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Aquaculture is a sector with a rapid growth and a great potential to provide healthy and sustainable protein for future generations. In this context, and with stricter criteria of farmed animal welfare, it is very important to monitor fish behavior for the simultaneous improvement of the productivity and the welfare of group-housed animals. In the framework of AQUAEXCEL2020 EU project we have developed an ultra-low-power, stand-alone, miniature microsystem (AEFishBIT) with the double aim to combine measurements of physical and metabolic activities. The system was developed using available technology and includes a triaxial accelerometer and a microcontroller packaged in a waterproof container. It has been designed to be externally implanted on fish operculum and by signal filtering, it allows the measurements of physical activity and respiratory frequency., This project has received funding from the European under grant agreement No. 652831 (AQUAEXCEL2020, Aquaculture infrastructures for excellence in European fish view and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Additional funding was obtained from projects SURF (TEC2014-60527-C2-1-R), FICASES (TEC2017-89403-C2-2-R), from of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and ProID2017010062, from Canarian Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society (Gobierno de Canarias), all of them co-funded European Regional Development Funds (FEDER). We acknowledge the support from EnABLES European project, and in particular from Dr. Michael Hayes and Prateek Asthana, from Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland.

This article offers an interpretation of Thrasymachus’ Inmoralism, that is to say, of the set of judgements concerning the superior value of injustice in comparison with justice, issued by him in book I of Plato’s Republic (Resp. 336b-354c). It is argued that both the argument in support of these judgements and its implicit resource to the concept of πλεονεξία(personal advantage) cannot be interpreted descriptively, if they are to serve to justify the immoralists judgements. It is also argued that a particularly important subgroup of such judgements is supported by a peculiar conception of practical reason based on the concept of πλεονεξία. Finally, the comparison is made between this ‘pleonexic’ conception of practical rationality and the one that Plato advocates in the Republic. Este artículo ofrece una interpretación del famoso Inmoralismo de Trasímaco, es decir, de sus juicios respecto al valor superior de la injusticia en comparación con la justicia, emitidos en el libro I de la República de Platón (Resp. 336b-354c). Se defiende primero la tesis de que tanto el argumento en apoyo de estos juicios inmoralistas como su recurso implícito al concepto de πλεονεξία (aventajamiento personal) no pueden ser interpretados de modo descriptivo. En segundo lugar, se defiende la tesis de que un subconjunto de estos juicios evaluativos está fundado en una concepción peculiar de la racionalidad práctica basada en el concepto de πλεονεξία. Finalmente, se contrasta dicha concepción ‘pleonéxica’ de la racionalidad práctica con aquella defendida por Platón en la República.

[EN] The invention relates to a device placed on the gill cover to monitor the metabolic state and well-being of fish through joint, simultaneous measurements of breathing frequency and physical activity via a plurality of accelerations that are coplanar (x and y axes) and normal to the gill cover (z axis). The substrate is flexible and is covered with an impervious coating, which contains an electronic circuit with an acceleration sensor (208), a control unit (202), a microcontroller (206) configured to execute at least one activity-monitoring routine, a memory (210) and a battery (204). Data are collected via an external unit (201) which can optionally process them in a complete or partial manner. This type of measurement can be processed jointly with another type of measurement, obtained from other sensors of environmental parameters, [ES] Dispositivo emplazado en el opérculo para supervisar el estado metabólico y bienestar de peces a través de medidas conjuntas y simultáneas de frecuencia respiratoria y actividad física mediante una pluralidad de aceleraciones coplanares (ejes x,y) y normales al opérculo (eje z). El sustrato es flexible y está cubierto con un revestimiento impermeable, donde se encuentra un circuito electrónico con sensor de aceleración (208), una unidad de control (202), un microcontrolador (206) configurado para ejecutar al menos una rutina de monitorización de actividad, una memoria (210) y una batería (204). La toma de datos se efectúa a través de una unidad externa (201) que eventualmente puede procesarlos de forma total o parcial. Este tipo de mediciones se pueden procesar de forma conjunta con otro tipo de medidas, obtenidas a partir de otros sensores de parámetros medio-ambientales, [FR] La présente invention concerne un dispositif mis en place sur l'opercule pour surveiller l'état métabolique et le bien-être de poissons au moyen de mesures conjointes et simultanées de la fréquence respiratoire et de l'activité physique avec une pluralité d'accélérations coplanaires (axes x,y) et perpendiculaires à l'opercule (axe z). Le substrat est flexible et couvert d'un revêtement imperméable, où se situe un circuit électronique avec capteur d'accélération (208), une unité de commande (202), un microcontrôleur (206) configuré pour exécuter au moins une routine de surveillance d'activité, une mémoire (210) et une batterie (204). La capture de données est effectuée au moyen d'une unité externe (201) qui peut éventuellement les traiter de manière complète ou partielle. Les mesures de ce type peuvent être traitées de manière conjointe avec un autre type de mesures, obtenues à partir d'autres capteurs de paramètres du milieu ambiant, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Biosensor technology for tracking individual challenged fish behaviour has the potential to revolutionize aquaculture, allowing farmers and breeders to orientate selective breeding towards more robust and efficient fish or improve culture conditions for a more sustainable and ethical production. The proposed solution within the AQUAEXCEL2020 EU project is a stand-alone, small and light (1 g) device (AEFishBIT), based on a tri-axial accelerometer and a microprocessor. It is externally attached to the operculum to monitor physical activity by mapping accelerations in x- and y-axes, while operculum beats (z-axis) serve as a measurement of respiratory frequency. The conducted operculum attachment protocol does not show signs of tissue damage or growth impairment in active feeding gilthead sea bream. AEFishBIT offers a wide range of new information based on individual behaviour, allowing to point out the asynchrony of movements as an indirect measure of aging and adaptability to farming environment, as well as to discriminate different coping behaviour (proactive or reactive) of gilthead sea bream challenged with low water oxygen concentrations. AEFishBIT also provides reliable information of disease outcome in fish parasitized with an intestinal myxozoan, emerging as a powerful tool for sensing the quality of the environment and improving selective breeding protocols., The study has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, GA no 652831 (AQUAEXCEL2020).

