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Predisposition to diabetes is attributed to a large number of genes. TCF7L2 is one of the most significant candidate genes among them, and it is crucial for beta-cell activity and blood glucose regulation. According to previous research, TCF7L2 has been implicated in T2DM in various Indian tribes. Many studies have discovered a link between TCF7L2 gene variations and vulnerability to T2DM. These results suggest that changes in TCF7L2 expression are not only associated with insulin resistance but also with risk for genotypes connected to poor beta cell activity. TCF7L2 drives the conventional Wnt signalling pathway and functions as a nuclear ligand for beta catenin. Wnt signalling is necessary for intestinal endocrine L-cells to emit GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). As a result, a blockage in this route would cause less GLP-1 to be released, which might have an impact on the release of insulin after meals contributing to T2DM as a result. The molecular processes through which the TCF7L2 gene increases the susceptibility of T2DM will therefore be of significant interest, as will the identification of possible therapeutic targets that may be employed to treat and prevent the illness as a result of the gene variations.

This study is conducted for the information collected by survey represented the different intake of nutrients in respondents male and female. The survey value compared with RDA value and found deficient percent and increment energy value found that 1418.4 deficient in males and 1081.2 in females whereas, the protein intake value compared with RDA 16.7 percent increment found in males and 20.8 in females. Calcium intake value compared with RDA 415.5 increment in males and 383.8 found in females. Iron intake value compared with RDA 2.89 increment in males and 11.8 deficiency found in females. B1 intake value compared with RDA 0.74 increment in males and 1.31 deficiency found in females. C intake value compared with RDA 25.3 deficient in males and 37.6 found in females. An intake value compared with RDA 755.5 deficient in males and 63.9 found in females. They take a large amount of energy and fat. After all, they consume more fast food and rice because they easily make and take less time to cook. Vitamins deficient like vitamin A and C vitamins because they consume less fruit. After all, fruits are costly. Vitamin B1 and B2 found increment because they consumed whole grain foods like rice, and fast foods are cheaply easily locally available food.

Introduction: A high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and premature mortality is observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, new biomarkers that may help predict the development of CVD in early stages of CKD are being investigated along with other traditional risk factors. Objective: To investigate cathepsin S as an early biomarker for CVD in patients with CKD. Methods: A total of 64 patients with CKD were included and classified into 2 groups: CKD patients with established CVD and CKD patients with non-established CVD. All patients were submitted to routine investigations including complete blood count, random blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, total protein, total albumin, calcium total, phosphorous, uric acid, vitamin D, parathormone, lipid profile, liver function test, measurement of serum cathepsin S (Cat S), and 2D Echo of the heart. Results: The level of serum Cat S was increased in CKD patients with CVD (p

A two-step viable synthetic approach for quick and energy-efficient acid-based charring is described here to fabricate self-passivated fluorescent water-soluble CD (wsCD) from sustainable microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) materials. The aqueous solution of wsCD exhibits blue emission under UV-light illumination and shows a fluorescence quantum yield of ∼6%. The wsCD are used here for the selective sensing of ofloxacin (OFLX) from among the four tested antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone class, namely, ciprofloxacin (CPLX), ofloxacin (OFLX), levofloxacin (LVLX), and moxifloxacin (MXLX) based on the simpler fluorescence quenching experiment with a detection limit of ∼0.025 ppm. The plausible mechanism for the selective sensing of OFLX has been proposed based on a detailed analysis of absorbance and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy which indicates the involvement of the inner-filter effect (IFE). Antimicrobial studies of wsCD were conducted on two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum), where wsCD did not show any toxic effects up to the concentration of 1 mg/mL, hence supporting their biocompatible behavior. Further, an antibiosis study involving the combination of the antibiotic and antifungal agents with wsCD against the growth of the same bacterial and fungal strains was conducted, where wsCD showed mild antifungal activity.

Objective: to evaluate the role of repeat digital subtraction angiography in acute spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage of unexplained origin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. A total of 70 patients were included in the study. CT scan examination was done in all the patients. All patients had DSA with diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium via transfemoral route. Results: CT was positive among 97% (68/70) patients. Out of 70 patients, initial DSA was failed to demonstrate the cause of acute spontaneous intracranial haemrrhage among 75.7% (53/70) patients. 15.7% (11/70) were suggestive of aneurysm, 7.1% (5/70) were AVM and 1.4% (1/70) had tumorogenic. Among 53 patients with negative DSA, 62.3% (33/53) were hypertensive origin and 37.7% (20/53) were non-hypertensive. Conclusion: This study shows that the false negative rate is nil and DSA is the serious undertaking. With this fact that it is concluded that repeat pandigital subtraction angiography is not required unless further bleeding occur.

