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Meat manufacturers are nowadays in a very unenviable position. Both meat and meat products require the utilization of various additives due to their chemical composition. On the other hand, consumers demand fresh, additive-free, and high-quality products with extended shelf-life, which might be considered as healthier, even functional food. These facts push manufacturers and researchers in pursuit of modern technologies and supplements to meet these high demands. Since a high daily intake of sodium and fat might cause severe health issues, reducing these ingredients in meat products is the first task towards healthier food. Sodium can be reduced by ultrasound, high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, and replacement of NaCl with KCl, calcium gluconate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, and monosodium glutamate. The reduction of the fat content can be achieved through a decrease in the amount of fatty tissue in the inital mixture and/or replacement with non-lipid components, or by partial fatty tissue replacement with oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Utilization of plant proteins (soy, wheat gluten, pea, chickpea, lentil, potato, barley, oat, rice, etc.), mycoproteins or micro-algae proteins, plant fats (palm and coconut fat, canola, sunflower, soy and corn oil, etc.), and polysaccharides (starches, fibers), accompanied by a meat-like fibrous structure, resulted in delicious “meat” products, which are considered a healthier alternative to real meat. Growing interest in the replacement of potentially adverse synthetic meat additives favors the use of plant (herb, fruit and vegetable) extracts, as an endless source of bioactive substances with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These extracts can be used either in raw meat or meat products, as well as in the fodder. Reformulation strategies strengthen and ensure the willingness of consumers to pay a higher price for their own demands regarding the naturalness of synthetic, clean-labeled, additive-free meat products. After a gradual alignment with strategic national/international recommendations and legal/sub-legal frameworks, the added value of such meat products opens wide the door to new segments/entire markets.

For centuries, meat and meat products have been considered important for optimal human growth and development as a significant source of meat proteins, energy and other nutrients. In the 1990s, with new scientific insights, people showed greater interest in food with bioactive or functional components and the demand for natural, organic and/or clean label meat products also increased. These active and bioactive compounds undergo different reactions in meat systems. To prevent rapid degradation and undesirable reactions and to maintain full functionality, these compounds should be stabilized or immobilized before addition. Encapsulation entraps these compounds within a carrier material, thus enabling them to react in food systems and provides their targeted release during retail storage. Encapsulation of fish oil and essential oils (e.g. clove) in a pH sensitive matrix, which remains intact at rumen pH, but is broken down at lower pH in the abomasum, provides oil absorption in the small intestine, improvement of fatty acid profile and prolonged oxidative stability of beef. Different encapsulation techniques have been used to immobilize plant- and herb-sourced bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial activity to enable their protection as well as controlled and targeted release into meat systems. Different oils (fish, flaxseed, grapeseed) were encapsulated by different techniques (spray-drying, electrostatic extrusion) and imported in meat systems (dry-fermented sausages, frankfurters), resulting in improved fatty acid profile, while encapsulation provided oxidative stability. Moreover, edible oils could be stabilized in emulsion-type systems by means of different strategies, including organogelation, oil bulking, structured emulsions and double emulsions. Encapsulation of probiotics provided protection during fermentation/drying process in dry-fermented sausages. When designing active packaging systems, appropriate encapsulation techniques could provide protection for active compounds during their incorporation into packaging materials and targeted release during meat storage. Immobilization techniques hence became a stepin meat processing, enabling the preparation of different, primarily non-meat components (with bioactive compounds), for their optimal use.

The aim of this research was to examine the possibility of phosphate replacement in all-beef model system emulsions containing 0.3 % of phosphate (CON) with 0.3 % and 0.6 % of dietary fibre of various plant origin, namely, wheat (treatments WH3, WH6), maize (CN3, CN6), pea (PA3, PA6) and potato (PT3, PT6). The pH values of all treatments were similar (6.12–6.27) and corresponded to emulsified-type meat products. Phosphate replacement by fibre led to higher cooking loss (CL) values, from 1.29 (CN6) to 2.43 (PT6) times, not significantly only in CN6 and PA6. Increment in the fibre content led to a significantly lower CL only in the case of maize fibre. On the other hand, all treatments with dietary fibre had significantly lower fluid release under pressure compared to control, while the influence of different fibre types and increase in fibre content was not observed. WH6, CN3, CN6 and PA3 had significantly higher lightness, while all treatments, except for WH6 and PA6, had significantly higher redness. Yellow tones were similar within all treatments. Texture parameters were affected by phosphate replacement with dietary fibres, as hardness and chewiness were higher, while springiness and cohesiveness were lower. No effect of the type of fibre or its level was observed.

