Search

Phylogenomics of Daucus from a maximum likelihood analysis using 164 accessions and 38,920 SNPs (30% missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap values, with only values higher than 70% shown. Names given to clades refer to the geographic origin and improvement status of the accessions of the D. carota complex. Clades A and B corresponds to the two main groups of the Daucus phylogeny. (PDF 1.34 mb)

Relationships among 144 accessions of the Daucus carota complex and outgroups from an exhaustive quartet sampling inference using 18,565 SNPs (10Â % missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap values, with only values higher than 70Â % shown. Names given to clades refer to the geographic origin and improvement status of the accessions of the D. carota complex. ME & E refers to Middle East & Europe. Accessions designated by double stars are misplaced relative to the maximum likelihood topology of the Daucus carota complex using the same number of SNPs. The outgroup taxon is D. syrticus. (PDF 1 MB)

Number of populations. A. Plot of Delta K (Î K). B. Plot of the log likelihood; internal plot corresponds to the log likelihood (thousands) for K ranging from 1 to 9. All values were obtained from STRUCTURE HARVESTER analysis. Fourteen populations were considered in a data set of 18,565 SNPs (10Â % missing imputed genotypes) and 150 samples. (PDF 893 kb)

Species tree of the Daucus carota complex based on a coalescent model using an exhaustive quartet sampling inference and 18,565 SNPs (10% missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap values. The outgroup taxon is D. syrticus. (PDF 104 kb)

The 162 accessions of Daucus, and two accessions of related genera characterized in this study, improvement status, locality information and new identification. (PDF 23.5 kb)

Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 144 accessions of the Daucus carota complex and outgroups using 18,565 SNPs (10% missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above the branches represent posterior probabilities, with only values higher than 0.7 shown. Names given to clades refer to the geographic origin and improvement status of the accessions of the D. carota complex. The outgroup taxon is D. syrticus. (PDF 1.33 mb)

Phylogenomics of Daucus from a maximum likelihood analysis using 164 accessions and 10,814 SNPs (10Â % missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap values, with only values higher than 70Â % shown. Names given to clades refer to the geographic origin and improvement status of the accessions of the D. carota complex. Clades A and B corresponds to the two main groups of the Daucus phylogeny. (PDF 1 MB)

Vavilov (1951) placed the center of origin of cultivated carrot in Central Asia, and an analysis of molecular diversity in wild and cultivated carrots from around the world demonstrated that wild carrots from Central Asia were more similar to cultivated carrots (Iorizzo et al., 2013), confirming Vavilov’s conclusions. Carrots may have been cultivated as a root crop in the Roman Empire, with extensive cultivation first recorded around 900 AD in Central Asia – Afghanistan in particular (Stolarczyk and Janick, 2011; Banga, 1963). Color has played an important role in the history of carrot domestication. The first Central Asian carrots were yellow or purple, and in the early 1500s, orange carrots were noted in still life paintings and some written accounts in Europe. Central Asian carrots spread first to the west beginning in the 900s, through the Middle East, North Africa, and then Europe; and to the east to South and North Asia (Banga, 1963). Orange carrots are grown globally today but yellow, purple, red, and white carrot land races, and some modern cultivars, are grown on a more limited scale in several parts of the world. Fil: Simon, Phillip. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Iorizzo, Massimo. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Ellison, Shelby. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Senalik, Douglas A.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Zeng, Peng. Beijing Genome Institute; China Fil: Pimchanok, Satapoomin. Kasetsart University; Tailandia Fil: Huang, Jaiying. Beijing Genome Institute; China Fil: Bowman, Megan. Van Andel Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Iovene, Marina. National Research Council; Italia Fil: Sanseverino, Walter. Sequentia Biotech; España Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Cátedra de Horticultura y Floricultura; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina Fil: Yildiz, Mehtap. Yuzuncu Yin University. Faculty Of Agriculture; Turquía Fil: Macko-Podgorni, Alicja. University Of Agriculture In Krakow; Polonia Fil: Moranska, Emilia. University Of Agriculture In Krakow; Polonia Fil: Grzebelus, Ewa. University Of Agriculture In Krakow; Polonia Fil: Grzebelus, Dariusz. University Of Agriculture In Krakow; Polonia Fil: Ashrafi, Hamid. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Zheng, Zhijun. Beigin Genome Institute; China Fil: Cheng, Shifeng. Beigin Genome Institute; China Fil: Spooner, David. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Van Deynze, Allen. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

The objective of this collection o fpotatoes expedition was to collect germplasm of potatoes wild species for their conservation and regeneration to put them available to the international scientific community as well as to gather field data to carry on taxonomic studies. Atotal of accessions of five species was collected. Thirteen accessions of Solanum agrimonifolium were collected in the Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Totonicapán, Sololá and Chimaltenango provinces located in altitudes ranging from 2,340 to 3,300 meters above sea level (masl); six accessions of S. bulbocastanum subsp. partitum were gotten in the Huehuetenango and Baja Verapaz provinces; 17 accessions of S. clarum were found in the Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Sololá, and Totonicapán provinces in altitudes extending from 3,000 to 3,500 masl; on1y one accession of S. demissum was found in Totonicapán province; and six accessions of S. morelliforme were gotten in Huehuetenango, San Marcos and Totonicapán provinces in altitudes ranging from 2,900 to 3,050 masl. The habitats where these species grow are very dist urbed due to deforestation and changes in the use of the soil. As a result, the guatemalan potato wild species are endangered species. It is notorious that in many locations where 50 years ago wild germplasm was gathered it no longer exist. El objetivo de este trabajo fue recolectar germoplasma de especies silvestres de papa, para su conservación, e incremento para ponerlas a disposición a nivel internacional, y reunir datos de campo para continuar con los estudios taxonómicos. De Solanum agrimonifolium se efectuaron 13 recolectas en los departamentos de Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Totonicapan, Sololá y Chimaltenango en altitudes comprendidas de 2.340 a 3.300 msnm; de S. bulbocastanum subsp. partitum se obtuvieron seis recolectas en los departamentos de Huehuetenango y Baja Verapaz; de S. clarum se obtuvieron 17 recolectas en los departamentos de Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Sololá y Totonicapan, en altitudes de 3,000 a 3,500 msnm; de S. demissum solo se encontró una localidad en Totonicapan; y de S. morelliforme se obtuvieron seis recolectas de los departamentos de Huehuetenango, San Marcos y Totonicapan en alturas de 2.900 a 3.050 msnm. Los hábitats, donde estas especies crecen, están muy deteriorados por la deforestación y el cambio de uso del suelo. Se plantean dos áreas para la conservación in situ por la concentración de especies silvestres de papa y porque aún mantienen determinadas áreas casi naturales: 1) La Cumbre de María Tecún en el departamento de Totonicapan, y 2) áreas dispersas en la Sierra de los Cuchumatanes.

15 Páginas In a previous study using 94 nuclear orthologs, we reported the species status of the Daucus guttatus complex to be unresolved, partitioned into three clades. In the present study, a subset of ten of these 94 orthologs was used to infer the phylogeny of the D. guttatus complex and related species. A near parallel set of accessions, planted in a common garden, was used for morphological analyses. The molecular trees are highly resolved for most of the clades, grouping accessions of the D. guttatus complex into four clades. Bayesian concordance analysis and a coalescent approach gave slightly different topologies. Morphological data likewise support four taxa in the complex. Moreover, herbarium research from a companion study informs nomenclature for taxa of the complex. We identify these four clades as D. bicolor, D. conchitae, D. guttatus, and D. setulosus; internested in or among these segregates are the phenetically distinctive species D. glochidiatus, D. involucratus, D. littoralis, and D. pusillus. Our research redefines species variation in the D. guttatus complex, clarifies species names, interspecific relationships, confirms a useful subset of nuclear orthologs for studies of dominant topologies of Daucus, and discovers morphological characters allowing proper identification of the four species of the D. guttatus complex and related species. INTRODUCTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS. RESULTS. DISCUSSION. LITERATURE CITED.

16 páginas The Daucus guttatus complex includes two to four species growing from central and northern Italy to the Middle East. They are characterized by being typically annuals up to 50 cm high; with primary umbels up to 7 cm in diameter with fewer than 25(35) rays; discolored umbels frequent, bearing one to several dark colored umbellules which form different color patterns; and mericarps relatively small, ca. 2.0–4.5 mm. The taxonomy of this complicated group has not been satisfactorily resolved to date and is the focus of current research. Seven names of species belonging to the D. guttatus complex occurring in the central and eastern Mediterranean basin are typified here: Daucus guttatus, Daucus bicolor, Daucus involucratus, Daucus setulosus, Daucus broteri, Daucus hirsutus, and Daucus speciosus. Historical data are reported to justify lectotype and/or epitype selection, and selected morphological and distributional data are used to facilitate identification. The resulting typifications will enable proper naming of clades identified in the accompanying integrated molecular and morphological study, clarifying the taxonomy of the Daucus guttatus complex. INTRODUCTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. LITERATURE CITED.

Species tree of the Daucus carota complex based on a coalescent model using an exhaustive quartet sampling inference and 18,565 SNPs (10Â % missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap values. The outgroup taxon is D. syrticus. (PDF 104 kb)

Number of populations. A. Plot of Delta K (Î K). B. Plot of the log likelihood; internal plot corresponds to the log likelihood (thousands) for K ranging from 1 to 9. All values were obtained from STRUCTURE HARVESTER analysis. Fourteen populations were considered in a data set of 43,713 SNPs (30Â % missing imputed genotypes) and 150 samples. (PDF 167 kb)

Relationships among 144 accessions of the Daucus carota complex and outgroups from an exhaustive quartet sampling inference using 43,713 SNPs (30Â % missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap values, with only values higher than 70Â % shown. Names given to clades refer to the geographic origin and improvement status of the accessions of the D. carota complex. ME & E refers to Middle East & Europe. Accessions designated by double stars are misplaced relative to the maximum likelihood topology of the Daucus carota complex using the same number of SNPs. The outgroup taxon is D. syrticus. (PDF 1 MB)

Summary of processing GBS data of Daucus. (PDF 98 kb)

Box plot analyses of the 23 morphological characters examined for members of Daucus carota complex (subsp. sativus not included) in this study. The box plot displays individual plant values for median, 25 and 75% percentile, range, and outliers. (PDF 17.1 mb)

Species tree of the Daucus carota complex based on a coalescent model using an exhaustive quartet sampling inference and 18,565 SNPs (10Â % missing imputed genotypes) obtained by GBS. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap values. The outgroup taxon is D. syrticus. (PDF 104 kb)

Transfer of DNA between different compartments of the plant cell, i.e., plastid, mitochondrion and nucleus, is a well-known phenomenon in plant evolution. Six directions of inter-compartmental DNA migration are possible in theory, however only four of them have been previously reported. These include frequent cases of mitochondrion and plastid to nucleus transfer, plastid to mitochondrion transfer, and rare nucleus to mitochondrion migrations. The connection between the plastid and mitochondrial genomes in flowering plants has been viewed as a one way road. Contrary to these observations we found that a sequence widespread in the carrot mitochondrial genome, designated as DcMP, was transferred to the plastid genome of a carrot ancestor. Interestingly, DcMP was integrated into a tRNA promoter of the plastid trnV gene, replacing the original promoter sequence. The rearrangement of the plastid genome is specific for carrot and closely related species belonging Scandiceae clade. The structure of the sequence and the presence of a 6 nt target site duplication led us to speculate that the transfer was a result of a transposition event of a non-LTR retrotransposon. These findings open interesting questions about the evolution of organellar genomes and mobile genetic elements and provide a useful plastid marker to phylogenetically delineate species relationships within the Scandiceae clade.

SolanumL. es uno de los géneros que posee una alta riqueza de especies dentro de la flora peruana y dentro de los Andes tropicales en general. Presentamos una lista revisada de 276 especies de Solanum para el Perú, de estas 253 son nativas, mientras que 23 son introducidas y/o cultivadas. Un total de 74 especies de Solanum (29% de las especies nativas) son endémicas de Perú. Además 58 especies se encuentran solamente en pequeñas poblaciones fuera del Perú, y estas especies están designadas aquí como casi endémicas para destacar el rol importante del Perú en la futura protección de estas especies. El pico de diversidad de especies es observado entre 2500 - 3000 m de elevación, pero la diversidad de especies endémicas es más alta entre 3000 - 3500 m. Cajamarca tiene el más alto número de especies (130 spp.) y de especies endémicas (29 spp.), incluso si se considera el efecto del área. Centros de diversidad de especies endémicas se localizan en las provincias de Cajamarca (Cajamarca), Huaraz y Carhuaz (Ancash), Canta y Huarochirí (Lima). Centros de endemismos secundarios con una alta concentración tanto de especies endémicas y de casi endémicas se encuentran en San Ignacio y Cutervo (Cajamarca), Santiago de Chuco (La Libertad), Oxapampa (Pasco), y Cusco (Cusco): Los actuales patrones de diversidad están altamente correlacionados con la densidad de colecciones, por lo que es necesario una mayor colecta en todas las regiones, especialmente en Arequipa, Ayacucho, Puno, Ancash, Huánuco, Amazonas y Cajamarca, donde se indican altos niveles de diversidad y endemismo de especies, pero de las cuales existen pocas colecciones. The genus Solanumis among the most species-rich genera both of the Peruvian flora and of the tropical Andes in general. The present revised checklist treats 276 species of SolanumL., of which 253 are native, while 23 are introduced and/or cultivated. A total of 74 Solanumspecies (29% of native species) are endemic to Peru. Additional 58 species occur only in small number of populations outside Peru, and these species are here labelled as near-endemics to highlight the role Peru playes in their future protection. Species diversity is observed to peak between 2500 - 3000 m elevation, but endemic species diversity is highest between 3000 - 3500 m elevation. Cajamarca has the highest number of endemic (29 spp.) and total species (130 spp.), even when considering the effect of area. Centers of endemic species diversity are observed in provinces of Cajamarca(Cajamarca),Huaraz and Carhuaz (Ancash), and Canta and Huarochirí (Lima). Secondary centres of endemism with high concentrations of both endemics and near-endemics are found in San Ignacio and Cutervo (Cajamarca), Santiago de Chuco (La Libertad), Oxapampa (Pasco), and Cusco (Cusco). Current diversity patterns are highly correlated with collection densities, and further collecting is needed across all areas, especially from Arequipa, Ayacucho, Puno, Ancash, Huánuco, Amazonas and Cajamarca, where high levels of species diversity and endemism are indicated but only a few collections of many species are known.