Dispositivo emplazado en el opérculo para supervisar el estado metabólico y bienestar de peces a través de medidas conjuntas y simultáneas de frecuencia respiratoria y actividad física mediante una pluralidad de aceleraciones coplanares (ejes x,y) y normales al opérculo (eje z). El sustrato es flexible y está cubierto con un revestimiento impermeable, donde se encuentra un circuito electrónico con sensor de aceleración (208), una unidad de control (202), un microcontrolador (206) configurado para ejecutar al menos una rutina de monitorización de actividad, una memoria (210) y una batería (204). La toma de datos se efectúa a través de una unidad externa (201) que eventualmente puede procesarlos de forma total o parcial. Este tipo de mediciones se pueden procesar de forma conjunta con otro tipo de medidas, obtenidas a partir de otros sensores de parámetros medio-ambientales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Dispositivo emplazado en el opérculo para supervisar el estado metabólico y bienestar de peces a través de medidas conjuntas y simultáneas de frecuencia respiratoria y actividad física mediante una pluralidad de aceleraciones coplanares (ejes x,y) y normales al opérculo (eje z). El sustrato es flexible y está cubierto con un revestimiento impermeable, donde se encuentra un circuito electrónico con sensor de aceleración (208), una unidad de control (202), un microcontrolador (206) configurado para ejecutar al menos una rutina de monitorización de actividad, una memoria (210) y una batería (204). La toma de datos se efectúa a través de una unidad externa (201) que eventualmente puede procesarlos de forma total o parcial. Este tipo de mediciones se pueden procesar de forma conjunta con otro tipo de medidas, obtenidas a partir de otros sensores de parámetros medio-ambientales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, B2 Patente con examen previo

Integration of technological solutions aims to improve accuracy, precision and repeatability in farming operations, and biosensor devices are increasingly used for understanding basic biology during livestock production. The aim of this study was to design and validate a miniaturized tri-axial accelerometer for non-invasive monitoring of farmed fish with re-programmable schedule protocols. The current device (AE-FishBIT v.1s) is a small (14 mm × 7 mm × 7 mm), stand-alone system with a total mass of 600 mg, which allows monitoring animals from 30 to 35 g onwards. The device was attached to the operculum of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles for monitoring their physical activity by measurements of movement accelerations in x- and y-axes, while records of operculum beats (z-axis) served as a measurement of respiratory frequency. Data post-processing of exercised fish in swimming test chambers revealed an exponential increase of fish accelerations with the increase of fish speed from 1 body-length to 4 body-lengths per second, while a close relationship between oxygen consumption (MO2) and opercular frequency was consistently found. Preliminary tests in free-swimming fish kept in rearing tanks also showed that device data recording was able to detect changes in daily fish activity. The usefulness of low computational load for data pre-processing with on-board algorithms was verified from low to submaximal exercise, increasing this procedure the autonomy of the system up to 6 h of data recording with different programmable schedules. Visual observations regarding tissue damage, feeding behavior and circulating levels of stress markers (cortisol, glucose, and lactate) did not reveal at short term a negative impact of device tagging. Reduced plasma levels of triglycerides revealed a transient inhibition of feed intake in small fish (sea bream 50–90 g, sea bass 100–200 g), but this disturbance was not detected in larger fish. All this considered together is the proof of concept that miniaturized devices are suitable for non-invasive and reliable metabolic phenotyping of farmed fish to improve their overall performance and welfare. Further work is underway for improving the attachment procedure and the full device packaging., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 652831 (AQUAEXCEL2020, Aquaculture infrastructures for excellence in European fish research towards 2020). This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Additional funding was obtained from project SURF (TEC2014-60527-C2-1-R) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER).