Meat is one of the most nutritious foods that humans can consume, and is defined as the flesh (skeletal muscles) of animals used as food. In addition to protein and fat, meat is a significant source of several micronutrients (minerals and vitamins). Edible offal is also a form of meat which is used as food, but which is not skeletal muscles, and in general possesses higher contents of some micronutrients, especially minerals and vitamins, than muscular tissue. Minerals are the inorganic elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which remain behind in the ash when food is incinerated. They are usually divided into two groups – macrominerals (main elements) and microminerals (trace elements) or into three groups – main elements (macrominerals), trace elements (microminerals) and ultra-trace elements. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing literature on the content of nine most abundant minerals (potassium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese) in the major raw pork meat cuts (tenderloin, ham, loin and shoulder) and edible offal (tongue, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, brain and spinal cord) from indigenous pigs. The mineral levels in raw pork meat and pig edible offal are variable, ranging from 175.7 to 463.8 mg/100g for potassium; 159 to 502.0 mg/100g for phosphorous; 38.11 to 158.4 mg/100g for sodium; 8.3 to 28.5 mg/100g for magnesium; 4.61 to 26.02 mg/100g for calcium; 0.67 to 6.47 mg/100g for zinc; 0.55 to 45.59 mg/100g for iron; 0.10 to 0.825 mg/100g for copper; and from 0.0038 to 0.338 mg/100g for manganese. Keywords: minerals, pork, edible offal, indigenous pigs

Emulsified sausages (e.g. frankfurters, mortadella) are well-known and widely consumed meat products. The aim of this experiment was to examine the impact of the substitution of various proportions of fatty tissue (20%, 60% and 100%) with emulsions (with soy protein isolate) of grapeseed and pumpkin seed oil on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of frankfurters. We determined that the higher share of plant oils in the mixture led to a progressive increase in the moisture and protein contents, whereas the fat content decreased. The type and amount of oil in the batches had a significant impact on sensory evaluation results, with pumpkin seed oil having a more pronounced impact – frankfurters where 100% of the fatty tissue was substituted with pumpkin seed oil emulsion were unacceptable for consumers.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent of changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties of dry fermented sausages where pork backfat was partly replaced by flaxseed oil used as liquid (FXL), after encapsulation (DM), and pie-emulsified with alginate (FXA) and soy protein isolate (FXI). During production and storage, similar pH values of all products were observed. FXL sausages had significantly lower (p (lt) 0.05) weight loss which led to significantly higher moisture content, significantly lower fat content, hardness and chewiness. Also, FXL sausages had the lowest grades in terms of sensory attributes, such as colour. odour. taste, texture and overall acceptability. Flaxseed oil preparations affected the parameters of instrumental colour analysis of sausages. All modified products had significantly higher yellowness (relative to control) and FXI sausages relative to other modified products. Regarding consumer sensory evaluation, FXA sausages stood out among modified products because all other modified products had significantly lower grades relative to control. The thirty-day storage period did not lead to significant changes (p>0.05) in any of the observed sensory characteristics.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of the computer vision system (CVS) to evaluate the colour of poultry meat. The advantages of the CVS over traditional methods were also explored. Design/methodology/approach The research was carried out on m. pectoralis major samples of three animals for each of the following four species: chicken, turkey, duck and goose. The total colour difference (ΔE) and the degree of difference of hue, chroma and lightness between the methods were calculated. In addition, a trained panel of 14 people was used to carry out three different similarity tests analysed using χ2 one sample test and one-way ANOVA. The correlation coefficient between CVS and colourimeter measures was evaluated using the Spearman rank correlation test. Findings The total colour difference (ΔE) between the methods employed was so large that the generated colour(s) could be considered more opposite than similar. The CVS-generated colour chips were more similar to the sample of the meat products visualised on the monitor compared to colourimeter-generated colour chips in all (100 per cent) individual trials performed. The use of the colourimeter for colour evaluation of lighter coloured poultry meat (chicken and turkey) was unrepresentative. Practical implications In this study, a CVS was developed to measure the colour of poultry meat as an alternative to conventional colourimeters. Originality/value The research has demonstrated that the use of a CVS should be considered a superior alternative to the traditional method for measuring colour of chicken, turkey, duck and goose meat.