4. Solanum tuberosum L. Sp. Pl. 185. 1753. Battata tuberosa Hill, Hort. Kew. 148. 1768, Lycopersicon tuberosum (L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 7. 1768, Solanum esculentum Neck., Delic. Gallo-Belg. 1: 119. 1768, Solanum tuberosum L. var. vulgare Hook. f., Bot. Antarct. Voy. I. (Fl. Antarct.) 2: 329. 1846, Solanum tuberosum L. var. cultum A.DC. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. ser. 3, 15: 437. 1886, Solanum tuberosum L. var.? vulgare Macloskie, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia 8: 707. 1905, Solanum cultum (A.DC.) Berthault, Recherc. Bot. var. Cult. Solanum tuberosum, etc. 127, 128. 1911. Type: cultivated in Uppsala, Anon. (lectotype, LINN! [LINN 248.12, BH neg. 6799], designated by Hawkes, 1956b: 106). [C] Figure 4. Solanum sinense Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1: 137. 1837. Type: Philippines. Sin. loc. cultivated, F. Blanco s.n. (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. leonhardianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 137. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. melanoceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 137. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 29, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. californicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 138. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. erythroceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 138. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. holsaticum Alef., Landw. Fl. 138. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. cucumerinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. julianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. menapianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. platyceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. reniforme Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. tener Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). Solanum tuberosum L. var. brachyceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. helenanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. laurentianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: no specimens found (lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 2, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. putscheanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. sesquimensale Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. xanthoceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. bertuchii Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. saccharatum Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 19, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. schnittspahnii Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. strobilinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. borsdorfianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 142. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. cordiforme Alef., Landw. Fl. 142. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 3, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. nobile Alef., Landw. Fl. 142. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 10, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. album Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. batatinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. nucinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: no specimens found (lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 21, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. peruvianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 23, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. alaudinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. anglicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. bufoninum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. hispanicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. pecorum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 31, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. rugiorum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 30, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. conocarpum Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. praecox Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 6, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. praedicandum Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: no specimens found (lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 26, designated here). Solanum tuberosum L. var. rockii Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 9, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. drakeanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. elongatum Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. tinctorium Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. vuchefeldicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 27, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. aethiopicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. hassicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. kaunitzii Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. merceri Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. norfolcicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. rossicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. ulmense Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. cepinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. fragariinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Solanum tuberosum L. convar. fragariinum (Alef.) Danert, Kulturpβanze 4: 126. 1956. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. palatinatum Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 5, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. versicolor Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 7, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. corsicanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 149. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. salamandrinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 149. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 8, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. chiloense A.DC., Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. ser. 3, 15: 437. 1886. Solanum chiloense (A.DC.) Berthault, Ann. Sci. Agron. Franç. Étrangère, ser. 3, 6: 180. 1911. Type: Chile. Region X (Los Lagos): Isla Chiloé, 1862, R.A. Philippi s.n. (holotype, G! [G 00070236]). [C]. Solanum maglia Schltdl. var. guaytecarum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov Regni Veg. 12: 2. 1913. Solanum tuberosum L. var. guaytecarum (Bitter) Hawkes, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 166: 130. 1956. Type: Chile. Region X (Los Lagos): Prov. Chiloé, Guaytecas Archipelago, 6.iii.1857, N. Funck 102C (holotype, P! [P 00384639]). [C]. Solanum tenuifilamentum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 603. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Cusco: Chinchero, S. Juzepczuk 1355), viii.1929, S. Juzepczuk [1255] (lectotype, LE!, designated by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 586). [A]. Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 604. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4855/3587 collected in Bolivia (La Paz: Sorata, S. Juzepczuk 1654), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1654] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-36885], designated by Korovina, Belozor & Chernomorskaja, 1985: 19; isolectotype, K! [K000658022]). [A]. Solanum goniocalyx Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 605. 1929. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov subsp. goniocalyx (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Rep. (Annual) Scott. Pl. Breed. Sta. 1963: 157. 1963. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Cerro de Pasco, S. Juzepzcuk 571), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [571] (lectotype, LE!, designated by Gorbatenko & Hawkes, 1996: 552; isolectotype, LE!). [A]. Solanum rybinii Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 606. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca: near Bogotá, S. Bukasov 46), ix.1929, S. Juzepczuk s.n. (lectotype, LE!, designated here). [A]. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4870/3537 collected in Bolivia (La Paz, S. Juzepczuk 1681), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1681] 1552 (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-18777], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929, Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 166: 130. 1956. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Pasco: Cerro de Pasco, 1927, S. Juzepczuk 598), ix.1929, S. Juzepczuk [598] (lectotype, LE! [unnumbered photograph mounted on K000658023!], designated here; isolectotypes, K! [K000065896, K000658097, K000658098, K000658099]). [A]. Figure 5. Solanum boyacense Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Solanum rybinii Juz. & Bukasov var. boyacense (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Potato Collect. Exped. Mexico & S. Amer. 2 Syst. Classific. Collect. 2, 70. 1944. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Boyacá: Chochonta, near Tunja, S. Bukasov 20), ix.1929, S. Juzepczuk s.n. (lectotype, LE!, designated here). [A]. Solanum chaucha Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Cusco: near Cusco, San Jeronimo, S. Juzepczuk 1010), viii.1929, S. Juzepczuk [1010] (lectotype, LE!, designated by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 583; isolectotypes, K! [K000658008, K000658177], LE! [2 additional sheets]). [A]. Solanum mamilliferum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4899/3415 collected in Peru (Cusco: Ppisac, S. Juzepczuk 1001), 1928, S. Juzepczuk 1498 (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-18611], designated by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 584; isolectotype, K! [K000658176]). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. mexicanum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 202, 516. 1930, Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma tolucanum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 202, 516. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4001/1 collected in Mexico (Mexico: Cuautzingo, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 1), 1929, S. Juzepczuk s.n. (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38364], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma chalcoense Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 204, 517. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Mexico (Toluca: Cuatzingo (near Chalco), S. Bukasov 3 & 4; DF: Cocayan and Ajusco, M. C. Antipovich s.n.) (no specimens found). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma guatemalense Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205, 518. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4018 collected in Guatemala (Escuintla, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 13), 1929, S. Bukasov [13] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38370], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. colombianum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205. 1930, Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma tocanum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca, S. Juzepczuk 44), 1930, S. Juzepczuk [44] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38416], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. cuzcoense Bukasov & Lechn., Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205. 1930. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov convar. longiacuminatum Lechn., Trudy Prikl. Bot. 79: 47. 1983. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4355/3291 collected in Peru (Cusco: Paucartambo, S. Juzepczuk 1348), no date, V.S. Lekhnovich s.n. (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-37225], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma caiceda Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 208. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4039 collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca: Chipaque, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 49b), 1931, S. Juzepczuk [49b] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38498], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma lisarassa Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 209, 520. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4083 collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca: near Bogotá, Chipaque, S. Juzepczuk 35), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [35] 1449 (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-18661], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma rosada Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 210, 250, fig. 103. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4169 collected in Colombia (Pasto: Popayán, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 98a), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [98a] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38372], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. hederiforme Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 521. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Caldas: Manizales, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 84), 1928, S. Bukasov [84] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38381], designated here). [A]. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov var. ccami Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 58: 33, 164. 1933. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov forma ccami (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Potato Collect. Exped. Mexico & S. Amer., 2, Syst. Classific. Collect. 55. 1944. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4678/3605 collected in Bolivia (La Paz: Titicaca, Tiahuanaco, S. Juzepczuk 1645), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1645] (lectotype, WIR!, designated here). [A]. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov var. ppitiquina Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 58: 33. 1933. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4862/3446 collected in Peru (Cusco, S. Juzepczuk 1319), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1319] (lectotype, WIR!, designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma lilacinoflorum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 58: 38. 1933. Type: cultivate, Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on pages 121-139, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Hawkes JG. 1956 b. Taxonomic studies on the tuber-bearing Solanum s. I. Solanum tuberosum and the tetraploid species complex. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 166: 97 - 144.","Putsch CWE. 1819. Versuch einer Monographie der Kartoffeln; oder ausfuhrliche Beschreibung der Kartoffeln nach ihrer Geschichte, Charakteristik, Kultur und Anwendung in Deutschland. Weimar: Lands-Industrie Comptoire.","Ovchinnikova AB, Krylova EA, Dorofeyev VI, Smekalova TN, Chukhina IG, Gavrilenko TA. 2009. Type specimens of cultivated species of Solanum section Petota kept in the herbaria of St. Petersburg (WIR, LE). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 581 - 587 (in Russian with English summary).","Korovina ON, Belozor NI, Chernomorskaja NM. 1985. The catalogue of types of the plants kept in VIR herbarium (WIR), part 2. Leningrad: Vavilov Institute (in Russian).","Gorbatenko L, Hawkes JG. 1996. The designation of a lectotype for a cultivated potato species, Solanum goniocalyx Juz. & Bukasov. Kew Bulletin 51: 552.","Lekhnovich VS. 1983. New taxons [taxa] within the species Solanum andigenum Juz. et Buk. (in Russian with Latin diagnoses). Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii 79: 45 - 49.","Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525.","Hawkes JG, Hjerting JP. 1989. The potatoes of Bolivia: their breeding value and evolutionary relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","Hawkes JG. 2004. Hunting the wild potato in the South American Andes. Memories of the British Empire potato collecting expedition to South America 1938 - 1939. Nijmegen: Botanical and Experimental Garden, University of Nijmegen.","Bukasov SM. 1933. The potatoes of South America and their breeding possibilities. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 58: 1 - 192.","Hawkes JG. 1944. Potato collecting expeditions in Mexico and South America. II. Systematic classification of the collections. Aberystwyth: Imperial Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 1 - 142."]}

3. Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 603. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 3355 collected in Peru (Cusco: prov. Acomayo, Pomacanchi, S. Juzepczuk 1166), 1.ix.1928, V.S. Lekhnovich [3355] (lectotype WIR! [WIR-36897], designated here; isolectotype, K! [K 000585544]). Figure 3. Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov var. parco Hawkes, Potato Collect. Exped. Mexico & S. Amer., 2, Syst. Classific. Collect. 73, 131. 1944. Type: cultivated in Cambridge (UK) from tuber accession EPC-1106 collected in Peru (Puno, J. Soukup s.n.), 1940, Anon. [J. G. Hawkes] s.n. (lectotype, K! [K 000658001], designated here). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov var. roseum Vargas, Papas Sudper. 2: 20, fig. 2. 1956 [‘1954’]. Type: Peru. Puno: Prov. Carabaya, Macusani, 4300 m, C. Vargas 1145 (holotype, CUZ!). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma ckoyuckaisalla Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 106. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Prov. Carangas, Jango Cala, Z. Huamán 821 (holotype, herb. Ochoa, not found). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma janckock-aisalla Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Prov. Poopó, Toledo, 3700 m, Z. Huamán 809 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma luckipechuma Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Challa, CIP-702631 (holotype, CIP!). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma luckipinkula Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Potosí: Prov. Frias, Callactiri, 3900 m, C. Ochoa 10571 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma wilackaisalla Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Prov. Poopó, Saucari-Toledo, Z. Huamán 815 (holotype, herb. Ochoa, not found). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov var. lucki Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. La Paz: Prov. Ingavi, Ingavi, Z. Huamán 789 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Description: Herbs 0.4–0.8 m tall, semi-rosette when young, developing to semi-erect. Stems 10–15 mm in diameter at base of plant, unwinged to narrowly winged, sparsely pubescent, green to green splotched with purple. Sympodial units tri- to plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves odd-pinnate, the blades 14–28 x 6– 10 cm, dark green, membranous to chartaceous, rugose, sparsely pubescent adaxially and abaxially, with hairs like those of the stems; lateral leaβet pairs five to seven, decreasing in size from the apex to the base; most distal lateral leaβets 2.5–6.5 x 1.0– 3.5 cm, slightly decurrent onto the rachis on the basiscopic side, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, the apex obtuse to acute, the base cuneate or rounded; terminal leaβet 3–7 x 2–4 cm, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, the apex obtuse to acute, the base cuneate or rounded; interjected leaβets one to four, sessile to short petiolulate, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic; petioles 2–4 cm, pubescent as the stems. Pseudostipules 1–5 mm, auriculate, pubescent with hairs like those of the stem. Inβorescences 5–6 cm, terminal with a subtending axillary bud, generally in distal half of the plant, usually forked, with 10–15 βowers, with all βowers apparently perfect, the axes pubescent with hairs like those of the stem; peduncle 7–16 cm long; pedicels 22–35 mm long in βower and fruit, 1–10 mm apart, articulation indistinct or only slightly distinct, articulated high in the distal half. Flowers homostylous, pentamerous. Calyx 4–10 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 2–9 mm, triangular-lanceolate or ellipticlanceolate, terminated in pointed acumens, the acumens 2.0– 4.5 mm long, with hairs like those of the stem. Corolla 3–4 cm in diameter, rotate, lilac–purple or dark red–purple or medium to dark purple, the tube 1–2 mm long, the acumens c. 2 mm long, the corolla edges βat, not folded dorsally, glabrous abaxially, minutely puberulent adaxially, especially along the midribs, ciliate at the margins, especially at the tips of the corollas. Stamens with the filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 3–5 mm long, lanceolate, connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 6–8 x 1 mm, exceeding stamens by 1–2 mm, straight, papillose in the distal half; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter, green to green tinged with purple when ripe, glabrous. Seeds from living specimens ovoid and c. 2 mm long, whitish to greenish in fresh condition and drying brownish, with a thick covering of ‘hair-like’ lateral walls of the testal cells that make the seeds mucilaginous when wet, green–white throughout; testal cells honeycomb-shaped when lateral walls removed by enzyme digestion. Chromosome number: 2 n = 3 x = 36 (Huamán 815, Herbarium of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). Phenology: Flowering and fruiting from January to May. Distribution: In the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia, in cultivated fields, at elevations between 3600 and 4400 m. The name S. juzepczukii was validly published in 1929 with a complete Latin description and a single accession cited as the type (Juzepczuk & Bukasov, 1929, see discussion under S. curtilobum above), but is often cited as having been coined later (in Bukasov, 1930) in indices., Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 119, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525."]}

1. Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov.3: 605. 1929, as ‘ ahanhuiri ’. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4871/3534 collected in Bolivia (La Paz: altiplano, S. Juzepczuk 1744), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1744] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-42400], designated by Ochoa, 1990: 308). Figure 1. Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov forma janckoajanhuiri Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 103. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: prov. Poopó, Urmiri, 3750 m, C. Ochoa 3881 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov var. yari Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 103. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: prov. Poopó, Urmiri, 3750 m, C. Ochoa 3887 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Description: Herbs 0.4–0.7 m tall, semi-rosette when young, developing to sub-rosette or to semi-erect. Stems 8–10 mm in diameter at base of plant, with narrow wings, densely pubescent, green to green and purple mottled. Sympodial units tri- to plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves odd-pinnate, the blades 7–10 x 3.5–6.0 cm, dark green, membranous to chartaceous, densely pubescent adaxially and abaxially, with hairs like those of the stems; lateral leaβet pairs five or six, often subequal except for the most proximal one or two pairs that are greatly reduced in size; most distal lateral leaβets 4.5–7.0 x 2.0– 3.5 cm, elliptic lanceolate, broadly decurrent onto the rachis on the basiscopic side, the apex distinctly acute, the base oblique to rounded; terminal leaβet 5–9 x 2.5– 4.0 cm, elliptic lanceolate, the apex distinctly acute, the base oblique to rounded; interjected leaβets three to five, sessile to short petiolulate, elliptic lanceolate; petioles 1–3 cm, pubescent as the stems. Pseudostipules minute to 5 mm long, auriculate, pubescent with hairs like those of the stem. Inβorescences 5–10 cm, terminal with a subtending axillary bud, generally in distal half of the plant, usually forked, with 9–12 βowers, with all βowers apparently perfect, the axes pubescent with hairs like those of the stem; peduncle 10–15 cm long; pedicels 21–28 mm long in βower and fruit, spaced 1–10 mm apart, articulation indistinct or only slightly distinct, articulated high in the distal half. Flowers homostylous, pentamerous. Calyx 4–12 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 2–11 mm, narrowly elliptic, shortly acuminate, the acumens 1–4 mm long, with hairs like those of the stem. Corolla 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter, rotatepentagonal, white to white with mauve streaks to blue–mauve or blue–purple, the tube 1–2 mm long, the acumens 3–4 mm long, the corolla edges βat, not folded dorsally, glabrous abaxially, minutely puberulent adaxially, especially along the midribs, ciliate at the margins, especially at the tips of the corollas. Stamens with the filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 4–6 mm long, lanceolate, connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 7.5–8.0 x 1 mm, exceeding stamens by 3–4 mm, straight, papillose on the proximal half; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, 2–3 cm in diameter, green or green tinged with purple when ripe, glabrous. Seeds from living specimens ovoid and c. 2 mm long, whitish to greenish in fresh condition and drying brownish, with a thick covering of ‘hair-like’ lateral walls of the testal cells that make the seeds mucilaginous when wet, green– white throughout; testal cells honeycomb-shaped when lateral walls removed by enzyme digestion. Chromosome number: 2 n = 2 x = 24 (Ochoa 10527, Herbarium of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). Phenology: Flowering and fruiting from January to May. Distribution: In cultivated fields in the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia, at elevations between 3600 and 4100 m. Solanum ajanhuiri is of hybrid origin from diploid forms of S. tuberosum (formerly classified as S. stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov) and the wild species S. boliviense Dunal (including S. megistacrolobum; see Solanaceae Source, http://www.solanaceaesource.org). Some landraces of S. ajanhuiri are probably the result of backcrossing to S. tuberosum. Those named ‘Sisu’ are believed to be triploid hybrids with the tetraploid wild species S. acaule (Huamán et al., 1980; Johns et al., 1987). Landraces of S. ajanhuiri were distributed originally in the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia at elevations between 3700 and 4100 m. However, in Peru, only the purple-skinned ‘Ajawiri’ is grown. In the International Potato Center genebank, there are 10 named landraces of S. ajanhuiri. These include ‘Jancko Ajawiri’, Laram Ajawiri’, ‘Jancko Yari’, ‘Wila Yari’, ‘Chañu Yari’, ‘Alka Yari’ and ‘Jancko Sisu Yari’ reported in Huamán et al. (1980). Others from Bolivia are ‘Chañu Ajawiri’, ‘Wila Palta Yari’ and ‘Wila Anckanche’ (Huamán & Spooner, 2002). The spelling of the epithet for S. ajanhuiri has been inconsistent in various treatments. In general, European taxonomists (Hawkes & Hjerting, 1989; Hawkes, 1990) used the spelling ajanhuiri, whereas Ochoa (1990) used the spelling ahanhuiri. In the original publication of S. ajanhuiri, Juzepczuk & Bukasov (1929) used the spelling ‘ahanhuiri’, and also cited the Aymará common name of this potato as ‘Ahanhuiri’, with an ‘h’ as the latinized spelling of ‘j’ from Aymará/Spanish. Bukasov’s type specimen in WIR is annotated ‘ Solanum ajanhuiri ’ (see Fig. 1), and in all later treatments the Russian taxonomists used the spelling with the j (‘ ajanhuiri ’) rather than the h (‘ ahanhuiri ’). We follow the intention of the original authors (as evidenced by all of their subsequent treatments using this name) and treat this as a substantive name (noun) correctable to the intended original spelling as indicated by usage of the original describers. Hawkes & Hjerting (1989: 384) lectotypified S. ajanhuiri from the many tuber accessions cited (Juzepczuk 1518, 1661, 1699, 1744 & 1800, all from the region of La Paz, Bolivia) with a specimen of Juzepczuk 1661 in LE. The only sheet of Juzepczuk 1661 in LE, however, was collected after the 1929 publication date of the epithet, and so is not the material used in the original description (Ovchinnikova et al., 2009) and thus incorrect. Ochoa (1990) correctly lectotypified S. ajanhuiri with a sheet of another of the tuber accessions (Juzepczuk 1744) that had been made into herbarium material in 1929, but did not notice Hawkes & Hjerting’s (1989) error. Solanum ajanhuiri is occasionally listed in indices as being published in 1930 (Bukasov, 1930), rather than 1929. This is probably a result of the unavailability of the original 1929 publication (Juzepczuk & Bukasov, 1929) in western libraries (see discussion under S. curtilobum below). The listing of S. ajanhuiri in Bukasov (1930) was not, in our view, an intentional publishing of a new name, but a use of one already published, but not widely known outside the former Soviet Union., Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on pages 114-117, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Ochoa CM. 1990. The potatoes of South America: Bolivia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","Huaman Z, Hawkes JG, Rowe PR. 1980. Solanum ajanhuiri: an important diploid potato cultivated in the Andean altiplano. Economic Botany 34: 335 - 343.","Johns T, Huaman Z, Ochoa CM, Schmiediche PE. 1987. Relationships among wild, weed, and cultivated potatoes in the Solanum ajanhuiri complex. Systematic Botany 12: 541 - 552.","Huaman Z, Spooner DM. 2002. Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota). American Journal of Botany 89: 947 - 965.","Hawkes JG, Hjerting JP. 1989. The potatoes of Bolivia: their breeding value and evolutionary relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","Hawkes JG. 1990. The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources. Oxford: Belhaven Press.","Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Ovchinnikova AB, Krylova EA, Dorofeyev VI, Smekalova TN, Chukhina IG, Gavrilenko TA. 2009. Type specimens of cultivated species of Solanum section Petota kept in the herbaria of St. Petersburg (WIR, LE). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 581 - 587 (in Russian with English summary).","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525."]}

2. Solanum curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov.3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Bolivia (La Paz, S. Juzepczuk 1707), viii.1929, S. Juzepczuk [1707] [lectotype, LE!, designated by Hawkes & Hjerting, 1989: 403 (confirmed by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 584, but no isotype in WIR found)]. Figure 2. Description: Herbs 0.5–0.9 m tall, semi-rosette when young, developing to semi-erect. Stems 10–16 mm in diameter at base of plant, with narrow wings, sparsely pubescent, green splotched with purple. Sympodial units tri- to plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves oddpinnate, the blades 7–18 x 3.5–9.0 cm, dark green, membranous to chartaceous, sparsely pubescent adaxially and abaxially, with hairs like those of the stems; lateral leaβet pairs five or six, decreasing in size from the apex to the base; most distal lateral leaβets 2.5–4.5 x 1.5–2.7 cm, ovate to elliptic, the apex shortly acuminate, the base truncate to rounded to cordate; terminal leaβet 2.7–4.5 x 1.5–2.7 cm, ovate to elliptic, the apex shortly acuminate, the base truncate to rounded to cordate; interjected leaβets four to six, sessile to short petiolulate, ovate to elliptic; petioles 2–4 cm, pubescent as the stems. Pseudostipules absent to minute, auriculate, pubescent with hairs like those of the stem. Inβorescences 5–11 cm, terminal with a subtending axillary bud, generally in distal half of the plant, usually forked, with 8–14 βowers, with all βowers apparently perfect, the axes pubescent with hairs like those of the stem; peduncle 7–8 cm long; pedicels 16–22 mm long in βower and fruit, spaced 1–10 mm apart, articulation indistinct or only slightly distinct, articulated high in the distal half. Flowers homostylous, pentamerous. Calyx 6.0– 8.5 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 4.0– 7.5 mm, elliptic lanceolate, abruptly narrowed at apex to short pointed acumens, the acumens 2.0– 3.5 mm long, with hairs like those of the stem. Corolla 3.5–5 cm in diameter, rotate, lilac–purple, the tube 1–2 mm long, the acumens 1–3 mm long, the corolla edges βat, not folded dorsally, glabrous abaxially, minutely puberulent adaxially, especially along the midribs, ciliate at the margins, especially at the tips of the corollas. Stamens with the filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 5–6 mm long, lanceolate, connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 8.0– 9.5 mm x 1 mm, exceeding stamens by 3–4 mm, straight, papillose in the distal half; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, 2–3 cm in diameter, green to green tinged with purple when ripe, glabrous. Seeds from living specimens ovoid and c. 2 mm long, whitish to greenish in fresh condition and drying brownish, with a thick covering of ‘hair-like’ lateral walls of the testal cells that make the seeds mucilaginous when wet, green–white throughout; testal cells honeycomb-shaped when lateral walls removed by enzyme digestion. Chromosome number: 2 n = 5 x = 60 (Huamán 60, Herbarium of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). Phenology: Flowering and fruiting from January to May. Distribution: Throughout the highlands of northern Peru to central Bolivia and rarely in northern Argentina, in cultivated fields, at elevations between 3600–4300 m. Solanum curtilobum is of hybrid origin, resulting from a cross between S. juzepczukii Bukasov and tetraploid cultivars of S. tuberosum (Hawkes, 1962; Schmiediche et al., 1980, 1982). In the CIP genebank are landraces mainly differentiated by the tuber skin colour and sprout colour. These have many different names, including ‘Shiri’, ‘Luki’, ‘Waña’, ‘Choquepito’, ‘Mallku’ and ‘Ococuri’, alone or in combination with names describing the tuber skin colour, such as ‘Yuracc’ or ‘Jancko’ (white), ‘Yana’, ‘Laram’ or ‘Azul’ (purple), or ‘Pinta’ (two-coloured) (Huamán & Spooner, 2002). Solanum curtilobum was first described by Juzepczuk & Bukasov in Volume III of the Proceedings of the USSR Congress of Genetics, Plant- and Animal Breeding held in Leningrad in January 1929 (Juzepczuk & Bukasov, 1929), which was not available in the West. Therefore, in indices such as Index Kewensis (and, later, IPNI and the Gray Card Index), the place of first publication of this name and others coined in that 1929 publication was given as Bukasov’s (1930) treatment of the cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia, in which the epithets validly described with Latin diagnoses previously were listed in the text, but not formally described. The use of S. curtilobum and other names (see S. tuberosum below) in Bukasov (1930) was clearly not intended as a new publication of these epithets. Ovchinnikova et al. (2009: 584) confirmed Hawkes & Hjerting’s (1989: 403) lectotypification of S. curtilobum with a specimen in LE, but did not find the isotype cited by Hawkes & Hjerting as being in WIR; subsequent searches have also failed to reveal this specimen., Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on pages 117-119, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Hawkes JG, Hjerting JP. 1989. The potatoes of Bolivia: their breeding value and evolutionary relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","Ovchinnikova AB, Krylova EA, Dorofeyev VI, Smekalova TN, Chukhina IG, Gavrilenko TA. 2009. Type specimens of cultivated species of Solanum section Petota kept in the herbaria of St. Petersburg (WIR, LE). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 581 - 587 (in Russian with English summary).","Hawkes JG. 1962. The origin of Solanum juzepczukii Buk. and S. curtilobum Juz. et Buk. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtung 47: 1 - 14.","Schmiediche PE, Hawkes JG, Ochoa CM. 1980. Breeding of the cultivated potato species Solanum juzepczukii Buk. and S. curtilobum Juz. et Buk. I. A study of the natural variation of S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum and their wild progenitor, S. acaule. Bitt. Euphytica 29: 685 - 704.","Schmiediche PE, Hawkes JG, Ochoa CM. 1982. The breeding of the cultivated potato species Solanum juzepczukii and S. curtilobum. II. The resynthesis of S. juzepczukii and S. curtilobum. Euphytica 31: 395 - 707.","Huaman Z, Spooner DM. 2002. Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota). American Journal of Botany 89: 947 - 965.","Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525."]}