The goal of this study was to examine the water quality for drinking and domestic purposes in the Korba coalfield region of Chhattisgarh, India. The Korba Coalfield region has seen the collection of fifteen groundwater samples from different places. The content of eight metals was determined using ICP-MS instruments: aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Spatial distribution maps were produced using GIS software to make it simple to understand the groundwater’s quality. The groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon season and the amount of Al, Ba, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn exceeded the ideal drinking water standards in a few sites. The elevated metal concentrations in the study region’s groundwater could be hazardous to the quality of water. The HPI value based on mean concentration was calculated to be 21.64, which is significantly lower than the reference pollutant index score of 100. The HPI calculation revealed that 73.33% of groundwater samples had low HPI values, 6.67% had medium HPI values, and the remaining 20% had high HPI values. The correlation between heavy metals and HPI was calculated; HPI is positively correlated with Fe (r > 0.9471), Pb (r > 0.9666), and Zn (r > 0.9634), indicating that these elements contribute significantly more to heavy metal concentration in the various samples examined than the other selected elements. The box plot seems to be a graphical representation of the outcomes of the different parameter concentrations which show the mean, maximum, and minimum metal values. The cluster analysis was performed and it was classified into two clusters. Cluster-1 comprises 14 members (93.33%) of the water samples examined and is distinguished by relatively low Ba (

The present study analyses in order to determine whether or not arsenic contamination exists in rivers and what are cause responsible for it. India has 764 river water quality monitoring sites across the subcontinent. The study analyses 432 monitoring stations due to data availability. The most important rivers in India flow through Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and others. The current study is shaped by causal research under the applied research approach used by academics and practitioners in river water assessment. Quantitative techniques were implemented during initial secondary data collection & analyses. The study also conducted a content analysis and sweeping review of how institutions in India talk about the origins and effects of arsenic toxicity. The central water commission data has discovered that almost all rivers have arsenic amounts below the permissible limit except eight rivers. Arsenic contamination can be caused by a variety of natural and human activities. However, research indicates that industrial processes are the primary contributor.

With the advent of advanced technology, ICT has revolutionised the way academics perform their work, helping them to deal with larger datasets and improve the outcomes of their investigations. The main objective of this study article is to obtain a better understanding of how ICT can be used in LIS education and research. For the study, a survey design was used. Out of 303 students and research scholars from BBAU, BHU, and AMU, 179 respondents were chosen using Raosoft (Sample size calculator). The questionnaire was the only data collection tool used in both online and offline modes. Microsoft Excel was used to analyse the responses. The study’s findings showed that most students and research scholars use ICT tools in their education and research work. This study also focuses on integration regarding the use of information and communication technology, as well as what may improve the status of the education and research sectors by using ICT and how ICT can help in stress reduction in various aspects among students and research scholars. Students and research scholars would benefit from the study because it would contribute to scholarly research and fill a gap in the literature on the use of information and communication technologies.

The field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm-I, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow (U.P.) during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to study the effect of varieties and spacing on growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.). Four varieties and four spacings with three replications were evaluated in Factorial Randomized Block Design. The results revealed that the maximum plant height (36.75 cm), number of leaves (19.91), leaf length (33.09 cm), leaf width (27.21 cm), plant spread N-S (49.42 cm), plant spread E-W (49.12 cm) and stem diameter (8.15 cm) were noted in variety Golden Acre. The minimum values (51.67) of head initiation, maximum weight of head (1.430 kg) and yield (595.67 q ha-1) is observed in Golden Acre. The maximum plant height (37.63 cm), number of leaves (20.26), leaf length (33.05cm), leaf width (26.93 cm), plant spread N-S (50.43 cm)plant spread E-W (50.12 cm) and stem diameter (8.33 cm) was observed in 60 cm x 60 cm. While the maximum weight of head (1.560 kg) and the maximum yield (695.53 q ha-1) were recorded in 45 cm x 45 cm spacing