Animal fat in all-chicken frankfurters (control) was replaced with pretreated linseed oil to provide 50 and 100% of recommended daily alpha-linolenic acid intake. Linseed oil was pretreated with multifunctional corn ingredient (E25 and E50) and alginate mixture (G25 and G50). No impairments in water binding properties of the modified frankfurter matrix were observed. Significant increase in b* and h values was observed, intensively in G treatments. Significantly higher hardness was observed in E25 and chewiness in both E treatments. During storage, an increase in yellowness, hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness was recorded in all treatments including control. Significant improvement of fatty acid profiles was recorded in all modified frankfurters. Observed differences in some parameters of technological characteristics were not confirmed in sensory evaluations. The results of sensory analysis indicate that the level of fat replacement with linseed oil and the manner of pretreatment did not lead to unacceptability. Practical applications Frankfurters are well-known comminuted meat products usually made from pork and beef, but despite a considerable increase in poultry meat production over the past two decades, research on all-poultry frankfurters with fat partly replaced by pretreated oil are rare. The results of this current study showed that all-chicken frankfurters with 50% of recommended daily intake of ALA had very similar characteristics to control, while increasing content of linseed oil (to 100%) potentially can impair sensory characteristics, depending of oil pretreatment, but not below the acceptability. Since data in literature are scarce in terms of all-chicken frankfurters with fat partly replaced by pretreated oil, the results of this research complement the results of the research on pork and beef frankfurters and the results of the study on the use of linseed oil in other meat products.

The cholesterol content and fatty acids profile of white (breast) and dark meat (leg-thigh) were examined by feeding two groups (both with males and females) of 1000 birds of the Ross hybrid line by standard feed (control group – CONM and CONF) and with the addition of 6% of extruded flaxseed mixture (experimental group – EXPM and EXPF). The addition of extruded flaxseed to the diet of chickens did not affect (P>0.05) the content of cholesterol in meat, which was between 46.13 and 52.94 mg/100g in white meat and 51.31–55.47 mg/100g in dark meat. The content of α-Linolenic acid increased significantly (P, Uvođenjem sastojaka bogatih n-3 polinezasićenim masnim kiselinama (n-3 PUFA) u ishranu životinja može se poboljšati sastav masnih kiselina mesa. Cilj ovog ogleda je da se ispita uticaj ishrane obogaćene ekstrudiranim semenom lana na sadržaj holesterola i sastav masnih kiselina belog mesa (grudi) i tamnog mesa (batak sa karabatkom) pilića. Korišćene su dve gupe sa 1000 pilića (obe sa mužjacima i ženkama) Ros-308 hibridne linije koji su hranjeni standardnom ishranom (kontrolna grupa: mužjaci – CONM i ženke – CONF) i hranom sa 6% komercijalne smeše koja sadrži ekstrudirano seme lana (eksperimentalna grupa: mužjaci – EXPM i ženke − EXPF). Dodatak ekstrudiranog semena lana u ishranu pilića nije značajno (P>0,05) uticao na sadržaj holesterola u mesu, koji je bio u intervalu 46,12–52,94 mg·100 g-1 belog mesa i 51,31–55,47 mg·100 g-1 tamnog mesa. Sadržaj α-linoleinske kiseline značajno je bio veći u eksperimentalnoj grupi i ubelom mesu [0,72(CONF)−1,62(CONM) prema 2,2(EXPF)–3,03(EXPM)% ukupnih masnih kiselina] i u tamnom mesu [1,75(CONF)–1,98(CONM) prema 4,47(EXPM)−4,66(EXMF)%ukupnihbmasnih kiselina], kao i sadržaj n-3 masnih kiselina i sadržaj PUFA, dok je odnos n-6/n-3 opao na vrednosti manje od 6. Uticaj je bio izraženiji u tamnom mesu i u mesu ženki. Dodatkom ekstrudiranog semena lana u ishranu pilića mogu se značajno poboljšati nutritivna svojstva mesa.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the meat quality of the Serbian autochthonous White Mangalica pure bred pig and its crossbreed with Duroc. A total of 24 pigs [White Mangalica – WM, n = 12, and (Duroc × White Mangalica) × White Mangalica) – (DWM)WM, n = 12)] were slaughtered on average 638 and 509 d of age, respectively. Colour and marbling score, and all physical (pH, instrumental colour and water holding capacity) and chemical (proximate and mineral composition and fatty acids profile) analyses were performed on M. longissimus lumborum. Pork from WM had higher marbling score and intramuscular fat content and was redder in colour than from (DWM)WM; while opposite was determined for moisture content. In intramuscular fat, WM had higher content of oleic acid as well as total monounsaturated fatty acids than (DWM)WM, while (DWM)WM had higher linoleic and arachidonic acids as well as total polyunsaturated fatty acids content. Inclusion of 25% Duroc gave pork with lower content of iron, copper and manganese. In summary, irrespective of differences in some particular traits White Mangalica crossbreds can represent a good alternative to pure White Mangalica without worsening the meat quality.