KEY TO CULTIVATED POTATO LANDRACES The following key and descriptions, modified from Huamán & Spooner (2002), highlight typical traits. The qualifier terms ‘mostly’ or ‘usually’ could be employed throughout the key, but are not used for simplicity. 1. Plants semi-rosette to semi-erect; pedicel articulation indistinct to only slightly distinct, located in the upper one-fifth of the pedicel; frost tolerant (of putative hybrid origin with the frost-tolerant species S. acaule or S. megistacrolobum)...............................................................................................................................2 1. Plants ascending to erect; pedicel articulation evident, located below the upper one-fifth of the pedicel; generally not frost tolerant...............................................................................................................................4 2. Most distal lateral leaβets broadly decurrent; plants diploid.........................................1. S. ajanhuiri (Fig. 1) 2. Most distal lateral leaβets not or only slightly decurrent; plants triploid or pentaploid..................................3 3. Plants low growing, 62–98 cm tall; triploid..............................................................3. S. juzepczukii (Fig. 3) 3. Plants of medium height, 96–125 cm tall; pentaploid.................................................2. S. curtilobum (Fig. 2) 4. Plants adapted to short-day βowering and tuberization; upper leaves diverged from stem at 40°–50°; diploid, triploid or tetraploid................................................................... 4. S. tuberosum Andigenum group (Fig. 4) 4. Plants adapted to long-day βowering and tuberization; upper leaves diverged from stem at angle of 50°–90°........................................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Landrace populations native to south-central Chile..........................4. S. tuberosum Chilotanum group (Fig. 5) 5. Modern varieties originally derived from breeding populations in the Northern Hemisphere, now grown worldwide; of many complex hybrid origins from the Chilotanum and Andigenum groups and other cultivar groups bred up to the earlier 20th century.............................................................4. S. tuberosum relatively modern varieties, Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 114, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Huaman Z, Spooner DM. 2002. Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota). American Journal of Botany 89: 947 - 965."]}

Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego, Salas, Alberto (2008): Revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota). Systematic Botany 33 (3): 579-588, DOI: 10.1600/036364408785679905

SOLANUM NEOWEBERBAUERI Wittm., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50 (Suppl.) 540, Figs. 1–2. 1914. Solanum medians f. neoweberbaueri (Wittm.) Correll, Wrightia 2: 191. 1961. — TYPE: PERU. Lima: Morro Salar, near Chorrillos, 250 m, in rocky places in a formation called loma, 21 Aug 1910, Weberbauer 568 9 (holotype: B, destroyed, photo and fragment, F!, photos of B holotype: G! MO! NY!; lectotype, designated by Ochoa, 1999, pg. 840: F!, photos [Correll neg. 724]: LL! NY! UC!, isolectotypes: GH! US 144889! US 1444890!, photo of GH isolectotype [Correll neg. 725]: F! GH! MO! NY! UC!, photo of US 1444889 isolectotype [Correll neg. 723]: LL! MO! NY! UC!, photo of US 1444890 isolectotype [Correll neg. 721]: LL! NY! PTIS! UC!). Plants 0.2–0.5 m tall, herbaceous, terrestrial, erect. Stems 2–6 mm in diameter at base of plant, subglabrous to sparsely pubescent, light to dark green and rarely tinged with purple. Pseudostipules minute to 12 mm long, lunate. Leaves 7–16.6 cm long, 4–10 cm wide, odd-pinnate, pubescent as the stems, light green; petioles 1.0–3.0 cm long; lateral leaflet pairs 1–3, slightly to greatly subequal and decreasing in size to the base; most distal lateral leaflets 1.8–6.5 cm long, 0.5–2.8 cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate, the apex acute to acuminate, the base typically sessile and short decurrent on the basiscopic side to more rarely short petiolulate; terminal leaflet 1.7–8.5 cm long, 0.8–3.5 cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate, the apex typically acute to acuminate, the base attenuate; interjected leaflets 0–2, sessile to short petiolulate, ovate to orbicular. Inflorescences generally in distal half of plant; peduncle 3–8.5 cm long. Flowers 2–25; pedicels 2–6.5 mm long, articulate typically above the middle; calyx 6–7 mm long, the lobes linear to long-attenuate, the acumens 2–3 mm long; corolla 2.7–4.7 cm in diameter, pentagonal to rotate, the acumens 1.5–2.0 mm long, edges of corolla flat, not folded dorsally, white to blue to lilac with a white star or white and blue mottled above and below; anthers 5–7 mm long, connate; style 8–9 mm long, exceeding stamens by 3–5 mm, straight, stigma clavate to capitate. Ovaries not maturing to fruits. Chromosome number 2 n = 3 x = 36 (Spooner & Salas 2006; Hijmans et al. 2007). Figure 7. Phenology— Flowering and fruiting along the coast in October. Distribution (Fig. 6)— Central Peru (Department of Lima) in the coastal lomas, growing among rocks, often on slopes, in sandy or rocky soils, 200– 750 m. elevation. Specimens Examined— PERU. Lima: Lomas Manzano, cerca pueblo Pachacamac, al SSE de Lima, 25 Oct 1958, 200– 300 m, C. M. Ochoa 1807 (GH, US); 1808 (GH, US); 2163 (K, US); Lima, Lomas de Atosisa, unos 35 km al SSE de Lima y al E del pueblo de Pachacamac, 21 Jul 1971, 300 m, C. M. Ochoa 3035 (US); Lima, San Bartolo, lomas al E de San Bartolo, entrando por el km 58 de la carretera Panamericana Sur, 21 Oct 1976, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa 11248 (GH, US, USM); Cañete, Quilmaná, Lomas de Quilmaná, 10 km al N de Cañete, 26 Oct 1976, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 11252 (GH, US, USM); Cañete, lomas, cerca de la Mina Condestable, unos 5 km al E de Bujama Baja, entre Mala y Asia, al S de Lima, Oct 1976, 600 m, C. M. Ochoa 11272 (MOL, US); Cañete, lomas, cerca de la Mina Condestable, unos 5 km al E de Bujama Baja, entre Mala y Asia, Oct 1976, 600 m, C. M. Ochoa 11273 (F, GH, MOL, NY, US, USM); Huarochirí, lomas, cerca de la Mina Huarochirí, unos 5 km entrando al pueblo de Lurín, hacia el E, al S de Lima, 22 Oct 1982, 750 m, C. M. Ochoa 14860 (US). Solanum neoweberbaueri is similar to S. medians, but it differs by its subglabrous to sparsely pubescent leaves and calyx; the pedicels, which are typically articulate in the middle or slightly below the middle; and the corollas, which are pure white to white and mottled blue or blue to purple with a white star. All populations are sterile. Ochoa (1999) postulated that S. neoweberbaueri is a sterile triploid nothospecies resulting from hybridization of S. medians and S. chancayense Ochoa, a sympatric white-flowered species. Solanum chancayense is unrelated to S. medians as it is a member of plastid clade 3, not clade 4 of Spooner and Castillo (1997). Ochoa (1999) may be correct in the hybrid origin of S. neoweberbaueri but we consider its hybrid origin speculative at present and do not designate it as a nothospecies., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego & Salas, Alberto, 2008, Revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota), pp. 579-588 in Systematic Botany 33 (3) on page 587, DOI: 10.1600/036364408785679905, http://zenodo.org/record/6341843, {"references":["Ochoa, C. M. 1999. Las papas de sudamerica: Peru (Parte I). Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.","Spooner, D. M. and A. Salas. 2006. Structure, biosystematics, and genetic resources. Pp. 1 - 39 in Handbook of potato production, improvement, and post-harvest management, eds. J. Gopal and S. M. Paul Khurana. Binghampton, New York: Haworth's Press, Inc.","Hijmans, R., T. Gavrilenko, S. Stephenson, J. Bamberg, A. Salas, and D. M. Spooner. 2007. Geographic and environmental range expansion through polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota). Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 485 - 495.","Spooner, D. M. and R. Castillo. 1997. Reexamination of series relationships of South American wild potatoes (Solanaceae: Solanum sect. Petota): evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. American Journal of Botany 84: 671 - 685."]}

