancio y el dolor como sensaciones ciertamente censuradas en el marco de los entrenamientos, el papel del entrenador como agente fundamental en el proceso cognitivo y las dificultades/ventajas que implica la práctica de un deporte donde el cuerpo es herramienta de ataque y defensa. Palabras clave: etnografía, boxeo, cuerpo, deporte, amateurismo. Abstract. The objective of the article is to characterize and describe the sports logics that involve pugilism in young people who actively participate in the boxing branch of a sports club in the city of Temuco, Chile. For this, ethnography is contemplated as a research method that allows capturing social interactions within the framework of observing the body and visual language of the athletes involved. Among the findings, behaviors are observed that allow sport to be extolled as an activity that promotes self-improvement, the reconfiguration of bodies according to movements that are carried out against the current of human nature, fatigue and pain as sensations that are certainly censored in the framework training, the role of the coach as a fundamental agent in the cognitive process and the difficulties/advantages involved in practicing a sport where the body is a tool of attack and defense. Keywords: ethnography, boxing, body, sport, amateurism.

Objectives: Sports clubs’ investment in health promotion (HP) has so far been limited, and efforts to understand where gaps exist in implementation are few and far between. This mixed-method study analysed managers’, coaches’ and sports participants’ perceptions of HP in a single sports club. Design: A mixed-method cross sectional design was used. Setting: The goal was to assess HP perceptions at the macro (club), meso (managers) and micro (coaches) levels with respect to four key health determinants. Method: Quantitative data were collected from 237 participants using e-PROSCeSS questionnaires. Qualitative data collection included two meetings with managers and a focus group with sports club participants. Data analysis took place by means of a hybrid thematic analysis informed by the health promoting sports club (HPSC) model. Results: Similar answer patterns among managers, coaches and sports club participants illustrated that social and environmental determinants scored higher than organisational and economic determinants, which was consistent with qualitative findings. Only one significant difference was found between managers and sports club participants – for organisational determinants at the macro level. In others words, all club actors agreed that sports clubs needed to invest in HP policy and funding, and not only acknowledge that HP is an integral outcome of sports participation. Gender differences in HP perceptions were identified, while being a volunteer compared to a non-volunteer did not make any significant difference. Conclusion: Study findings raise questions about how best to implement and evaluate sports club HP, especially in relation to policies and resources. This is essential to understand the interactions between macro, meso and micro level health determinants and the temporal implications of implementing a HPSC’s approach.

Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. While small-scale experiments change behaviors among adults in the short run, we know little about the effectiveness of large-scale policies or the longer-run impacts. To nudge primary school children into a long-term habit of exercising, the German state of Saxony distributed sports club membership vouchers among all 33,000 third graders in 2009. In 2018, we carried out a register-based survey to evaluate the policy. Even after a decade, awareness of the voucher program was significantly higher in the treatment group. We also find that youth received and redeemed the vouchers. However, we do not find significant short- or long-term effects on sports club membership, physical activity, overweightness, or motor skills. Apparently, membership vouchers for children are not a strong enough policy tool to overcome barriers to exercise regularly. (JEL H75, I12, I18, I21, I28, J13, Z21)

Achieving lasting impact on health outcomes requires a focus not just on patient care, but on community wide approaches (such as school) aimed at improving population health. Interventions that address the conditions in the places where we live, learn, work, and play have the greatest potential impact on our health and beginning early in school settings can go a long way.The study aimed to assess the biophysical and anthropometric indices of children enrolled in a customized sports club in a school setting along with assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of establishing a customized “Sports Club” in a school setting. Uncontrolled quasi experimental design was employed. Students of 5 – 8 standard who consented to participate were enrolledin a customized “Active Sports Club” for 90days. Pre-tested questionnaire, anthropometric and biophysical measurements were conducted before and after the intervention. The customized sports club schedule included 15 minutes of Pranayam daily; fixed set of aerobic exercise and sports conducted alternately.Overall the enrollment of boys (64%) was double than girls (36%) in the sports club and girls of 12-14 years had higher values of total body fat (TBF%) as per the cut-offs. Blood pressure values were in the “at risk” range. The sports club was well accepted by students, teachers and parents. Post intervention proportion of children having normal nutritional status increased; undernourished decreased while overweight remained stagnant. TBF percent values did not shift in “at risk” category and the blood pressure values reduced dramatically among the selected children.The customized sports clubcan be extrapolated the school facilities and could be managed with existing staff as well as time and a positive impact on the anthropometric and biophysical parameters of the participants was recorded.