The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of the addition of extruded flaxseed to chicken feed on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of breast and leg-thigh meat. The basic chemical composition, pH value, instrumental colour and sensory characteristics of white (breast) and dark meat (leg-thigh) were examined by feeding two groups (both comprising males and females) of 500 Ross 308 hybrid line chickens by standard feed (control group) and with the addition of 6% of extruded flaxseed mixture (experimental group). Instrumental characteristics of colour were changed, especially in white meat. Both breast muscles of male broilers were significantly lighter, but a*values were significantly lower in m. pectoralis profundus and b*values higher in m. pectoralis superficialis of both genders. In dark meat, a*values were significantly lower in the meat of males, while b*values were higher in the meat of females. The addition of extruded flaxseed to chicken feed did not led to significant changes in the sensory characteristics of meat. Cilj ovog ogleda je bio da ispita efekat dodavanja ekstrudiranog lanenog semena u ishranu pilića, na fizičko-hemijska i senzorna svojstva mesa. Na početku tova 1000 jednodnevnih pilića linijskog hibrida Ros-308 imali su ad libitum pristup vodi i hrani. Metodom slučajnog uzorka 28. dana su formirane dve jednake grupe (sa po tri ponavljanja svaka) i približno jednakim udelom polova: kontrolna grupa (CONM - mužjaci, CONF - ženke) hranjena standardnom hranom i ogledna (EXPM - mužjaci, EXPF - ženke) hranjena sa dodatkom 6% komercijalne mešavine ekstrudiranog semena lana. Ispitivan je osnovni hemijski sastav, pH vrednost, instrumentalna boja i senzorna ocena belog mesa (grudi) i tamnog mesa (batak sa karabatkom). U pogledu osnovnog hemijskog sastava utvrđen je jedino značajno manji sadržaj proteina tamnog mesa EXPF u odnosu na CONF. Način ishrane nije uticao na pH vrednost. Oba mišića (m. pectoralis superficialis i m. pectoralis profundus) muških pilića brojlera statistički su značajno svetlija (P (lt) 0.05). Udeo crvene boje značajno se smanjuje kod m. pectoralis profundus, a žute povećava kod m. pectoralis superficialis, oba pola (P (lt) 0.001). U tamnom mesu (m. biceps femoris) udeo crvene boje značajno se smanjuje (P (lt) 0.05) kod mesa mužjaka, a udeo žute značajno raste (P (lt) 0.05) kod mesa ženki. Nije utvrđen značajan uticaj načina ishrane na senzorsku ocenu belog i tamnog mesa.

Six variants of beef, mutton and goat sucuk without (B, M, G) and with (Bs, Ms, Gs) starter cultures were examined. Chemical composition, proteolytic changes, color and sensory quality were observed. Starter variants had greater (P

Objective of this research was to determine the slaughter properties and carcass composition of carcass sides derived from young cattle of Domestic Spotted breed, of pre-slaughter weights of 500 (group A) and 600 kg (group B). Heavier cattle had higher share of kidney fat in carcass, whereas the share of offals showed no significant differences. Statistically significant difference was registered only in share of toungue (P (lt) 0.05), that was higher in cattle of group A. Share of extra/premium (tenderloin), I category (round) and II category (loin, back, shoulder) showed no significant differences between groups of cattle. Statistically significant difference (P (lt) 0.05) was established in the share of III category carcass parts. Share of forearm and chest was significantly higher in lighter cattle (3.55% and 7.95%) compared to heavier animals (2.89% and 6.33%), whereas the share of subshoulder was considerably lower in group A (6.89%) compared to cattle of group B (9.73%). Data obtained by dissection of main carcass side parts differed significantly in regard to the share of muscle tissue in round and belly, that was significantly higher in cattle of group A (P (lt) 0.05). Share of fat tissue (subcutaneous and intermuscular) was higher in cattle of group B in almost all carcass side parts, however, statistically significant difference between groups was determined only in round, back, neck and subshoulder. Also, share of bones in chest differed statistically significantly (P (lt) 0.05) and it was higher in group A (20.09%) compared to cattle of group B (15.52%). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde klanične osobine i sastav polutki junadi domaće šarene rase, zaklanih pri dostizanju prosečne težine od 500 (grupa A) i 600 kg (grupa B). Teža junad su imala veći udeo bubrežnog loja u trupu, dok se udeo iznutrica nije značajno razlikovao. Statistički značajna razlika je pronađena samo u udelu jezika (P (lt) 0.05), koji je bio veći kod junadi grupe A. Udeo delova ekstra (biftek), I kategorije (but) i II kategorije (slabine, leđa, plećka) nisu se značajno razlikovali između grupa junadi. Statistički značajna razlika (P (lt) 0.05) je pronađena u udelu delova III kategorije. Udeo podlaktice i grudi bio je značajno veći kod lakših (3.55% i 7.95%) u odnosu na težu junad (2.89% i 6.33%), dok je udeo potplećke bio znatno niži kod junadi grupe A (6.89%) u odnosu na junad grupe B (9.73%). Podaci dobijeni disekcijom osnovnih delova polutke su se statistički značajno razlikovali u udelu mišićnog tkiva u butu i potrbušini, koji je bio značajno veći kod junadi grupe A (P (lt) 0.05). Udeo masnog tkiva (potkožnog i intermuskularnog) je bio veći kod junadi grupe B kod gotovo svih delova polutke, međutim, statistički značajna razlika između grupa je pronađena samo kod buta, leđa, vrata i potplećke. Takođe, udeo kostiju grudi se statistički značajno razlikovao (P (lt) 0.05) i bio je veći kod junadi grupe A (20.09%) u poređenju sa junadima grupe B (15.52%).