SOLANUM MEDIANS Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 366. 1912. —TYPE: PERU. Lima: hills of Mongomarca, loma formation, [Cerro de Amancaes], 500–600 m, 14 Aug 1910, A. Weberbauer 5683 (Seler 260) (holotype: B, destroyed, photos: F 647974! G! MO 1691266! NY! (reproduced as Fig. 123 [pg. 230] of Ochoa 1962!; lectotype, designated by Ochoa, 1999, p. 771: US 1473504!, photo of US lectotype [Correll neg. 734]: LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152337!; isolectotypes: CUZ! F 628465! GH!, photos of F isolectoype [Correll neg. 52]: G! LL! MO 5588448! NY! PTIS! UC 1152337!, photos of GH isolectotype [Correll neg. 733]: LL! NY! UC 1152337!; drawing of GOET isolectotype: LL! MO 5588447! NY! PTIS! UC 1152337!). Solanum weberbaueri Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 365. 1912.— TYPE: PERU. Arequipa: Prov. Mollendo [Prov. Islay], Tambo, 500–600 m, among rocks, in loma formations, Oct 1902, A. Weberbauer 1575 (holotype: B destroyed, photo and fragment: F 647956!, photos: G! MO 1691494! NY!). Solanum medians var. majorifrons subvar. majorifrons Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 149. 1913.— TYPE: PERU. [Lima]: [Prov. Huarochirı´]: Tambo de Viso, M. Martinet 232 p. p. (the bottom of two specimens on a single sheet) (holotype: P!, photo: G!). Solanum medians var. majorifrons subvar. protohypoleucum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 150. 1913.— TYPE: PERU. [Lima]: [Prov. Huarochirı´], Tambo de Viso, M. Martinet 232 p. p. (the top of two specimens on a single sheet) (holotype: P!, photo: G!). Solanum weberbaueri var. poscoanum Cárdenas and Hawkes, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 53: 101, Fig. 7, 1946.— TYPE: PERU. Arequipa: Prov. Islai [Islay], Lomas de Posco, 600–900 m, in sandy-rocky soils, 1 Aug 1940, C. Vargas 2019 (lectotype, here designated: K 000440664!, photos [Correll neg. 385]: F 1603661! LL! MO 5588802! UC 1152460!). Solanum medians var. autumnale, Correll, Wrightia 2: 190. 1961.— TYPE: PERU: Lima: Prov. Huarochirí, valley of Río Rimac, near Lima-Oroya Highway at Km 70 east of Lima, 1850 m, above highway in moist cervices of rock walls, 21–26 Apr 1942, T. H. Goodspeed 33116 (holotype: GH!, photos [Correll neg. 729]: F 1603602! LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152339!; isotypes: G!, MO 1288086! US 1834652!, photos of G isotype [Correll neg. 726]: F 1603599! LL! MO!, UC 1152339! photos of MO isotype [Correll neg. 728]: F 1603601! LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152339!, photos of US isotype [Correll neg. 727]: LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152339!). Solanum tacnaense Ochoa, Agronomía (Lima) 18: 133, Figs. 5–6, 1953.— TYPE: PERU. Tacna: Prov. Tacna, near Minas de Toquepala, a few kilometers before reaching the radio station on the mine, 3140 m, 23 Mar 1953, C. Ochoa 2046 (holotype: CUZ!; isotypes: GH! K [2 sheets labeled sheet 1 and sheet 2]! US 2123548!, photo of GH isotype [Correll neg. 682]: BM 000882020! F 1603639! NY! UC 1152485!, photo of US isotype [Correll neg. 152]: BM 000882021! F 1603853! MO 5609720! UC 1152485!). Solanum sandemanii Hawkes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 12, 7: 709, Figs. 12, 13. 1954. Solanum tacnaense var. sandemanii (Hawkes) Correll, Wrightia 2: 196. 1961.— TYPE: PERU. Arequipa: rock ledges along draw above Arequipa, 2600–2700 m, 7–16 Apr 1925, F. W. Pennell 13196 p.p. (holotype: K, photo of holotype: F 1604160! MO 5594979! NY!; isotypes: F 557664! GH! PH, S 04-2978! US 1343101!; photo of F isotype [Correll neg. 680]: BM 000882019! F 1603630! PTIS!, photo of GH isotype [Correll neg. 677]: BM 000882018! F 1603633! NY! PTIS!, photos of PH isotype: [Correll neg. 679]: BM 000882017! F 1603631! NY!, photos of S isotype [Correll neg. 289]: BM 000882014! F 1604160! MO 5594979! PTIS! UC 1152418!, photo of US isotype [Correll neg. 681]: BM 000882016! F 1603638! NY! PTIS!). Solanum weberbaueri var. decurrentialatum Ochoa, Agronomía (Lima) 26: 219, Figs. A, B on pg. 220. 1959. Solanum tacnaense f. decurrentialatum (Ochoa) Correll, Wrightia 2: 197. 1961.— TYPE: PERU. Tacna: Prov. Tarata, rocky hills near Tarata, Cerro Ticalaco, 3200 m, 22 Mar 1953, C. Ochoa 2040 (holotype: personal herbarium of C. Ochoa, photo: Ochoa, 1999, pg. 911!). Solanum medians var. angustifoliolum Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberíferos Silvestres del Perú, 242. 1962.— TYPE: PERU. Lima: Prov. Cajatambo, San José, 2700 m, near Churín, 6 Apr 1961, C. Ochoa 2352 (holotype: personal herbarium of C. Ochoa; photo: Ochoa, 1962, pg. 243!; isotype: CUZ [2]!, photos: PTIS!). Plants 0.2–0.6 m tall, herbaceous, terrestrial, erect. Stems 3–5 mm in diameter at base of plant, coarsely pilose with typically whitish non-glandular erect trichomes, dark green and sometimes tinged with purple. Pseudostipules minute to 12 mm long, lunate. Leaves 8–15 cm long, 5–15 cm wide, odd-pinnate, pubescent (like the stems), medium to dark green and sometimes tinged with purple underneath; petioles 0.7–3.0 cm long; lateral leaflet pairs 1–4, greatly subequal and rapidly decreasing in size to the base; most distal lateral leaflets (1.5-) 2.0–8.0 (-10) cm long, (0.4-) 1–4 (-8) cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate to more rarely orbicular, the apex typically acute to acuminate to more rarely rounded and apiculate, the base typically sessile and short to widely decurrent on the basiscopic side to more rarely short petiolulate; terminal leaflet 3–11 (-14) cm long, 1–6 (-8) cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate to more rarely orbicular, the apex typically acute to acuminate to more rarely rounded and apiculate, the base attenuate; interjected leaflets 0–2 (-7), sessile to short petiolulate, ovate to orbicular. Inflorescences generally in distal half of plant; peduncle 1.3–8.0 cm long. Flowers 5–15; pedicels (1.5-) 2–6 (-8) mm long, articulate typically above the middle; calyx 6–11 mm long, the lobes linear to long-attenuate, the acumens 2–4 mm long; corolla 2.8–3.5 cm in diameter, pentagonal to rotate, the acumens 1.0– 1.5 mm long, edges of corolla flat, not folded dorsally, dark blue to violet and typically with a green star above and below; anthers 4–7 mm long, connate; style 8–9 mm long, exceeding stamens by 2–4 mm, straight, stigma clavate to capitate. Fruits 1.5 cm long, globose to slightly ovoid, medium to deep green, often with scattered white dots. Seeds from living specimens green-white throughout. Chromosome number and EBN 2 n = 2 x = 24 (2 EBN) and 2 n = 3 x = 36 (Spooner & Salas 2006; Hijmans et al. 2007). Figure 5. Phenology— Flowering and fruiting along the coast from May to October, and in the higher Andes from November to April. Distribution (Fig. 6)— Central Peru (Department of Ancash) south to northern Chile in Regions I (Tarapacá) and II (Antofagasta), along the western slopes of the Andes; growing in a variety of sunny habitats along the dry coastal lomas to high frigid areas near snow fields and among Stipa ichu grasses in the puna. The most frequently mentioned habitat characteristics are apparently poor soils in rocky and sandy areas, but it has been collected along field margins and streamsides; 200–3800 m. Representative Specimens Examined— Note: an asterisk designates specimens measured for the phenetic study. Additional specimens examined are listed in http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/ solanaceaesource// CHILE. Antofagasta: Salar de Atacama, Peine, Jul 1949, Gonzalez & Bohme s.n. (SGO). Tarapacá: camino de Arica al Portezuelo de Chapiquiña, Cuesta de Chapiquiña, 3250 m, 25 Mar 1961, Ricardi et al. 133 (CONC, MA); camino a Chusmisa, 9 Apr 2002, 3600 m, P. Riedemann s.n. (SGO). PERU. Ancash: Aija, Succha, Casablanca, arriba de Huayán, 7 Apr 1970, 3100 m, C. M. Ochoa 2722 (CIP *); Bolognesi, frente a Timpo, 14 Apr 1963, 2900 m, C. M. Ochoa 2488 (CUZ, F, GH, MOL *, USM); Aija, al terminar la cuesta del Mellizo subiendo hacia Aija, 25 Apr 1983, 3400 m, C. M. Ochoa 15188 (CIP *, CUZ, GH). Arequipa: Arequipa, Baños de Jesús, east of Arequipa, 1 km on road from Baños de Jesús towards Puno, 4 Mar 1974, 2500 m, J. G. Hawkes et al. 5405 (K *); Arequipa, Baños de Jesús, east of Arequipa, on hill slope about 1 km of Baños de Jesus, 4 Mar 1974, 2500 m, J. G. Hawkes et al. 5407 (K *); Arequipa, Yura, entre Huasaloma y Candamo, arriba de Jesús, 27 Mar 1974, 2940 m, C. M. Ochoa 5047 (CIP *); Arequipa, Cuesta de Liquirca, subiendo de Yura a Huanca, 28 Mar 1974, 3260 m, C. M. Ochoa 5061 (CIP *); Arequipa, Yura, de Liquirca a cumbre de Pampacollo, 28 Mar 1974, 3410 m, C. M. Ochoa 5081 (CIP *); Caravelí, Lomas de Atiquipa, Infiernillo, Dec 1982, 600 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 14900 (CIP *, F, GH, GOET, MO, MOL, NY, US, USM, WIS); Arequipa, Yura, entre Huasaloma y Candamo, arriba de Jesús, 27 Mar 1974, 2940 m, C. M. Ochoa 5046 (CIP *, US); Arequipa, Yura, entre Huasaloma y Candamo, arriba de Jesús, 27 Mar 1974, 2940 m, C. M. Ochoa 5057 (CIP *, GH, US); Arequipa, cuesta de Liquirca, subiendo de Yura a Huanca, 28 Mar 1974, 3260 m, C. M. Ochoa 5070 (CIP *, US); Arequipa, cuesta de Liquirca, subiendo de Yura a Huanca, 28 Mar 1974, 3260 m, C. M. Ochoa 5071 (CIP *, GH); Chihuata, 17 Mar 1953, C. M. Ochoa 2033 (K *); Chihuata, 17 Mar 1953, C. M. Ochoa 2034 (K *); Arequipa, 5 km de Chiguata hacia Arequipa, Río Grande, 12 Mar 1953, 2900 m, E. Petersen & J. P. Hjerting 1108 (C, CUZ, K *); Arequipa, 5 km de Chiguata hacia Arequipa, Río Grande, 12 Mar 1953, 2900 m, E. Petersen & J. P. Hjerting 1112 (K *); Arequipa, Arequipa, at base of small cliff on E side of Quebrada Honda, about 25 m from base of quebrada, about 100 m upstream, (N) from Arequipa to Chiguata road, at a point 59.8 km ENE of Pan American Highway (by posted road signs), 2750 m, A. Salas & D. Spooner 7250 (CIP *, PTIS); Arequipa, 1.1 km N of Arequipa to Chiguata Road, from a point 61.4 km ENE of Pan American Highway (by posted road signs), departing the road at bridge over Río Agua Salada, 9 May 1998, 2770 m, A. Salas & D. Spooner 7251 (CIP *); Arequipa, Arequipa, 18 km N of main town square (Plaza de Armas) of Arequipa on road to Cabreria (just S of this locality), then 100–150 m W or road, 2600 m, A. Salas & D. Spooner 7252 (PTIS *); Arequipa, Baños de Jesús, 2 Feb 1943, 2850 m, C. Sandeman 3812 (CUZ, K *, OXF); Arequipa, Quebrada de Crontay, 31 Mar 1949, 2850 m, C. Vargas 8086 (CUZ, K *). Ayacucho: about 45 km from Nazca on road to Puquio, 14 Feb 1958, 2200 m, D. S. Correll & E. E. Smith P148 (CUZ, LL). Huancavelica: Tayacaja, arriba de Marcavalle, distrito de Huachocolpa, 21 Apr 1964, 3100 m, O. Tovar 4776 (WIS). Lima: Huarochirí, above San Mateo, near Chicla Village, 21 Apr 1882, 1200–1300 m, J. Ball s.n. (USM *); Chancay, Naupay, 22 Mar 1975, 2400 m, M. Cerrate et al. 257 (USM *); 80 km below Canta on road to Lima, 7 Mar 1958, 2200 m, D. S. Correll et al. P282 (CUZ, F, LL, U, UC, US, USM *); Yauyos, Huancracha, arriba de Tupe, 15 Jan 1952, 3300 m, E. Cerrate 1170 p.p. (USM *); Lima, La Molina, cerca a Lima, 30 Oct 1952, R. Ferreyra 3 (USM *); Canta, alrededores de Canta, 16 Mar 1950, 2900–2950 m, R. Ferreyra 6915 (CUZ, USM *); Canta, alrededores de Canta, 16 Mar 1950, 2900–2950 m, R. Ferreyra 6918 (CUZ, K, USM *); Canta, entre Canta y Yangas, 16 Mar 1950, 2300–2400 m, R. Ferreyra 6932 (CUZ, K, USM *); Huarochirí, cerca a San Mateo, carretera Lima-Huancayo, 25 Mar 1950, 2800–2900 m, R. Ferreyra 6961 (CUZ, K, LL, MOL *, USM); Canta, cerca a Canta, 2 Apr 1953, 2600 m, R. Ferreyra 9000 (CUZ, K, LL, USM *); Canta, entre Canta y Yaso, 2 Apr 1953, 1800–2000 m, R. Ferreyra 9022 (K, USM *); Lima, Lomas de Lurín, cerca a Lurín, 18 Aug 1953, 200– 250 m, R. Ferreyra 9527 (USM *); Canta, cerca de Canta, 7 Mar 1958, 2700–2800 m, R. Ferreyra et al. 12948 (CUZ, LL, USM *); Lima, Lomas de Lurín, 8 Aug 1971, 250– 260 m, R. Ferreyra 17742 (G, USM *); Canta, Cerro Canta, 18 Apr 1974, 2700– 2800 m, R. Ferreyra & J. P. Hjerting 18346 (MO, USM *); Canta, Obrajillo, 2 Mar 1974, 2600–2700 m, R. Ferreyra 18323 (MO, USM *); Cajatambo, arriba de Churín, 25 Mar 1976, 2500–2600 m, R. Ferreyra & J. P. Hjerting 18698 (MO, USM *); Santa Eulalia road, NE of Huinca, 7 Mar 1982, 2350– 2450 m, A. Gentry & D. Smith 36121 (MO, USM *); Canta, near Canta, J. G. Hawkes 2491 (CUZ, MOL *); Huarochirí, San Mateo, km 99 carretera central, 14 Apr 1972, 3400 m, Z. Huamán et al. 306 (CIP *, USM); Huarochirí, Huinco, Quebrada del Río Santa Eulalia subiendo por Chosica, 29 Feb 1972, 3000 m, Z. Huamán 291 (CIP *); Huarochirí, entre Huinco y Agropica, Quebrada de Santa Eulalia subiendo por Chosica, 3 Apr 1973, 2700 m, Z. Huamán 357 (CIP *); Huarochirí, Autisia, Casta 2 km mas alla en el valle, km 25 del Valle de Santa Eulalia, 7 Mar 1975, 3500 m, H. Kang & M. Jackson 1 (CIP *); San Mateo, J. McLean, s.n. (GH *); Canta, Collca (alrededores de Canta), 13 Apr 1964, 2700 m, I. Merza 230 (USM *); Canta, Valle of Río Chancay, above Tingo, Jan 1972, 2900 m, G. Miller & al. 1232A (USM *); Lima, Pachacamac, 1 km E de Atocongo, 21 Aug 1971, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa 3036 (CIP *, CUZ, USM); Huarochirí, San Bartolomé, Bosque Zárate, subiendo por ruta pedestre, Mar 1975, 2200–2500 m, C. M. Ochoa 7413 (CIP *, CUZ); Lima, San Bartolo, km 55 Panamerica Sur, cerca de las Lomas de Pucusana, 21 Oct 1975, 250 m, C. M. Ochoa 11249 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, cerca Huinco, subiendo de Chosica por la Quebrada de Santa Eulalia, 21 Feb 1978, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 11878 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, Represa de Seque, Sta. Eulalia-Huinco, 21 Feb 1975, 3000–3100 m, C. M. Ochoa 11882 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, Represa de Seque, Sta. Eulalia-Huinco, 21 Feb 1975, 3000–3100 m, C. M. Ochoa 11884 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL, USM); Huarochirí, Surco, alrededores de Surco, 10 Apr 1978, 2240– 2280 m, C. M. Ochoa 12047 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, Antioquía, Saquinanga, arriba de Antioquía, en ruta Langa-Huarochirí, Apr 1978, 2000 m, C. M. Ochoa 12533 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Lima, San Bartolo, Lomas Caringa, 9 km E San Bartolo, Sep 1978, 300– 350 m, C. M. Ochoa 13035 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Canta, 6 Apr 1979, 2700 m, C. M. Ochoa 13261 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, Autisha, por quebrada Sta Eulalia-Seque, 11 Apr 1979, 2325– 2700 m, C. M. Ochoa 13270 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, San Mateo, carretra central Lima-La Oroya, 3 May 1983, 3200 m, C. M. Ochoa 15209 (CIP *, CUZ); Cañete, Quilmaná, Lomas de Quilmana, 15 km N Cañete, 25 Oct 1975, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 11253 (CIP *, CUZ); Oyón, Naván, 3200 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 12500 (CUZ, MOL *, USM); Oyón, Andajes, Tunaspata, near Churín, Apr 1978, 3280 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 12573 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL, USM); Cajatambo, Cajatambo, Oshacoto, 2 km NE de Cajatambo, 31 Jan 1979, 3600 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 13140 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Bartolomé, Monte Zárate, al norte de Lucmani, subiendo a pie desde San Bartolome, distrit. Santiago de Tuna, 17 Mar 1983, 3000 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 15099 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, alrededores de Matucana, km 76 del camino Lima a Oroya, 9 Mar 1949, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 691 (CUZ, GH, MOL *, US, USM); Huarochirí, ruta de Huinco, Mar 1975, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 7406 (CIP *, CUZ, GH); Huarochirí, entre San Bartolomé y Zárate, Mar 1975, C. M. Ochoa 7411 (CIP *, CUZ, F, MOL); Canta, Chuquitama, near Obrajillo, in the vincinity of Canta, 10 Mar 1977, 2700 m, C. M. Ochoa 11302 (CIP *, CUZ, F, GH, MOL, NY); Cajatambo, Huaylancana, 3 km E Cajatambo, 31 Jan 1979, 3600, C. M. Ochoa 13141 (CUZ, F, GH, MOL *); Huarochirí, Autisha, 11 Apr 1979, 2500 m, C. M. Ochoa 13268 (CIP *, CUZ, F, GH, MOL, USM); Canta, Dist. Acos, Tambobamba, encima de Tambo, margen izquierda Río Chancay, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 14629 (CUZ, F *); Cajatambo, Cruzcirca, en ruta Cajatambo-Cajamarquilla, 13 Apr 1982, 3400 m, C. M. Ochoa 14672 (CUZ, F *, US); Cajatambo, Dist. Canjul, Mancocona, 16 Apr 1982, 3400 m, C. M. Ochoa 14684 (CIP *, CUZ, F, US); Lima, San Juan Lurigancho, Lomas Mangomarca, Zárate-Canto Grande, cerca de Amancaes, 13 Feb 1983, 400– 500 m, C. M. Ochoa 14908 (USM *); Canta, colectado a la altura del km 89 de la carretera Lima-Canta, 8 Apr 1983, 2800 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 15148 (CIP *, F, US); Canta, on the Lima to Canta road, on the side of the road and about 200–300 m SW from the bridge called Puente Verde, located 9.2 km SW of the town of Canta, 7 Apr 1999, 2310 m, A. Salas et al. 7361 (CIP *); Canta, growing at a local place named Pallacusco, located 4 km walk E of Arahuay on a footpath to Cerro Putaca, 8 Apr 1999, 2895 m, A. Salas et al. 7369 (CIP *); Canta, growing at Huaytana, located ac 5 km walk NE of town of Canta on the path to Antura, 8 Apr 1999, 2775 m, A. Salas et al. 7371 (CIP *); Huaral, collected on the NW side of the road, 14 km NE of Acos, on the road to Pacaraos, about 50 m NE of the small bridge crossing over the road of Río Chancay, 10 Apr 1999, 2075 m, A. Salas et al. 7379 (CIP *); Huarochirí, collected on roadside, 32.3 km NE of Santa Eulalia, on the road to Millo, 12 Apr 1999, 3065 m, A. Salas et al. 7383 (CIP *); Yauyos, 1 km E of Villa Franca, located on the road from Catahuasi to Lincha, 8 Mar 1999, 2200 m, A. Salas et al. 7300 (CIP *); Yauyos, growing at a local place called Arpayo, about a 5 km walk from Villa Fanca, which is located on the road from Catahuasi to Lincha, 9 Mar 1999, 2620 m, A. Salas et al. 7301 (CIP *); Yauyos, about a 1 km NE of Cacra on the footpath to Hongos, 9 Mar 1999, 2880 m, A. Salas et al. 7302 (CIP *); Yauyos, about 3 km NW of Hongos, about 1 km N (uphill) of path from Cacra to Hongos, 9 Mar 1999, 3290 m, A. Salas et al. 7303 (CIP *); Yauyos, growing at a local place called Nuñe, about 2 km SW of San Jose, near Villa Franca, 9 Mar 1999, 3200 m, A. Salas et al. 7304 (CIP *); Huarochirí, Bosque de Zárate, 3 Mar 1976, 3090– 3150 m, N. Valencia 47 (USM *); Canta, Carhua, 8 km arriba del Puente a San Jose, 16 Apr 1974, 2700 m, G. Vilcapoma 199–2 (CIP *); Canta, San Buenaventura, 15 Mar 1974, 2700–2800 m, G. Vilcapoma 200 (USM *); Canta, San Buenaventura, marge, Published as part of Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego & Salas, Alberto, 2008, Revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota), pp. 579-588 in Systematic Botany 33 (3) on pages 580-587, DOI: 10.1600/036364408785679905, http://zenodo.org/record/6341843, {"references":["Ochoa, C. M. 1962. Los Solanum tuberiferos del Peru (Secc. Tuberarium, Sub-secc. Hyperbasarthrum). Privately Published, Lima, Peru.","Ochoa, C. M. 1999. Las papas de sudamerica: Peru (Parte I). Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.","Spooner, D. M. and A. Salas. 2006. Structure, biosystematics, and genetic resources. Pp. 1 - 39 in Handbook of potato production, improvement, and post-harvest management, eds. J. Gopal and S. M. Paul Khurana. Binghampton, New York: Haworth's Press, Inc.","Hijmans, R., T. Gavrilenko, S. Stephenson, J. Bamberg, A. Salas, and D. M. Spooner. 2007. Geographic and environmental range expansion through polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota). Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 485 - 495.","Correll, D. S. 1962. The potato and its wild relatives. Contribution from the Texas Research Foundation, Botanical Studies 4: 1 - 606.","Spooner, D. M., K. McLean, G. Ramsay, R. Waugh, and G. J. Bryan. 2005. A single domestication for potato based on multilocus AFLP genotyping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 120: 14694 - 14699.","Hawkes, J. G. 1954. New Solanum species in sub-section Hyperbasarthrum Bitt. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including zoology, botany, and geology. London. Ser. 12 (7): 689 - 710."]}