La importancia de determinar el sexo en especies monomórficas que viven en cautiverio conlleva a estrategias de apareamiento a fin de poder incentivar la reproducción. Existen métodos no moleculares de reconocimiento pero son factibles en edad adulta y mucho más difícil cuando son polluelos. Mediante la técnica molecular de PCR, se amplificó el gen de la Cromo Helicasa de Unión al ADN empleando los cebadores, 2550F/2718R. Por este método molecular se consiguió determinar el sexo en 19 de 23 especies de las cuales 3 son ejemplares de: Amazona aestiva, 1 de Pipile grayi, 1 de Bubo virginianus, 4 de Ara chloropterus, 6 de Crax fasciolata, 2 de Caracara plancus, 3 de Chauna torquata, 1 de Cariama cristata y 2 de Cairina moschata del Centro de Investigación de Animales Silvestres de ITAIPU binacional, del lado paraguayo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el par de cebadores 2550F/2718R podría ser de utilidad para determinar el sexo en las especies estudiadas en el país

Trabajo presentado en Aquaculture Europe 2019, celebrado en Berlín (Alemania), del 7 al 10 de octubre de 2019, The use of new technologies for individual and non-invasive monitoring of farmed fish is becoming an urgent demand of the aquaculture industry (Føre et al., 2018). This offers the possibility of the measurement of a range of variables that are directly or indirectly related with metabolic condition, health and welfare status (Metcalfe et al., 2016; Neethirajan et al., 2017). The solution proposed within the AQUAEXCEL2020 EU project is a smart device named AEFishBIT, developed and validated to provide reliable and simultaneous measurements of physical activity and respiratory frequency. The device is attached in the operculum using a fairly invasive procedure, and initial testing has been conducted in gilthead sea bream and European sea bass, the two most important farmed fish of Mediterranean aquaculture. The AEFishBIT is a tri-axial accelerometer for recording and processing acceleration data from x-, y- and z-axes. Records of operculum breathing (z-axis acceleration) served as a direct measurement of respiratory frequency, whereas estimation of fishactivity was derived from the x- and y-axis signals. The device also includes a passive RFID tagging device for rapid identification.The finalweight of the full packaged device is less than 1 g in air. The autonomy of the system in stand-alone mode is 6 h of continuous data recording with different programmable time schedules. Algorithms to convert accelerometer measurements in physical activity and respiratory frequency (breaths/s) have been validated with exercised juveniles in a 10-L swim tunnel respirometer (Loligo® Systems). Fish were submitted to controlled speeds from 1 body-length per second (BL/s) until exhaustion by 0.5 BL/s increase steps, with measurements of O2 consumption rates (MO2). AEFishBIT was programmed for 2-min time window at different intervals. The close parallelism between the inferred respiratory frequency and MO2 highly validates the use of the proposed algorithm to infer respiratory frequency in exercised sea bream and sea bass (1-4 BL/s speed range). Likewise, the physical activity index increased exponentially rather than linearly with the increase of swimming speed, as the total jerk magnitude only reflects fish-related accelerations. Regarding fish species differences, it is important to note that, at the same swimming speed, MO2 and the calculated respiratory frequency were consistently higher in sea bream than in sea bass. AEFishBIT measurements in free-swimming fish evidenced different chronotypes for a given fish population, termed as ¿diurnal¿, ¿nocturnal¿ or ¿arrhythmic¿ on the basis of the moment of the day when the maximum activity pattern (light phase, dark phase or undifferentiated, respectively) is achieved. AEFishBIT measurements also offer the possibility to discriminate different personality traits when fish are challenged with aquaculture stressors (e.g. hypoxia, stocking density). The present work represents the proof of concept of a miniaturized device for individual fish phenotyping of metabolic condition and welfare. The different behavior patterns of free-swimming fish can be associated with a better performance or differences in stress and disease resilience. These monitored features also evoke changes in season, age, development or nutritional condition, remaining to establish the involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors on the measured parameters. This opens new research opportunities for the individual fish phenotyping of productive traits through the production cycle, but also for selective breeding in combination with other now promising omics approaches (e.g transcriptomics, methylomics, metabolomics, microbiomics)., The study has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement no 652831 (AQUAEXCEL2020)