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to platelet hyperactivation during aging. Several oxidative pathways and antioxidant enzymes have been implicated; however, their mechanistic contributions during aging remain elusive. We hypothesized that mitochondria are an important source of platelet ROS and that mitochondrial SOD2 (superoxide dismutase) protects against mitochondrial ROS-driven platelet activation and thrombosis during aging. Methods: We studied littermates of platelet-specific SOD2-knockout (SOD2 fl/fl Pf4Cre, pSOD2-KO) and control (SOD2 fl/fl ) mice at young (4–5 months) or old (18–20 months) ages. We examined agonist-induced platelet activation, platelet-dependent thrombin generation potential, and susceptibility to in vivo thrombosis. Results: Platelet α II b β3 activation, aggregation, and adhesion were increased to similar extents in aged mice of both genotypes compared with young mice. In contrast, the age-dependent increases in mitochondrial and total cellular ROS, calcium elevation, and phosphatidylserine exposure were augmented in platelets from pSOD2-KO mice compared with control mice. Aged pSOD2-KO mice showed increased platelet-dependent thrombin generation compared with aged control mice. In vivo, aged pSOD2-KO mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to carotid artery and pulmonary thrombosis compared to aged control mice. Adoptive transfer of platelets from aged pSOD2-KO but not aged control mice increased thrombotic susceptibility in aged host mice, suggesting a prothrombotic effect of platelet pSOD2 deficiency. Treatment with avasopasem manganese (GC4419), a SOD mimetic, decreased platelet mitochondrial pro-oxidants, cellular ROS levels, and inhibited procoagulant platelet formation and arterial thrombosis in aged mice. Conclusions: Platelet mitochondrial ROS contributes to age-related thrombosis and endogenous SOD2 protects from platelet-dependent thrombin generation and thrombosis during aging.

The feasibility of Bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex Wendl. has been assessed globally for a variety of uses. It is one of the fastest growing bamboo and can thrive in both moist and dry climates. To disseminate substantial baseline data on morphological variations of the species, morphological characteristics of leaf and culm sheath of Candidate Plus Clumps (CPCs) were evaluated followed by genetic analysis of growth attributes of three bamboo stands viz., MP-RJR, MH-AMR and OR-KLN, in three distinct states Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha of central India. Significant differences in leaves and culm sheaths were noticed among the CPCs and bamboo stands during the investigation. OR-KLN was observed with the longest leaf (22.77 cm) and the broadest leaf lamina at the top (1.58 cm). Longest average culm sheath blade (30.37 cm) in MH-AMR and maximum average sheath diameter (33.23 cm) in OR-KLN were recorded. High values for phenotypic coefficient of variations, genotypic coefficient of variations, heritability and genetic advance as mean percentage were obtained for clump diameter and number of culms per clump. This can be used as selection criteria in the improvement programme of Bambusa vulgaris var. Green. Aims: To study morphological variation of leaf and culm sheath of Bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex Wendl. at three bamboo stands associated with genetic analysis in growth attributes. Study Design: Complete Randomised design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: Morphological data of Candidate Plus Clumps (CPCs), leaf and culm sheath of Bambusa vulgaris was recorded at bamboo stands in Rajore, Madhya Pradesh, Kalinga, Odisha and Amravati, Maharashtra from September 2021 to November 2022. Further investigation, statistical analysis and other studies were carried out at Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, M.P., India.

It is basically done on the concept for bringing the 2D area view to 3D area view . The problem arises in the 2D view area is that there is only perspective angle of sight which may occurs problem after some time if we use it as a blueprint. 3D-model overcome this problem. As 3D model has various perspective angle of sight . If in the blueprint there is any such model which is not suitable at that location, we can easily remove it from there and place it on the new location where it is needed. For this we use Blender for 3D modelling and later on displayed on the web using Cesium and Three.js.

System identification methods have extensive application in the aerospace industry’s experimental stability and control studies. Accurate aerodynamic modeling and system identification are necessary because they enable performance evaluation, flight simulation, control system design, fault detection, and model aircraft’s complex non-linear behavior. Various estimation methods yield different levels of accuracies with varying complexity and computational time requirements. The primary motivation of such studies is the accurate quantification of process noise. This research evaluates the performance of two recursive parameter estimation methods, viz.; First is the Fourier Transform Regression (FTR). The second approach describes the Extended version of Recursive Least Square (EFRLS), where E.F. refers to the Extended Forgetting factor. Also, the computational viability of these methods was analyzed for real-time application in aerodynamic parameter estimation for both linear and non-linear systems. While the first method utilizes the frequency domain to evaluate aerodynamic parameters, the second method works when noise covariances are unknown. The performance of both methods was assessed by benchmarking against parameter estimates from established methods like Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Unscented Kalman Filter (UNKF), and Output Error Method (OEM).