Solanum arcanum and S. huaylasense, two new wild tomato species segregated from Solanum peruvianum sensu lato, are described and illustrated. These two new species are placed in a key with two other segregates of S. peruvianum sensu lato: S. peruvianum sensu stricto and S. corneliomulleri, and the morphologically similar species S. chilense. We also present a list of all 13 species of wild tomatoes we recognize, and their equivalent former names in Lycopersicon. Fil: Peralta, Iris Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina Fil: Knapp, Sandra.. The Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Spooner, David M.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

Wild tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicon (Mill.) Wettst.) are native to western South America. Different classifications have been based on morphological or biological species concepts. Molecular data from mitochondrial DNA restriction sites, nuclear and chloroplast DNA restriction length fragment polymorphisms, and most recently gene sequences of the single-copy nuclear GBSSI or waxy gene, also have been used to examine species relationships. This study is a companion to the GBSSI gene sequence study of the same accessions. It provides the first explicit use of morphological data to examine distinctness and relationships of all 10 wild tomato species (including the newly described S. galapagense , with a concentration on accessions of the most widespread and variable species, S. peruvianum. Phenetic and cladistic analyses largely support the nine species outlined by the latest treatment by C. Rick, but demonstrate the distinct nature of the northern and southern Peruvian populations of S. peruvianum and suggest that they may represent distinct species. Fil: Peralta, Iris Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina Fil: Spooner, David M.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

SOLANUM AGRIMONIFOLIUM Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 154. 1924. —TYPE: MEXICO. Chiapas: Cerro del Boquerón, Sep 1913, Purpus 6977 (holotype: US!, [photo: K!, PTIS!]; isotypes: BM!, F! [photo: PTIS!], GH! [photos: K!, F!, PTIS!], MO! [photo: PTIS!], NY [2!] [photos: LL!, PTIS!]). Plants 0.5–2 m tall; finely pubescent above and below, blades 13–30 cm long, 10–19 cm wide, petioles 1– 5 cm long; lateral leaflets (3)5–7(8) pairs, sessile to subsessile with petiolules to 2 mm long; interjected leaflets 4–31; inflorescence with 8–38 flowers; calyx lobes 3–8 mm long, long attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm diam, bluish purple to purple; fruits 2–5 cm long. Distribution and Habitat (Fig. 2). Southern Mexico (Chiapas), southeast through Guatemala and central Honduras, 1600–3800 m; in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun to partial shade, often in cloud forests. Common habitats include recently logged or otherwise recently disturbed areas in valleys, streamsides, upland marshes, or roadside ditches. Additional Specimens Examined (germplasm collections at NRSP-6 from Mexico are denoted by an asterisk; see Spooner et al. [1998] for specimens from Guatemala and Honduras). MEXICO. Chiapas: steep slopes on SE side of Zontehuitz near summit, Municipality of Chamula, 9400 ft, 31 Jul 1964, Breedlove 6696 (CAS, LL, MEXU); steep heavily wooded northeast slope of Zontehuitz near summit, Municipality of San Cristóbal las Casas, 9300 ft, 20 Jul 1965 Breedlove 11137 (CAS, F, LL); steep northeast slope of Zontehuitz near summit, Municipality of San Cristóbal las Casas, 21 Sep 1965, Breedlove 12343 (CAS, MEXU, F, LL); steep canyon, SW side of Cerro Mozotal, 11 km NW of the junction of the road to Motozintla along the road to El Porvenir and Siltepec, Municipality of Motozintla de Mendoza, 2100 m, Breedlove 25761 (CAS); high ridge near Niquivil at the junction with a small side ridge to Cerro Boquerón, Municipality of Motozintla de Mendoza, 2600 m, 16 Dec 1976, Breedlove 42787 (CAS); Barrio Emiliano Zapata, high mountains between Huixtla and Motozintla, 2180 m, 9 Jul 1966, Flores C. S-948 (MEXU); Cerro Zontehuitz, almost at the top by the microwave station, 2800 m, 9 Jul 1966, Flores C. S-952 (MEXU); San Cristóbal Las Casas, Cerro Zontehuitz, on path to Los Ángeles, at the highest point, 2900 m, 13 Jul 1949, Hawkes et al. 1019 (B, K, LL, P); Fraylesca, near Siltepec, 2000 m, 12 Mar 1945, Matuda 5246 (F, LL, MEXU, NA); Amatenango del Valle, 1835 m, 13 Jun 1945, Matuda 30161 (MEXU); Cerro Huitepec, W of San Cristóbal, Municipality of Zinacantán, 17 Jul 1985, Méndez G. 8353 (MO); Montana Alcoliades, route from Motozintla to Porvenir, Las Silvas, 2830 m, 14 Sep 1980, Ochoa 14147 (US); Cerro Zontehuitz, 9.7 km up microwave tower road, turning off the San Cristóbal de las Casas to Tenejapa road, 16°48.87̍N, 92°34.96̍W, 2800 m, 10 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 959 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; 50 m walk downhill from the uppermost antenna cluster on Cerro Zontehuitz, by the lower of the two shrines, 16°49.10̍N, 92°34.82̍W, 2950 m, 10 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 960 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; 17.4 km N of Rt 190 just S of Motozintla on road to El Porvenir, ca 50 m W of road, 15°24.22̍N, 92°10.72̍W, 2410 m, 11 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 961 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; 1.2 km N of town square of El Porvenir, on road to Siltepec, ca 100 m W of road, 15°27.96̍N, 92°16.84̍W, 2850 m, 11 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 963 (INIFAP); Cerro Boquerón, Sep 1913, Rydberg s. n. (NY, F, GH, MO, US); 6.9 km N of Route 190 beginning S of Motozintla de Mendoza on road to Siltepec, in woods on W side of road, in Ejido Benito Juárez, 15°22̍N, 92°17̍W, 2005 m, 25 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4208 (IBUG, INIFAP, PTIS)*; Cerro del Boquerón at Barrio Pizarrin, in woods, on W side of road, 17.4 km N of Route 190 of Motozintla de Mendoza on road to Siltepec, 15°25̍N, 92°18̍W, 2330 m, 25 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4211 (INIFAP, PTIS, WIS)*; 12.1 km along road to microwave tower of Zontehuitz, from San Cristóbal de las Casas-Tenejapa road, 0.1 km downhill from microwave tower, along roadside, 16°20̍N, 92°17̍W, 2790 m, 30 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4227 (IBUG, INIFAP, PTIS, WIS)*; road from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Cerro Zontehuitz, 9.7 km along road to microwave tower, turning off the road to Tenejapa, 16°49̍N, 92°35̍W, 2750 m, 21 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 277 (PTIS)*; road from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Cerro Zontehuitz, 9.8 km along road to microwave tower, turning off road to Tenejapa, 16°49̍N, 92°35̍W, 2760 m, 21 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 278 (K [cult.], PTIS)*; road from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Cerro Zontehuitz, about 10 km along road to microwave tower, turning off the road to Tenejapa, 16°48̍N, 92°35̍W, 2760 m, 23 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 280 (PTIS)*., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on page 752, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256