Trabajo presentado en el XII Conference of the Iberian Association for Comparative Endocrinology (AIEC), celebrado en Faro (Portugal), del 26 al 28 de septiembre de 2019, With the use of electronic tracking technology, data on fish movements, physiology and environmental parameters can be collected from each tagged individual. The perfect tag - small size, lasting activity, long distance data transmission (e.g. radiotransmitters, acoustic transmitters, pop-up satellite archival tags) - does not exist, and the choice of telemetry technology and tagging method (external, intracelomic, intragastric) depends on fish species, life stage and research question. The proposed solution within the AQUAEXCEL2020 EU project is a stand-alone, small and light (1 g) device (AEFishBIT), composed of a tri-axial accelerometer, a microprocessor, a battery and an RFID tag for quick-smart identification. The device is externally attached to the operculum to monitor physical activity by mapping accelerations in x- and y-axes, while operculum beats (z-axis) serve as a measurement of respiratory frequency. Initial functional validation has been made with gilthead sea bream and European sea bass juveniles in swimming test chambers, highlighting a high correlation of oxygen consumption and swimming activity with the calculated AEFishBIT records (MartosSitcha et al., 2019; Frontiers in Physiology 10:667). Current studies with free-swimming fish reveal that the attachment protocol does not have a negative impact on growth performance in active feeding fish, offering a wide range of new information based on individual behaviour: i) the switch from nocturnal to diurnal rhythms of activity across season, ii) the different energy partitioning for growth and maintenance, iii) the asynchrony of movements as an indirect measure of aging and adaptability to culture environment, and iv) the different coping behaviour of fish challenged with low water oxygen concentrations. AEFishBIT also provides reliable information of disease outcome in fish parasitized with the intestinal myxozoan Enteromyxum leei, emerging as the ideal complement for sensing the quality of the environment and improving selective breeding protocols., AQUAEXCEL2020 EU Project, GA 652831

RESUMEN En Paraguay, no se han registrado casos autóctonos de malaria desde el 2011. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional transversal en 6 monos y 23 aves que vivían en una región históricamente endémica de Paraguay para buscar presencia de reservorios silvestres de parásitos plasmodios causantes de la malaria. El ADN se extrajo por el método de Chelex a partir de una gota de sangre en un papel de filtro, y la detección del parásito se realizó mediante la PCR múltiple semianidada. Por este método, no se detectaron parásitos en ninguna de las 29 muestras. Se evaluó el riesgo potencial de circulación selvática de los parásitos que causan la malaria. Teniendo en cuenta la presencia de mosquitos anofelinos vectores en la zona, el hecho de que no se hayan observado casos positivos es un buen indicador teniendo en cuenta que nuestro país fue declarado recientemente como país libre de malaria por la OMS. ABSTRACT In Paraguay, autochthonous cases of malaria have not been recorded since 2011. A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted in 6 monkeys and 23 birds living in a historically endemic region of Paraguay to identify wild reservoirs of plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. DNA was extracted by the Chelex method from a blood drop in a filter paper, and parasite detection was performed by the seminested multiplex PCR. By this method, parasites were not detected in any of the 29 samples. The risk of potential sylvatic circulation of the parasites causing malaria was evaluated. Considering the presence of anopheline mosquitoes in the area, the fact that we did not find any positive cases is a good indicator as our country was recently certified as a malaria-free country by the WHO.

Resumen: Este artículo se propone mostrar, en contra de las interpretaciones dominantes, que Platón debió tempranamente postular la supervivencia del alma como un sujeto independiente de daño y beneficio moral con el objeto de completar su defensa de la ética socrática - en particular el principio de Soberanía de la Virtud, central en diálogos tempranos como la Apología, el Critón y el Gorgias. Al dualismo metafísico que resulta de este postulado le denomino ‘dualismo socrático’, para diferenciarlo del dualismo maduro expuesto por Platón en el Fedón. Abstract: The purpose of this article is to show, against the dominant interpretations, that earlier in his career Plato saw the need to postulate the survival of the soul as an independent locus of benefit and harm, in order to complete his defense of Socratic ethics - in particular, of the principle of Sovereignty of Virtue, crucial to earlier dialogues such as Apology, Crito, and Gorgias. The dualism resulting from this postulate I call ‘socratic dualism’, distinct from the mature dualism developed by Plato in the Phaedo.