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the lived realities of people across the globe. Though science has made a breakthrough with a vaccine, the virus has already taken the lives of lakhs of people, rendered millions jobless, and taken an emotional toll on the billions world over. Geovisualization with the gendered lens made a world look like a global village with similar pains across regions, class, sexuality, race, and caste. This paper suggests a case for evolving Geospatial-gender-based data Infrastructure (GGBDI) for empowering women. This paper is not only about access to healthcare all over the world but about generating data for empowering women holistically. It also aims to find how gendered the various governments' responses, different institutions, organizations, and families had been. Suggested Geo-Spatial Informatics can assign application developers and users a framework to formulate a comprehensive model on integrating concerns around gender. Paper recognizes the need for putting 300 gender-disaggregated data in one place. The eight thematic GI layers of geospatial data include demography, health and women, economy and livelihood, women violence and safety, education and skill-based opportunities, indigenous communities and women, and gender mainstreaming and budgeting. For each layer and sub-sub layers, using various algorithms, separate GI indexes have been calculated too. Further, around COVID-designed polygons -clusters, buffers, containment zones, the story maps are created with Arc GIS software with the potential of replication. Designed Geospatial informatics aims to be used by planners, policymakers, field functionaries, academicians, and civil societies to collectively and help mainstream gender concerns across policy plans and programs.

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is one of the common causes of painful hip in a young adult. Bilateral presentation is frequently seen and males are more commonly affected. Total hip replacement (THR) is one of the most successful surgical procedures for AVN. THR is a time tested surgery giving good outcome in terms of relieving pain, restoring function & improving quality of life in patients of AVN. The purpose of the study was to analyse the outcome of bilateral THR & comparing the outcome of one stage THR with Two stage THR. In this study, 40 patients with AVN of bilateral femoral head who were presented in the Department of Orthopaedics, Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal from April 2016 to April 2020 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. THR of all the patients was done on elective basis by senior surgeons of the department. All patients were followed up clinically and radiologically for a period of 6 months after the surgery. Any complications if present were also noted. This study concludes that in patients of AVN of bilateral femoral head, THR gives excellent functional outcome with early walking & early return to work. As compared to Two stage bilateral THR, One stage bilateral THR has advantage of less blood loss, less need of parenteral analgesics & antibiotics & less hospital stay. However, there is no significant advantage in terms of functional outcome, walking capability & return to work.

The Indian Constitution guarantees that individuals have the freedom to choose their partners free from state interference. However, the Uttar Pradesh Vidhi Virudh Dharma Samparivartan Pratishedh Adhyadesh, 2020 (Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Law, 2020) prohibits religious conversion to the extent that it assumes all conversions are illegal, which may have a negative impact on interfaith marriages involving consenting adults. The author argues that the provisions of the Uttar Pradesh Ordinance forbidding religious conversion are vague and inadequate for addressing forceful or unlawful conversion for marriages, do not demonstrate any reasonable relation to the object of the legislation, and are constitutionally repugnant. The author concludes that by conferring police powers on state agencies to intervene in interfaith marriages, the Uttar Pradesh Ordinance erodes citizens’ freedom to choose a partner and their individual autonomy, privacy, and personal liberty—rights that are enshrined under India’s constitution.

Aim: Felodipine (FDP), an antihypertensive drug possesses low water solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism leading to poor bioavailability. This impelled us to improve its solubility, bioavailability, and pharmacodynamic properties through the Nanocrystal (NC) approach. Methods: FDP-NC were prepared with Poloxamer F125 (PXM) by the antisolvent precipitation method. The experimental setup aimed at fine-tuning polymer concentration, the proportion of antisolvent to solvent, and the duration of ultrasonication for NC formulation. Results: Optimized formulation was characterized for particle size, solubility, and PDI. Particle reduction of 74.96 times was achieved with a 9X solubility enhancement as equated to pure FDP. The morphology of NC was found to be crystalline through scanning electron microscopy observation. The formation of the crystal lattice in FDP-NC was further substantiated by the XRD and DSC results. Lowering of the heat of fusion of FDP-NC is a clear indication of size reduction. The stability studies showed no substantial change in physical parameters of the FDP-NC as assessed by particle size, zeta potential, and drug content. Conclusion: The crystalline nature and improved solubility of FDP-NC improve the dissolution profile and pharmacodynamic data. The stability study data ensure that FDP-NC can be safely stored at 25°C. It is revealed that FDP-NC had a better release profile and improved pharmacodynamic effects as evident from better control over heart rate than FDP.