SOLANUM LONGICONICUM Bitter, Repert Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 534. 1912. —TYPE: COSTA RICA. Cartago: Irazú, massif of the Irazú, defrichements du Roble, 2000 m, 10 Jul 1891, A. Tonduz 4235 (lectotype, chosen here: K! [photos BM! G! Z!]; isolectotypes: BR, CR!, G [3]!, US! Z! [photo LL!, WAG!]). Solanum manoteranthum Bitter, Repert Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 383. 1912.– TYPE: COSTA RICA. San Jose´: Volcán Barba, A. Roesl s. n. (holotype: M! [photos: BM! F!, LL!, PTIS!]). Plants 0.2–2 m tall; glabrous or with only scattered 2–3 celled short hairs above and below, leaves shiny, blades 8–28 cm long, 5–20 cm wide, petioles 1–5 cm long; lateral leaflets (2)3–5(6) pairs, sessile or with petiolules to 1 cm long; interjected leaflets 0 (most commonly) to rarely 6; inflorescence with 8–16 flowers; calyx lobes 1–3 mm long, short and acute to short attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm in diam, white or light to dark blue to purple, or white with blue to purple stripes or mottling; fruits 1.1–3.9 cm long. Distribution and Habitat (Fig. 2). Central Costa Rica to western Panama, 1400–3600 m (one Costa Rican record at 1050 m); in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun or partial shade, in areas of cloud forests, including disturbed habitats such as landslides, roadcuts, moist garbage heaps, recently plowed soil in forest clearings, recently burned forests, roadside ditches, forest edges, or on rotting tree stumps. When growing in primary forests, it occurs near sunny openings such as paths or streams or treefalls. Additional Specimens Examined (see Spooner et al. [2001] for specimens and germplasm from Costa Rica]. PANAMA. Chiriquí: Boquete District, Bajo Chorro, 6000 ft, 18 Feb 1939, Davidson 314 (F); at boundary with Prov. Bocas del Toro, along continental divide to ca. 1 km E of Cerro Pate Macho, 8°23̍N, 82°23̍W, 2100–2200 m, 7 Feb 1986, Grayum 6439 (MO); S of Paso Respingo trail to high ridge N of Volcán summit, 10,000 –10,800 ft, 4 Apr 1979, Hammel et al. 6717 (MO); summit and ridge N of Cerro Pando, 8°55̍N, 82°44̍W, 2400–2500 m, 15 Oct 1981, Knapp 1609 (MO); Distrito y Corregimeinto Boquete, E base of Cerro Pata de Macho, ca 100 m S of continental divide at border with Province of Bocas del Torro, located on 1:50,000- scale map 3742 III, 8°49̍N, 82°23̍W, 2000 m, Sep 8 2000, Spooner et al. 7411 (CIP, PMA, PTIS)*; Distrito Renacimiento; Corregimiento Río Sereno; growing along a path at summit of continental divide separating Panama and Costa Rica, about path leading to the stone division marker at the summit of Cerro Pando, 8°55̍14̍N, 82°42̍46̍ W, 2445 m, Sep 12 2000, Spooner et al. 7414 (CIP, PMA, PTIS)*. Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro border: Cerro Horqueta, along foot path from the northern base of Volcán Barú (Volcán de Chiriquı´), NW out of Bajo Boquete, walking north to Laguna Escondida, at a local place name (no houses) called Culebras, on both sides of continental divide, 8°51̍26̍N, 82°28̍33̍W, 1970 m, Sep 8 2000, Spooner et al. 7412 (CIP, PMA, PTIS)*. Choice of a lectotype is necessary because Bitter cited two syntypes (A. Tonduz 4235 and C. Wercklé 65). We rejected the latter because it was destroyed at B and only exists as photos (at F, G, GH, LL, NY, US)., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on page 753, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["---, R. HOEKSTRA, and B. VILCHEZ. 2001. Solanum sect. Petota in Costa Rica; taxonomy and genetic resources. American Journal of Potato Research 78: 91 - 98."]}

Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del, López, Alberto Salas- (2001): Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota). Systematic Botany 26 (4): 743-756, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743

SOLANUM OXYCARPUM Scheide in Schltdl., Hort. hal. 1: 5, tab 3. 1841. –TYPE: MEXICO. Veracruz: in rocky places at Malpays de La Joya, Jun 1929, C. Schiede s. n. (lectotype, chosen by Hawkes [1957]: HAL, [photos: K!, PTIS!). Plants 0.3–2 m tall; finely to coarsely pubescent above and below, blades 13–25 cm long, 7–15 cm wide, petioles 0.5–5 cm long; lateral leaflets (3)4–6(8) pairs, sessile to subsessile with petiolules to 3 mm long; interjected leaflets 0–8; inflorescence with 8–25 flowers; calyx lobes 3–7 mm long, acute to long-attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm in diam, purple; fruits 2–3.5 cm long. Distribution and Habitat (Fig. 2). Southeastern Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz); from 1870–2870 m; in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun to partial shade, growing among shrubs and in pine-oak-alder forests, frequently in pockets of volcanic rocks, often growing among ferns and mosses. Additional Specimens Examined. MEXICO. Hidalgo: mountains NE of Ixtlán de Juárez on road to Tuxtepec, 20-Jul 1968, Anderson & Anderson 4850 (ENCB); Municipality of Tenango de Doria, 11 km W of Tenango de Doria, 2100 m, 6 Jul 1979, Hernandez M. 3427 (MEXU); 20 km E of Metepec, Municipality of Metepec, 2130 m, 11 Aug 1980, Hernandez M. and Hernandez V. 4772 (CAS, ENCB, MEXU); on Metepec-Tenango de Doria Rd, 16 km NE of intersection of this road with road entering Metepec, on S side of road, 20°18.94̍N, 98°15.50̍W, 2280 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 944 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*. Oaxaca: Km 25 on the road to Teotitlán from Huautla, right side of a canyon, 8 Nov 1964, Flores C. S-797 (K, LL); Yotao, Galeotti 1225P (W); in Sierra Madre Oriental, 29 km E of Teotitlán, 2300 m, 25 Sep 1957, Graham 323 (LL); District of Mixe, Municipality of Totontepec, Totontepec, 17°15̍N, 96°02̍W, 2 Nov 1989, Rivera R. 1245 (MEXU); Km 25 on the road from Teotitlán to Huatla, ca 20 m S of road above stream, 18°10.52̍N, 97°00.36̍W, 2240 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 952 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; Km 27.2 on road from Teotitlán to Huatla, at Puerto Soledad, 18°09.95̍N, 96°59.87̍W, 2370 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 953 (INIFAP, MEXU)*; District Mixe, Municipality of Totontepec, Totontepec, 17°15̍N, 96°00̍W, 1900 m, 6 Oct 1986, Reyes 484 (K, MEXU); 21.8 km N of Ixtlán de Juárez on Hwy 175 to Tuxtepec, 17°28̍N, 96°30̍W, 2870 m, 17 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 272 (PTIS)*; same locality, 22 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4200 (INIFAP, IBUG, PTIS); 27 km N of N end of Ixtlán de Juárez on Rt 175 to Tuxtepec, 17°31̍N, 96°31̍W, 2850 m, 22 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4202 (INIFAP, PTIS); 8.5 m E. of Rt 135 on road to Huautla, 18 Oct 1981, Warnock 2506 (TEX). Puebla: from Tehuacan to Puebla Rd., turn NE on road to Zoquitlán, 22 km up road, by divergence of road to Coyomeapa, 18°17.84̍N, 97°03.96̍W, 2640 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 951 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; road from Tehuacan to Oaxaca, turning off at Coxcatlán, 21 km towards Zoquitlan, La Griega, where road divides to Zoquitlan and Coyomeapa, 20°40̍N, 100°14̍W, 2660 m, 24 Oct 1987, Tarn et al. 180 (PTIS)*; road from Tehuacán to Oaxaca turning off at Coxcatlán towards Zoquitlan, 22 km along this road, 1 km past La Griega towards Coyomeapa, 20°40̍N, 100°14W, 2640 m, 24 Oct 1983, Tarn et al. 182 (K, PTIS)*. Veracruz: Perote, La Joya, 1950 m, 23 Sep 1938, Balls and Gourlay 5513 (BM, K); La Joya, Jalapa to Perote Rd, Rafael Ramírez, 2100 m, 29 Aug 1972, Dorantes et al. 1618 (CAS, ENCB, F, MEXU, TAES, TEX); La Joya Mexico to Veracruz to Jalapa Rd, 100 m on right side of rd, 30 Sep 1964, Flores C. S-792 (K, LL, MEXU); pedregal de La Joya, 18°14̍N, 96°07̍W, 2000 m, 27 Aug 1953, Graham 1 (PTIS)*; upper outskirts of La Joya, 2080 m, 12 Aug 1949, Hawkes and Hernández 1064 (B, K, LL, MEXU, MPU, P, WAG); near Perote, km 306.5 from Mexico, road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, upper edge of La Joya village, Milpais de la Joya, walled enclosure on the S side of the road, 19°34̍N, 97°14̍W, 2100 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1634 (PTIS); near Perote on the road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, upper edge of La Joya village, Milpais de La Joya, 2100 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1643 (K)*; near Perote, road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, upper edge of the La Joya village, Malpais de La Joya, 19°34̍N, 97°14̍W, 2100 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1645 (C, K, MPU, PTIS, US)*; Km 305.5 from Mexico on the road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, Malpais de La Joya, 19°40̍N, 98°35̍W, 2150 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1649 (C, K, P, PTIS)*; Municipality of Acajete, along road, Rt 140, 1 km NW of La Joya, 19°37̍N, 97°02̍W, 2175 m, 7 Sep 1986, Nee 32990 (NY); old lava field about 4 mi W of Jalapa, 5000 ft, 28 Aug 1970, Norris & Taranto 16840 (CAS, MEXU); La Joya, route from Jalapa to Puebla, near Perote, 2050 m, 10 Oct 1980, Ochoa 14213 (PTIS, US)*; La Joya, along Perote to Jalapa road, ca 100 m S of road by the restaurants by the road, 19°36̍.74̍N, 97°, 2188 m, 2 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 949 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; Malpais de La Joya between Perote and Jalapa, about 32 km from Perote, Km 176 on Rt 140, 19°37̍N, 97°02̍W, 2200 m, 1 Nov 1984, Tarn et al. 286 (PTIS)*; Malpais de La Joya between Perote and Jalapa, about 32 km from Perote, Km 176 on Rt 140, 19°37̍N, 97°02̍W, 2200 m, 1 Nov 1984, Tarn et al. 287 (PTIS)*; turning off Rt 140 between Perote and Las Vigas, go S from Sierra de Agua (N slope of Cerro Cofre de Perote); 14 km above Pescados, Rajas, 19°33̍N, 97°10̍W, 2840 m, 2 Nov 1984, Tarn et al. 288 (PTIS)*; Llano Grande, Municipality of Las Vigas, 2115 m, 15 Jul 1971, Ventura A. 3868 (ENCB, IEB, MEXU); La Joya, Municipality of Acajete, 2050 m, 12 Jul 1980, Ventura A. 17479 (ENCB, IEB, MEXU); Piedra Blanca, Municipality of Las Vigas, 2250 m, 13 Jul 1982, Ventura A. 19639 (ENCB, IEB, MEXU); Along Xalapa to Vigas Rd, 200 m E of the road, at the altitude of Toxtlacoaya, Municipality of Las Vigas, 19°37̍N, 97°03̍W, 2200 m, 30 Aug 1989, Zamora C. 1009 (IEB, MEXU). Locality unknown: Liebmann 1394, 1841–1843 (C [photo K]). Spooner et al. (2000) noted overlap in numbers of lateral and interjected leaflets in the field in Mexico between S. agrimonifolium and S. oxycarpum, which led them to question the distinctness of these two species. A collection from Hidalgo (Rivera-Peña et al. 944) from within the geographic range of S. oxycarpum was especially problematical because of its many lateral and interjected leaflets, this resembling some populations of S. agrimonifolium. Our data from three herbarium specimens of this collection (Table 2) show numbers of lateral and interjected leaflets of (8,4; 7,6; 8,7), with the latter counts (specimen at WAG) having the highest numbers of leaflets for S. oxycarpum. However, other specimens from outside the range of S. agrimonifolium are nearly as dissected (e.g., Rivera 1245 [MEXU], from Oaxaca with 6,8). Collection Rivera-Peña et al. 944 is on the high end of variation for dissection for S. oxycarpum (Fig. 3). The RAPD data show it to cluster with other accessions of this species, leading us to recognize it as S. oxycarpum., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on pages 753-754, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["HAWKES, J. G. 1957. On the lectotype of Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtendal et Bouche', S. oxycarpum Schiede and S. verrucosum Schlechtendal. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg 6 (5): 849 - 854.","---, A. RIVERA- PENA, R. G. VAN DEN BERG, and K. SCHULER. 2000. Potato germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1997: taxonomy and new germplasm resources. American Journal of Potato Research 77: 261 - 270."]}