Fil: Sosa, Javier Octavio, . Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente trabajo es el análisis de las relaciones establecidas entre España y Alemania durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. A pesar de que España no participó como país beligerante en la contienda, los vínculos entre ambos países fueron muy estrechos y tuvieron un peso muy importante en el desarrollo y la resolución del conflicto mundial. La colaboración entre ambas naciones existió más allá de los cauces normales, que comprenden las relaciones diplomáticas, económicas, militares o de inteligencia entre países amigos. Uno de los propósitos en este trabajo, será analizar esos vínculos con Alemania que situaron a España al borde de la guerra en diversas ocasiones y la sometieron a una presión internacional asfixiante, demasiado para una nación empobrecida y en ruinas. Intentaré abarcar los distintos tipos de lazos entre España y Alemania, contextualizándolos con los hechos de armas más importantes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y con las acciones diplomáticas más relevantes por parte de los Aliados. A lo largo del trabajo se plantearán una serie de cuestiones, algunas de las cuales siguen sin tener una respuesta clara, mientras otras parecen más definidas en la actualidad. Por ejemplo, algunos de los debates más intensos surgen acerca de las verdaderas intenciones de Franco de entrar o no en la guerra. Los primeros trabajos hablaban de un Franco que evitó entrar en la guerra gracias a su astucia, mientras que los estudios más recientes consideran que si España no entró en la guerra fue por la negativa de Hitler. En base a la información reunida y al trabajo en general, mostraré las distintas posibilidades y mi opinión personal al respecto. ABSTRACT: The aim of this assignment is an analysis of the relationship between Spain and Germany during the Second World War. Although Spain did not participate as a belligerent in the war, the links between both countries were very close and had an important weight in the development and resolution of the global conflict. The collaboration between the two nations existed beyond normal, which include diplomatic, economic, military and intelligence relationship between friendly countries. One purpose of this paper is to analyze those links with Germany which placed Spain close to war on several occasions and subjected to a suffocating international pressure, too much for an impoverished and ruined nation. I will try to cover different types of links between Spain and Germany, contextualizing it with the most important weapon facts of the Second World War and the most important diplomatic action by the Allies. Throughout this assignment, I will raise a number of issues, some of which still don´t have a clear answer, while others seem more defined today. For example, some of the most intense debates arise about the true intentions of Franco entering in the war or not. Early studies spoke of Franco avoiding entering the war thanks to his cunningness, while the most recent studies estimate that if Spain did not enter the war it was because of Hitler's refusal. Based on what I have read and this assignment in general, I am going to show the different possibilities and also my personal opinion. Grado en Historia

FONDECYT FONDECYT

We implanted cryopreserved allograft monocusp patches made from cadaveric pulmonary arteries to correct nonthrombotic valvular insufficiency of the common femoral vein in patients with chronic venous ulcers. Thirty-eight patients with 40 ulcers of longer than 3 years' duration underwent valvular repair of the common femoral vein from September 1995 through November 2001. We studied ulcer healing and competence of the monocusp patches using duplex ultrasonography Three patients with a total of 4 ulcers were lost to follow-up; therefore, 35 patients with 36 ulcers were available for examination. Twenty-four ulcers healed, and 12 did not. Of the 24 healed ulcers, 5 recurred. Four of the 5 ulcers were treated, 3 by monocusp patch replacement and 1 by iliac vein dilation and stenting. All such recurrent ulcers healed. The 5th recurrent ulcer was not treated, because the patient refused therapy Therefore, of the 24 ulcers that healed initially, 23 were healed at the end of the study Of the 12 unhealed ulcers, 4 were treated: 2 by ligation of incompetent perforating veins, 1 by saphenous vein ligation and partial stripping, and 1 by monocusp replacement. All 4 ulcers healed. The other 8 patients, all of whom had severe monocusp insufficiency, refused therapy. Therefore, of the 12 ulcers that did not heal initially, 4 were healed after additional treatment. No implanted monocusp patch developed clots. The ulcers remained healed when the prostheses remained competent. We conclude that monocusp patches can restore valvular competence to the femoral vein in patients who have primary valve insufficiency. In such patients, venous ulcers heal rapidly after prosthesis implantation if the monocusp remains competent and if there is no severe incompetence of the superficial venous system or of perforating veins.