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen in vertebrate embryos that is also associated with organ homeostasis in adults. We report here that human platelets, though enucleate, synthesize Shh from preexisting mRNAs upon agonist stimulation, and mobilize it for surface expression and release on extracellular vesicles, thus alluding to its putative role in platelet activation. Shh, in turn, induced a wave of noncanonical signaling in platelets leading to activation of small GTPase Ras homolog family member A and phosphorylation of myosin light chain in activated protein kinase-dependent manner. Remarkably, agonist-induced thrombogenic responses in platelets, which include platelet aggregation, granule secretion, and spreading on immobilized fibrinogen, were significantly attenuated by inhibition of Hedgehog signaling, thus, implicating inputs from Shh in potentiation of agonist-mediated platelet activation. In consistence, inhibition of the Shh pathway significantly impaired arterial thrombosis in mice. Taken together, the above observations strongly support a feed-forward loop of platelet stimulation triggered locally by Shh, similar to ADP and thromboxane A2, that contributes significantly to the stability of occlusive arterial thrombus and that can be investigated as a potential therapeutic target in thrombotic disorders.

With the convenience and connectedness of the oceans in recent years, there has been an increase in naval traffic, which has prompted maritime surveillance to attract special attention due to its significant application in marine operations. Ships, because of their uneven and rugged design, appear as a brighter patch, which aids in their identification by the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), an active remote sensing technique. In this study, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 datasets are used to detect vessels in the Gulf of Suez in order to examine the increasing maritime traffic induced by the Suez Canal blockage caused by the Ever Given ship becoming stranded in the canal on 23 March 2021 and being freed after 6 days on 29 March 2021. The usefulness of dual-pol spaceborne SAR datasets in ship detection is also determined. The analysis was performed within a time window spanning before, during, and after the blockage event. On the basis of the experimental results, Sentinel-1 images proved to be more effective compared to Sentinel-2 images for ship detection due to the all-weather capability of the Sentinel-1 dataset. Furthermore, the ship detection results obtained in dual polarization were substantially more accurate than the results obtained in a single polarization.

Hypercholesterolemia is most common in both women and men, patients who have radiotherapy can also suffer from hypothyroidism people who have taken medication like lithium drugs can suffer from hypothyroidism. Your thyroid can secrete too much hormone for so many reasons. Hyperthyroidism can be caused by any genetic disorder. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is the disease caused by the misbalance of the T3, T4, and TSH. The test is been performed for the detection of these types of disease. The thyroid name gland plays the most important role in body processing like metabolism and mood swings, the thyroid hormone is responsible for weight gain and loss, sleepless nights, and anxiety-like problems. The thyroid hormone is also responsible for causing the genetic disorder. the disorder also causes thyroid cancer which leads to chronic death. Chronic disease is due to the abundance of cell growth that is infected by the cancerous cell. The increasing and decreasing of the thyroid hormone cause the major problem in the pregnant female. Hypothyroidism can lead to chronic cancerous disease.

We present a design framework called Conversational Learning with Analytical Step-by-Step Strategies (CLASS) for developing high-performance Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). The CLASS framework aims to empower ITS with with two critical capabilities: imparting tutor-like step-by-step guidance and enabling tutor-like conversations in natural language to effectively engage learners. To empower ITS with the aforementioned capabilities, the CLASS framework employs two carefully curated synthetic datasets. The first scaffolding dataset encompasses a variety of elements, including problems, their corresponding subproblems, hints, incorrect solutions, and tailored feedback. This dataset provides ITS with essential problem-solving strategies necessary for guiding students through each step of the conversation. The second conversational dataset contains simulated student-tutor conversations that involve the application of problem-solving strategies learned from the first dataset. In the second dataset, the tutoring system adheres to a pre-defined response template, which helps to maintain consistency and structure in ITS's responses during its interactions. This structured methodology facilitates seamless integration of user feedback and yields valuable insights into ITS's internal decision-making process, allowing for continuous refinement and improvement of the system. We also present a proof-of-concept ITS, referred to as SPOCK, trained using the CLASS framework with a focus on college level introductory biology content. A carefully constructed protocol was developed for SPOCK's preliminary evaluation, examining aspects such as the factual accuracy and relevance of its responses. Experts in the field of biology offered favorable remarks, particularly highlighting SPOCK's capability to break down questions into manageable subproblems and provide step-by-step guidance to students.