Relevance. The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), which appeared in late 2019 in China, has spread to almost all countries of the world in just a few months. The explosive nature of its spread was accompanied by the formation of large epidemic foci in organizations of various profiles, including leisure and sports. Aims. To establish the conditions and causes of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among the members of one of the sports clubs based on an in-depth epidemiological analysis. Materials and methods. To study the features of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a sports organization, the following documents were used previously developed by the authors and successfully tested in practice: «Act of epidemiological investigation of group and outbreak morbidity of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) at an enterprise/organization/institution» and «Individual card of a patient with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) at the enterprise / organization/institution». In the process of epidemiological investigation, in order to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in PCR, a laboratory examination of sports club participants (sick and contact) was conducted, followed by genome-wide sequencing of isolated SARS-CoV-2 viruses on the basis of the Laboratory of Molecular Virology of the A. A. Smorodintsev Influenza Research Institute, which performs these types of studies. Results. Within 17 days, 26 cases of COVID- 19 were registered among the sports team members and staff from the support group (coaching staff, medical staff, administrators), which was 74.3% of their actual number. The majority of patients (76.9%) had mild acute respiratory infection, two (7.7%) had no symptoms, and four (15.4%) had interstitial pneumonia. Of the clinical manifestations of the disease, the most frequent were weakness, fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, difficulty in nasal breathing and serous-mucous discharge from the nose, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, anosmia and dyspeptic manifestations in the form of diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. The occurrence of the outbreak was the result of the introduction of infection from the opposing team at the tournament. The leading factors that contributed to the spread of COVID-19 among sports club members were the admission to games and training of athletes with acute respiratory infections, prolonged close contact between players during training and competitions, violations in the use of personal protective equipment, compliance with hygiene and hand antiseptics, disinfection measures in the premises of sports institutions and defects in the implementation of the regulations for the examination of teams for SARS-CoV-2 during tournaments. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, data were obtained on the features of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in sports organizations, which can be used in conducting preventive and anti-epidemic measures in sports and leisure institutions.

The specific objectives of this development research were (1) designing the concept of a student sports club in Bali, (2) developing the design of the student sports club model in Bali, and the guidelines for the establishment of a student sports club in Bali. This research used R&D design with procedure and product trial. The applied product of the research were 1) recommendation of analysis of the needs of the education, sports, and youth offices on the concept of a student sports club, (2) the design of the student sports club model in Bali, and (3) guidance on the formation of a student sports club in Bali. Applied products produced are expected to overcome the obstacles and difficulties experienced by education, sports, and youth offices to handle student sports clubs in Bali so that the establishment of a student sports club in Bali will have an impact on the development of sports achievement at a higher level.

Bu çalışmada, Eczacıbaşı VitrA Spor Kulübünün kurumsal iletişim aracı olarak kullandığı resmi sosyal medya platformları olan Facebook, Twitter, Instagram ve YouTube hesapları üzerinden elde edilen verilerin sayfa görünümü, hesap içeriği, paylaşım türü ve hesapların kullanım düzeyleri açısından incelenerek yorumlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın çıkış noktası, Eczacıbaşı VitrA Spor Kulübünün 2019 yılı dünya kulüpler sıralamalarında ilk 5 (beş) içerisinde yer almış olmasıdır. Nitel özelliğe sahip bu araştırmada belgesel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evreni, ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren tüm kadın voleybol spor kulüpleridir. Bu bağlamda, kulübün resmi sosyal medya hesaplarının açılış tarihlerinden 19 Mayıs 2020 tarihine kadar olan süreç araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde, Eczacıbaşı VitrA Spor Kulübünün sosyal medyayı etkin bir şekilde kullandığı, kadın voleybolunda sosyal medyayı dünyada en aktif kullanan üç spor kulübü içerisinde yer aldığı, bununla birlikte hesaplarının genel görünümü ile bazı paylaşım türlerinde eksiklikler olduğu ve paydaşlarıyla etkileşiminin yeterli düzeyde olmadığı saptanmıştır. Çalışmadaki verilerin Eczacıbaşı VitrA Spor Kulübü ile diğer spor kulüplerinin sosyal medya mecrasındaki iletişim noksanlıklarını giderebilmelerine ve paydaşlarıyla daha etkili bir iletişim kurabilmelerine yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir In this study, it was aimed to examine and interpret the data obtained through the official social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube used by Eczacıbaşı VitrA Sports Club as corporate communication tools. The collected data were evaluated in terms of page view, account content, types of sharing and account usage levels. Eczacıbaşı VitrA Sports Club’s 2019 world club ranking (top 5) was chosen as a starting point of the study. From the qualitative research methods, documentary survey model was used in the study. Universe of the study was the all women’s volleyball teams operating in Turkey. In this context, the period starting from the opening dates of the clubs’ official social media accounts to 19 May 2020 constituted the sample of the study. The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive analysis method. It was concluded that Eczacıbaşı VitrA Sports Club used the social media effectively and they were among the three sports clubs that use social media actively in women’s volleyball, but there were some deficiencies in the general view of their accounts and some types of sharing and their interaction with their stakeholders. It is thought that the data obtained from the study will help Eczacıbaşı VitrA Sports Club and other sports clubs to overcome their communication deficiencies in their social media channels and to establish more effective communication with their stakeholders