The influence of storage on meat colour differences between free-range Swallow Belly Mangalitsa (MA, n = 19) and commercially reared Swedish Landrace (SL, n = 17) pigs, are investigated in the present study. Proximate composition analyses were done on fresh samples of M. longissimus thoracis (LT) and M. gluteus medius (GM), while pH values and colour quality attributes were determined on fresh cuts of the muscles (day 1) and after 3 and 6 days of vacuum storage at 4 ± 1 °C. MA pork had a significantly higher share of intramuscular fat, a darker colour, a higher deoxymyoglobin (Mb) content and oxy ∕ met (oxymyoglobin ∕ metmyoglobin) ratio, higher pH24 h values and a slower pH decline compared to the control SL group (P P After 6 days of vacuum storage, higher pH6d values, a lower metmyoglobin (MetMb) content and a higher oxy ∕ met ratio of MA pork lead to the conclusion that aged meat from free-range Swallow Belly Mangalitsa pigs had better colour quality compared to Swedish Landrace pigs.

The objectives of this research was to evaluate if the effects of very fast hot water thawing method on the meat quality attributes of pork tenderloin steaks are influenced by anatomical location of steaks within the tenderloin. Thawing was performed using a hot water bath at 39°C for 7 ± 0.5 min. Frozen steaks were cut approximately 2.5 cm thick with their thickness measured and accounted for individually for each steak after cutting. Starting from the tail end, steaks were identified as being from either the anterior (A), middle (M) or posterior (P) portions of the tenderloins. Minor but significant differences in thawing, cooking, and texture attributes of the steaks from various anatomical locations within the tenderloins were observed. When adjusted for SV, medium parts of tenderloin exhibited highest thaw drip loss. Cooking yield was influenced by steak location only when adjusted for SV ratio and increased from the anterior to the posterior end of the tenderloin. Location within tenderloin also influenced steak tenderness measurements. Steaks from medium parts of tenderloin had higher WBSF values compared to anterior and posterior parts of the steaks. Color changes in thawed steaks due to either thawing treatment or steak location were minimal and not detectable visually., Ciljevi su ovog istraživanja bili procijeniti utječe li metoda vrlo brzog odmrzavanja mesa vrućom vodom na kvalitetu odrezaka s obzirom na anatomski položaj svinjskog .lea. Odmrzavanje je provedeno uranjanjem u toplu vodu temperature od 39 °C, u trajanju od 7 ± 0,5 min. Smrznuti odresci rezani su na oko 2,5 cm debljine, a debljina je svakog pojedinog odreska izmjerena i određena nakon rezanja. Počevši od stražnjeg dijela svinjske polovice, određeno je pripadaju li odresci prednjem, središnjem ili stražnjem dijelu .lea. Uočene su manje ali značajne razlike značajki odmrzavanja, kuhanja i teksture odrezaka .lea različitog anatomskog položaja. Nakon prilagodbe za površinu-volumen, središnji dijelovi .lea pokazali su najveći gubitak mesnog soka prilikom odmrzavanja. Utvrđeno je da smještaj odreska utječe na korisne učinke kuhanja isključivo kada se u obzir uzmu omjer površina-volumen i povećanje od prednjeg do stražnjeg dijela .lea. Položaj unutar .lea utjecao je i na izmjerenu mekoću odreska. Odresci od središnjih dijelova .lea imali su veće vrijednosti WBSF u odnosu na odreske od prednjih i stražnjih dijelova. Promjene boje odmrznutih odrezaka uzrokovane bilo procesom odmrzavanja ili položaja samog odreska bile su zanemarive, odnosno nisu bile vidljive okom., Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es einzuschätzen, ob bei der Anwendung der Methode des schnellen Auftauens von Fleisch mit heißem Wasser die anatomische Lage des Schnitzels im Filet die Qualitätsindikatoren der Schweineschnitzel beein€usst. Das Auftauen bestand im Eintauchen in warmes Wasser mit einer Temperatur bis zu 39 °C in Dauer von 7 ± 0,5 Minuten. Die eingefrorenen Schnitzel wurden in circa 2,5 cm dicke Scheiben geschnitten; die Stärke eines jeden einzelnen Schnitzels wurde nach dem Schneiden gemessen und festgelegt. Beginnend vom hinteren Teil des Schweins wurde bestimmt, ob die Schnitzel dem vorderen (engl. anterior, A), mittleren (engl. middle, M) oder dem hinteren (engl. posterior, P) Filetteil angehören. Es wurden geringe, aber