SOLANUM SERIES CONICIBACCATA Bitter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 381. 1912. — Lectotype, chosen by D’Arcy (1972), S. oxycarpum Scheide in Schltdl. Solanum [rankless] Oxycarpa Rydb., Bull Torrey Bot. Club 51: 146, 172. 1924. [Note: This description applies only to the Mexican and Central American members of ser. Conicibaccata]. Plants to 0.2–2.5 m tall; stems 2–13 mm wide at base, green to purple, simple to branched; leaves odd pinnate, lateral leaflets with apex acuminate, base oblique, rounded to cuneate; terminal leaflet ovate to elliptical, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate; interstitial leaflets absent or present; pseudostipular leaves auriculate; inflorescence terminal, sometimes later displaced laterally; pedicel 15–30 mm long; calyx tube 1.5–5 mm long, lobes 1–8 mm long, short and acute to long attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm in diam, rotate to rotate-pentagonal with short acumens, white to blue to purple, sometimes lined or mottled; filaments 1.5–2 mm long, anthers 4–5.5 mm long, cordate at base; style exceeding stamens by 2–3.6 mm; fruits conical, rounded to pointed at tip, medium to deep green or sometimes tinged with purple, 1.1–5 cm long. Chromosome number: 2 n = 4 x = 48., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on page 751, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["D'ARCY, W. G. 1972. Typification of subdivisions of Solanum L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 59: 262 - 278."]}

SOLANUM WOODSONII Correll, Wrightia 2: 137. 1961. — TYPE: PANAMA. Chiriquı´: Volcán de Chiriquı´, Potrero Muleto to summit, 3500–4000 m, 13–15 July 1940, R. E. Woodson Jr. & R. W. Schery 399 (holotype: GH! [photo: LL!]; isotypes: MO [2]! [photos: BM!, PTIS!], US! [photo: PTIS!]). Plants 0.3–2.5 m tall; finely to coarsely pubescent above and below, blades 10–42 cm long, 6–22 cm wide, petioles 3–10 cm long; lateral leaflets (2)3–5 pairs, sessile to subsessile with petiolules to 2 mm long; interjected leaflets 0–2; inflorescence with 7–16 flowers; calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm long, acute; corolla 2.8–3.6 cm in diam, purple; fruits 1.5–2.6 cm long. Additional Specimens Examined. PANAMA. Chiriquí: Potrero Muleto, 10,400 ft., Volcán de Chiriquı´, Davidson 1017 (F); Distrito y Corregimeinto Boquete, E slopes of Volcán Barú (Volcán de Chiriquı´), near the dirt road to the summit of the volcano from Bajo Boquete, along the way to El Salto, above Potrero Muleto, 8°49̍15̍N, 82°31̍47̍W, 3015 m, Sep 6 2000, Spooner et al. 7405 (CIP, EAP, PMA, PTIS)*; Distrito Bugaba; Corregimiento Cerro Punta, on N-facing slope of Volcán Barú (Volcán de Chiriquı´), ascending ‘‘sendero [footpath] de los Quetzales,’’ a trail departing from the park guard station of Alto Respingo, reached by driving on a dirt road ca. 5 km E of the town of Cerro Punta, 8°48̍46̍N, 82°32̍24̍W, 3045 m, Sep 9 2000, Spooner et al. 7413 (CIP, EAP, PMA, PTIS)*. Correll (1961) described S. woodsonii as possessing a small lobed dorsal base of the anther and indicated that this anther lobe ‘‘may be diagnostic.’’ We could not find this lobe on the isotype specimen at GH nor in living material in the field in Panama. Correll (1962) and Hawkes (1990) indicated that S. woodsonii is found in Venezuela. Correll (1962) cited the sole Venezuelan collection of this species as VENEZUELA. Andes of Trujillo and Mérida, 1225–4300 m, I. Linden 473 p. p. [FI, G, K]. He cited other specimens of this same collection (at OXF, P, US) as the type of S. dolichocarpum Bitter, which he synonymized under S. colombianum Bitter. Hawkes (1990) cited no specimen, and Hawkes (1997, database accompanying this publication) cited no specimen of S. woodsonii for Venezuela, but rather identified different components of I. Linden 473 as S. colombianum and S. otites. We made 16 collections of ser. Conicibaccata throughout Venezuela (Spooner et al. 1995), and searched the Andean localities of Trujillo and Mérida and points in between. These cities are more than 100 km apart by air and therefore preclude definitive searches for the locality of Linden 473. We identify all of our Venezuelan collections as S. colombianum. Our examination of Linden 473 at G, OXF, P, and US show it to be S. colombianum. In agreement with Ochoa (1979) we do not think that S. woodsonii occurs in Venezuela., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on pages 754-755, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["CORRELL, D. S. 1961. Four new Solanums in section Tuberarium. Wrightia 2: 133 - 141.","---. 1962. The potato and its wild relatives. Contributions from the Texas Research Foundation, Botanical Studies 4: 1 - 606.","---. 1990. The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources. Oxford: Belhaven Press.","---. 1997. A database for wild and cultivated potatoes. Euphytica 93: 155 - 161.","---, R. CASTILLO- T., L. LOPEZ J., R. PINEDA, R. LEON P., A. VARGAS, M. L. GARCIA, and J. B. BAMBERG. 1995. Colombia and Venezuela 1992 wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) collecting expedition: taxonomy and new germplasm resources. Euphytica 81: 45 - 56.","OCHOA, C. M. 1979. Nueva papa silvestre Venezolana de la serie Conicibaccata. Biota 11: 331 - 333."]}

Wild tomatoes are native to western South America. The generic status of wild tomatoes within the Solanaceae has been controversial since the eighteen century. Linnaeus in 1753 placed tomatoes in Solanum while Miller, a contemporary of Linnaeus, classified tomatoes in a new genus. The majority of later botanists have followed Miller. Differing numbers of species and conflicting supraspecific classifications have been proposed, based on morphology or crossing studies. Two major crossability groups have been identified, one that includes mainly self-compatible species that easily cross with the cultivated tomato, and another that comprises self-incompatible species not easily cross with the cultivated tomato. Recent molecular investigations using appropriate outgroups have shown that tomatoes and potatoes are close related phylogenetically, and support the inclusion of tomatoes within Solanum, the classification advocated here. We discuss the conflicting goals of classifications based on predictivity versus stability, a continuing controversy in systematics. Las especies de tomates silvestres son nativas del oeste de América de Sur. Su posición genérica dentro de las Solanáceas ha sido controvertida desde el Siglo XVIII. Linneo en 1753 ubico a los tomates en Solanum mientras que Miller, un contemponineo de Linneo, los incluyo dentro del nuevo genero Lycopersicon. Posteriormente, la mayoría de los botánicos siguieron la clasificación de Miller. Las clasificaciones basadas en morfología 0 en estudios de cruzamientos han propuesto diferente numero de especies 0 categorías supraespecíficas. Sobre la base de la cruzamientos entre especies se han identificado dos grupos; uno de ellos incluye especies autocompatibles que pueden cruzarse fácilmente con el tomate cultivado, el otro comprende especies autoincompatibles que no pueden cruzase fácilmente con esta especie. Recientes investigaciones moleculares, utilizando grupos externos adecuados, han mostrado que los tomates y las papas están muy relacionados filogenéticamente y apoyan la inclusión de los tomates dentro de Solanum, clasificación que hemos adoptado aquí. Se discute acerca del conflicto de los objetivos de las clasificaciones basados en la predicción 0 la estabilidad, una continua controversia en sistemática. Fil: Peralta, Iris Edith. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina Fil: Spooner, David M.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

PURPOSE The aim of this trial was to compare the activity and toxicity of single-agent doxorubicin with that of two multidrug regimens in the treatment of patients with adult advanced soft tissue sarcomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective randomized phase III trial performed by 35 cancer centers within the Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Six hundred sixty-three eligible patients were randomly allocated to receive either doxorubicin 75 mg/m2 (arm A), cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dacarbazine (CYVADIC) (arm B), or ifosfamide 5 g/m2 plus doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 (arm C). RESULTS The overall response rate was 24% (95% confidence interval, 20.7% to 27.3%) among eligible patients and 26% among assessable patients. No statistically significant difference was detected among the three study arms in terms of response rate (arm A, 23.3%; arm B, 28.4%; and arm C, 28.1%), remission duration (median, 46 weeks on arm A, 48 weeks on arm B, and 44 weeks on arm C), or overall survival (median, 52 weeks on arm A, 51 weeks on arm B, and 55 weeks on arm C). The degree of myelosuppression was significantly greater for the combination of ifosfamide and doxorubicin than for the other two regimens. Cardiotoxicity was also more frequent in this arm, but other toxicities were similar. CONCLUSION In advanced soft tissue sarcomas of adults, single-agent doxorubicin is still the standard chemotherapy against which more intensive or new drug treatments should be compared. Combination chemotherapy cannot be recommended outside a controlled clinical trial with the exclusion of some subsets of sarcoma patients for whom significant tumor volume reduction may be an important end point of a chemotherapy regimen.

ROSE, an object-oriented database system for engineering applications, has recently been reengineered as part of the DARPA Initiative in Concurrent Engineering (DICE). The lessons learned from the first version of the system and the reasons for redesigning it are discussed. A detailed example illustrating how engineering applications tightly integrated with a ROSE database are built is presented. The role of the ROSE system in the DICE project and future plans for the system are discussed. 16 23 Sponsors: IEEE Robotics & Automation Soc IEEE Computer Soc Press Cent for Manufacturing, Productivity, & Technology Northeast Manufacturing Technology Cent Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst Conference code: 14287 Cited By :3

Entities such as mechanical assemblies are recursive when they contain other assemblies at a lower level of detail. The authors show how recursive CAD entities can be manipulated using an extended projection function. The function finds nested subentities within entities that are modeled as trees of aggregations and generalizations. It allows these subentities to be found using expressions that are independent of the complexity of an entity's data structure. A description is given of the function, its relationship to the transitive closure function, and its implementation in a CAD database system. 138 148 Conference code: 9779 Cited By :5 Sponsors: IEEE Computer Soc, Los Alamitos, CA, USA

A discussion is presented of possible extensions to the SQL query language to make SQL suitable for use with object database systems intended for engineering applications. These extensions allow queries to be expressed over deeply nested and recursive object data structures. Both types of data structures occur frequently in engineering applications. In particular, an extended projection function and a transitive closure function are introduced. These functions are demonstrated on several typical CAD/CAM application data structures. 163 169 Sponsors: Univ of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Hartford Graduate Cent, Hartford, CT, USA Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst, Troy, NY, USA NSF, Washington, DC, USA Inst of Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA, USA Conference code: 10865 Cited By :2