本稿の目的は，運動部活動経験者が持つ体罰意識の背景にある事柄を探り，かれらが体罰を肯定する要因について明らかにすることである。分析，検討の結果，運動部活動経験者が体罰を肯定する理由には，集団の秩序を維持するための体罰行為は「やむを得ない」と考えることがあり，こうした考えが教員，生徒の両者の体罰意識に内在することによって，懲戒と体罰をめぐる境界線には常に「曖昧さ」が生じることを指摘している。また，かれらは身体的，精神的な苦痛を与える行為は体罰であると認識しつつも，体罰行為が懲戒を通じた規範意識の形成への期待と理解されている中で，集団秩序を逸脱した者への体罰行為は懲戒行為と見なしていると論じている。, 体罰, 懲戒, 集団, 規範

With the spread of covid-19, the University Athletic Club has been forced to refrain and restrict its activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the mental and physical trends of university sports club members before and after the forced long-term activity restrict. We compared the autonomous and heteronomous motivation, competition status skills, life skills, and mental health as the mental and physical trends before and after the forced long-term activity restrict, and then scrutinized self-management skills and athletic identity after the forced longterm self-restraint. A survey of 487 university sports club members was conducted, and it was confirmed that the improvement of heteronomous motivation was confirmed compared with before the forced long-term activity restrict. In addition, it was confirmed that the higher the heteronomous motivation, the less desirable the behavior in club activities and academics, and the lower the athletic identity. These results have suggested that a lot of university sports club members have lost the opportunity to feel the fun and mastery of the sports events because of the forced long-term activity restrict, the improvement of heteronomous motivation, reducing desirable competition behavior, and reducing the athletic identity. From the above, it can be inferred that it is effective for the coaches and teachers to satisfy the psychological needs of the university athletic club member who refers to the basic psychological needs theory.

Longer durations for near-work activities, such as studying, worsen eyesight. In contrast, outdoor exercise is effective in reducing the risk of developing myopia. Despite these findings, however, the interaction between studying and exercise in eyesight has not been quantitatively evaluated. Moreover, since there is a culture of attending lessons in Japan, it is important to investigate the relationship between elementary school activities, such as cram schools or sports clubs, and vision. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether attending cram schools and/or sports clubs is associated with the use of glasses among elementary school students. We conducted a survey among 7419 elementary school students in Tokyo, Japan using a food education questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between wearing glasses, an objective variable, and attending sports clubs and cram schools. Sex and school year were considered confounding factors. The results of this study showed that students who attended only sports clubs were more likely to be categorized into the “not wearing glasses” group (p = 0.03, OR = 1.45), whereas those who attended only cram schools were more likely to be categorized into the “wearing glasses” group (p = 0.008, OR = 0.67). In addition, students who attended both cram schools and sports clubs were more likely to be categorized into the “not wearing glasses” group than those who only attended cram schools (p = 0.28, OR = 0.85). Our findings indicate that attending not only cram schools but also sports clubs may prevent deterioration of eyesight. Parents and health care providers need to take these findings into account in order to prevent visual impairment in children.