signikante Unterschiede bei den Auftau-, ubereitungs- und Texturmerkmalen der Filetschnitzel in Abhängigkeit von ihrer anatomischen Lage festgestellt. Nach der Anpassung für das Ober€äche-zu-Volumen-Verhältnis wurde bei den mittleren Filetteilen der größte Verlust an Fleischsaft beim Auftauen beobachtet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich die Position des Schnitzels auf die positiven Auswirkungen der Zubereitung nur dann auswirkt, wenn das Ober€äche-zu-Volumen-Verhäl- tnis und die Steigerung vom vorderen zum hinteren Teil des Filets berücksichtigt werden. Die Lage innerhalb des Filets wirkte sich auch auf die gemessene Zartheit des Schnitzels aus. Die Schnitzel aus mittleren Teilen wiesen höhere WBSF-Werte im Vergleich zu Schnitzeln aus vorderen und hinteren Teilen auf. Die farblichen Veränderungen der aufgetauten Schnitzel, bedingt entweder durch den Auftauprozess oder durch die Lage des Schnitzels selbst, waren unbedeutend, beziehungsweise mit dem bloßen Auge nicht sichtbar., Gli obiettivi di questa ricerca consistono nel valutare l’incidenza della posizione anatomica delle fettine di letto sugli indicatori della qualitŕ delle fettine di suino sottoposte a processo di scongelamento molto rapido con acqua calda. Lo scongelamento avviene immergendo la carne in acqua calda a 39 °C per una durata di 7 ± 0,5 min. Le fettine congelate hanno uno spessore di circa 2,5 cm. Lo spessore di ogni singola fettina viene misurato e stabilito dopo il taglio. Partendo dalla parte posteriore del maiale, va stabilito se le fettine appartengono alla parte anteriore (in inglese anterior, A), mediana (in inglese middle, M) o posteriore (in inglese posterior, P) del letto. Sono state evidenziate alcune minori ma signicative di%erenze nelle caratteristiche di scongelamento, cottura e consistenza delle fettine di letto di di%erente posizione anatomica. Dopo l’adattamento di supercie e volume, le parti mediane del letto, sottoposte allo congelamento, hanno fatto registrare la maggior perdita di succhi. Č stato accertato che la posizione anatomica della fettina incide sugli e%etti utili della cottura esclusivamente quando vengono presi in considerazione il rapporto supercie-volume e l’aumento dalla parte anteriore a quella posteriore del letto. La posizione mediana ha anche in€uito sulla morbidezza della fettina di letto. Le fettine della parte mediana del letto hanno fatto registrare, infatti, valori di WBSF piů alti rispetto alle fettine delle parti anteriore e posteriore. Le variazioni cromatichedelle fettine scongelate, causate sia dal processo di scongelamento, sia dalla posizione della stessa fettina, non sono signicative, ossia non sono visibili a occhio nudo., Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar si la localización anatómica del lomo de cerdo in€uye sobre los indicadores de calidad de lete de cerdo durante el método de la descongelación rápida. La descongelación fue hecha sumergiendo las muestras en el agua caliente de 39 °C, durante 7 ± 0,5 minutos. Los letes congelados fueron cortados a 2,5 cm y cada espesor de lete fue medido y denido despues de cortar. Fue determinado si los letes pertenecen a la parte delantera (ingl. anterior, A), a la parte central (ingl. middle, M) o a la parte posterior (ingl. posterior, P) del lete, empezando por la parte posterior del cerdo. Fueron notadas pequeńas pocas pero signicantes diferencias entre las características de la descongelación, cocción y las texturas de los letes de las localizaciónes anatómicas diferentes. Después del ajuste a la supercie y al bolumen, los partes centrales del lete mostraron la mayor pérdida del juego de carne durante la descongelación. Fue determinado que la localización del lomo in€uye sobre los efectos beneciosos de la cocción únicamente cuando se toma en cuenta la proporción de la supercie y del volumen y el incremento desde la parte anterior hasta la parte posterior del lete. La localización dentro del lete in€uyó también sobre la medida blandura del lete. Los letes hechos de la parte central tuvieron los valores de WBSF más altos en comparación con los letes hechos de las partes delanteras y posteriores. Los cambios en color de los letes descongelados causados por el proceso de la descongelación o por la misma localizacíon fueron irrelevantes, es decir, no eran visibles por el ojo.