The most important invention of the god is the man which has been enriched with various attributes and this man has successfully utilized such features for the betterment of himself as well as the society. But as said by a prominent jurist Voltaire “that with great power comes great responsibility” and also that everything has merit as well as demerit which is responsible for maintaining the equilibrium of the society. Likewise with the invention of cyber world the problem of compromising and hence the issue of cyber security is stem out and along with the it a major and serious concern of the developing nations is that of hindrance to Human Rights due to such intrusion of the cyber world by human beings. This above article talks about the concern that why it is need of the society to not only treat cybersecurity as cyber issue but also as a Human Rights issue for which answers to the question that how can be cybersecurity be taken into the ambit of Human Rights

The study presents a more efficient way of exfoliating MoS2 in water and the exfoliated MoS2 was used in an electrode. The electrodes were prepared from exfoliated MoS2 (active material)–nanocrystalline cellulose (binder) with carbon nanotubes (electron-conducting support) and demonstrated in a zinc battery half-cell that showed a Coulombic efficiency of 90%. Successful exfoliation of MoS2 was done by sonication of bulk MoS2 with sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) for 4 h. The exfoliation was confirmed by Raman and transmission electron microscopy; interestingly, the Raman signals for exfoliated MoS2 show a blue shift for both A1g and E2g1 bands, which may be an indication of an induced lattice strain effect from the CNC on MoS2. The resulting stable water suspension showed no tendency of precipitation after 2 months of standing. The zeta potential, ζ, for sodium sulfated CNC (CNC–OSO3Na)–MoS2 in water suspension was −45 mV, whereas sulfated CNC (CNC–OSO3H)–MoS2 in water suspension had a zeta potential of −35 mV. The sodium form of sulfated CNCs displayed micelle characteristics, similar to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with a critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of 1.1 wt %. At CAC, the CNCs efficiently exfoliated MoS2, which is at a much lower concentration than has been reported for synthetic surfactants like SDS and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.

The immune function of normal T cells partially depends on the maneuvering of lipid metabolism through various stages and subsets. Interestingly, T-cell malignancies also reprogram their lipid metabolism to fulfill bioenergetic demand for rapid division. The rewiring of lipid metabolism in T-cell malignancies not only provides survival benefits but also contributes to their stemness, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Owing to distinctive lipid metabolic programming in T-cell cancer, quantitative, qualitative, and spatial enrichment of specific lipid molecules occur. The formation of lipid rafts rich in cholesterol confers physical strength and sustains survival signals. The accumulation of lipids through de novo synthesis and uptake of free lipids contribute to the bioenergetic reserve required for robust demand during migration and metastasis. Lipid storage in cells leads to the formation of specialized structures known as lipid droplets. The inimitable changes in fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are in dynamic balance in T-cell malignancies. FAO fuels the molecular pumps causing chemoresistance, while FAS offers structural and signaling lipids for rapid division. Lipid metabolism in T-cell cancer provides molecules having immunosuppressive abilities. Moreover, the distinctive composition of membrane lipids has implications for immune evasion by malignant cells of T-cell origin. Lipid droplets and lipid rafts are contributors to maintaining hallmarks of cancer in malignancies of T cells. In preclinical settings, molecular targeting of lipid metabolism in T-cell cancer potentiates the antitumor immunity and chemotherapeutic response. Thus, the direct and adjunct benefit of lipid metabolic targeting is expected to improve the clinical management of T-cell malignancies.

We perform hydrodynamic modelling using a 2D HEC-RAS model to assess the hydraulic habitat suitability in a data-constrained reach (7 km) of the Ganga River. This reach of the Ganga River is located within two structural barriers of the upper Ganga plain, namely the Bijnor barrage in upstream and the Narora barrage in downstream. It is an active river dolphin and gharial habitat. To setup and run the 2D flow simulation in HEC-RAS, we used topographic data from a LiDAR drone survey, channel bathymetry from field campaigns, time-series river stage (to define the boundary conditions of the model domain), and water surface slope from using the real-time kinematic GPS. We use water level time series data from a satellite altimeter (downstream) and discharge measured in the field using an ADCP for model calibration and validation, respectively.We found that the study reach has poor habitat suitability at low flow, which improves at median flow. The use of altimeter datasets for model calibration is quite handy when the in-situ data is not readily available. This study provides a methodological framework to assess the hydraulic habitat suitability in rivers near structural interventions.