Ovo istraživanje provedeno je kako bi se ispitala fizikalno-kemijska svojstva mesa svinja pasmine mangulica. Istraživanje je provedeno na tri mišića: longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius i triceps brachii. U usporedbi s pasminom svinja švedski landras, koja je u ovom istraživanju predstavljala kontrolnu skupinu, utvrđeno je da meso mangulice sadrži znatno veći udio intramuskularne masti i tamnije je boje (niže L * vrijednosti). Gubitak mase tijekom kuhanja niži je u mišićima svinje mangulice, a u usporedbi sa svinjom landras, meso mangulice je više mekoće. Na temelju rezultata dobivenih ovim istraživanjem, može se zaključiti da je u usporedbi s komercijalnim pasminama svinja, u mesu svinje mangulice prisutno više osobina kakvoće mesa., This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical characteristics of meat from Mangalitsa pig breed. The research was carried out on three muscles: longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius and triceps brachii. Compared to the Swedish Landrace pig breed, which was used as a control group in this research, it was found out that the meat of the Mangalitsa had considerably higher intramuscular fat content and a darker colour (lower L* values). Cooking weight loss was lower in muscles from Mangalitsa pig and meat was more tender compared to Landrace pig. Based on the results obtained in this research, it can be concluded that meat from Mangalitsa pig have higher meat quality traits compared to the commercial pig breed., Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war die Prüfung der physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften des Schweinefleischs bei der Mangalitza Schweinerasse. Die Untersuchungen wurden an drei Muskeln durchgeführt: M. longssimus dorsi, M. gluteus medius und M. triceps brachii. Im Vergleich zu den schwedischen Landrasse-Schweinen, die in dieser Untersuchtung als Kontrollgruppe dienten, wurde festgestellt, dass das Fleich des Mangalitza Schweins einen viel höheren Anteil an intramuskulärem Fett aufweist und dunkler ist (niedrigere L * Werte). Der Gewichtsverlust während des Kochens ist in den Muskeln des Mangalitza Schweins geringer; im Vergleich zum Landrasse-Schwein ist das Fleisch des Mangalitza Schweins zarter. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen kann konstatiert werden, dass das Fleisch des Mangalitza Schweins im Vergleich zu handelsüblichen Schweinerassen mehrere Eigenschaften der Fleischqualität aufweist., Questa ricerca è stata svolta con l’obiettivo di esaminare le proprietà fisico-chimiche della carne dei maiali di razza mangulica. Lo studio ha interessato tre muscoli: il longissimus dorsi, il gluteus medius ed il triceps brachii. A confronto con i maiali di razza landrace svedese, che in questa ricerca rappresenta il gruppo di controllo, è stato accertato che la carne del maiale di razza mangulica contiene una quantità sensibilmente maggiore di grassi intramuscolari ed è di colore più scuro (valore L* più basso). La perdita di massa durante la cottura è inferiore nei muscoli del maiale di razza mangulica, la cui carne, se confrontata con quella del maiale di razza landrace svedese, risulta essere più tenera. In base ai risultati ottenuti con questa ricerca, è possibile concludere che, a confronto con le razze suine commerciali, la carne del maiale di razza mangulica presenta un maggior numero di caratteristiche che ne denotano la qualità., Esta investigación fue hecha para probar las características físico-químicas de la carne de cerdo de la raza Mangulica. La investigación fue hecha con tres tipos de carne: m. longissimus dorsi, m. gluteus medius y m. triceps brachii. Comparando con la raza de cerdos Landrace Sueco, la que representó el grupo de control en esta investigación, fue detectado que la carne de Mangulica contiene la proporcion más alta de grasa intramuscular y que su color es más oscuro (valores L* más bajos). La pérdida de masa durante la cocción fue más baja en la carne de los cerdos Mangulica, y en comparación con la carne del cerdo Landrace, la carne de Mangulica es más blanda. Basándose en los resultados de esta investigación, se puede concluir que la carne de cerdo de la raza Mangulica, comparada con la carne de otras razas comerciales, contiene más características de la calidade de carne.

The aim of this trial was to investigate changes in chemical and physic-chemical parameters during the production of traditional Sremska sausage (dry fermented sausage) from pork of three pig breeds: Mangalitsa (MA), Moravka (MO) and Swedish Landrace (SL). Analyses of all variants of sausages were carried out after stuffing (day 0) and on production days 3, 7, 14 and 21. The reduction in moisture during production caused the increase in protein, fat and ash contents (p (lt) 0.001) in all three variants of sausages, were found to be within the range for this type of sausages. Higher fat content in MA and MO sausages compared to SL variant was most likely a result of the different chemical composition of the meat from pigs of autochthonous breeds. All three sausage variants had a similar final pH value, but the mildest drop of pH was determined in MA sausages. Pig breed significantly affected (p (lt) 0.05) all three indicators of oxidative changes (thiobarbituric acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid content). It was found that they were higher in SL compared with MA and MO sausages and to significantly increase during the production process. Cilj ovog ogleda bio je da se ispitaju promene tokom proizvodnje Sremske kobasice (suva fermentisana kobasica) na tradicionalan način od mesa tri rase svinja: Mangulica (MA), Moravka (MO) i Švedski Landras (SL). Analize svih varijanti kobasica su rađene nakon punjenja (dan 0) i nakon 3-, 7-, 14- i 21-og dana proizvodnje. Smanjenje udela vode tokom proizvodnje imalo je za posledicu povećanje udela proteina, masti i pepela u svim grupama (p (lt) 0,001), i bilo je karakteristično za ovaj tip kobasica. Utvrđen veći udeo masti kod MA i MO kobasica u poređenju sa SL varijantom, verovatno je posledica različitog hemijskog sastava mesa autohtonih rasa svinja. Sve tri varijante kobasica su imale sličnu finalnu pH vrednost, međutim, najblaži pad pH vrednosti tokom proizvodnje utvrđen je kod MA kobasica. Rasa svinja je imala značajan uticaj na parametre oksidativnih promena (broj tiobarbiturne kiseline, peroksidni broj i sadržaj slobodnih masnih kiselina). Utvrđeno je da su bili veći kod SL u odnosu na MA i MO grupu kobasica i da se značajno povećavaju tokom procesa proizvodnje.

This study was conducted to investigate differences in characteristics of muscles from male and female fatteners from Mangalitsa and Swedish Landrace pig breed. The research was carried out on three muscles: m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum, m. gluteus medius and m. triceps brachii. Compared to the Swedish Landrace, it was found out that the meat of the Mangalitsa had considerably higher intramuscular fat content (p (lt) 0.05). The highest intramuscular fat content was determined in male fatteners of Mangalitsa in m. gluteus medius (6.81%) and the lowest in female fatteners of Landrace pig breed in the longissimus muscle (1.12%). As for technological quality of meat, after cooking, meat from Mangalitsa pig had greater cooking weight loss compared to Landrace and also lower shear force (SF) values for longissimus, but higher SF values for gluteus muscle. Gender had no statistically significant effect on technological meat quality. It can be concluded, on the base of the results, that the Mangalitsa pig, had favourable meat quality traits, which are very desired for production of traditional meat products of high quality. Ovaj ogled je imao za cilj da ispita razlike u fizičko-hemijskim karakteristikama mišića između muških i ženskih tovljenika rase mangulica i švedski landras. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na tri mišića: longissimus thoracis et lumborum, gluteus medius i triceps brachii. U poređenju sa švedskim landrasom, meso mangulica je imalo znatno veći udeo intramuskularne masti (p (lt) 0,05). Najveći sadržaj intramuskularne masti utvrđen je kod muških tovljenika rase mangulica u gluteus medius-u (6,81%), a najniži ko ženskih tovljenika rase švedski landras u longissimus-u (1,12%). Što se tiče tehnološkog kvaliteta, meso mangulice je imalo veći gubitak mase tokom kuvanja u odnosu na meso landrasa i niže vrednosti sile sečenja (SF) za longissimus, ali veće vrednosti sile sečenja za gluteus mišić. Pol nije imao statistički značajan uticaj na parametre tehnološkog kvaliteta mesa. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da meso mangulice ima veoma dobre parametre kvaliteta, a koji su poželjni pri proizvodnji tradicionalnih proizvoda od mesa.

The influence of seasonal variations on the chemical composition and composition of fatty acids in five commercially important freshwater fish species from the Danube: white bream, bream, vimba, zope, and Prussian carp, during May, July and September was determined. Changes in the chemical composition of meat of all examined species had the same tendencies. Water and protein content in the meat decreased, while fat content increased. The most frequent fatty acids in the meat of all the examined fish were the following: 18:1 n-9 (oleic), 16:0 (palmitic), 16:1 (palmitoleic), 18:2 n-6 (linoleic), 20:1 (eicosenoic), 20:5 n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 20:4 n-6 arachidonic acid and 22:6 n-3 docosahexaeonic acid (DHA). The content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 25.03% to 32.43% and displayed a tendency to increase during the observed period. The total content of the n-6 group in the meat of Prussian carp was higher than in other species, which was probably a consequence of specific diet. The total content of n-3 fatty acids in the meat of white bream, bream, vimba and zope was the highest in May, and it declined during July-September. We can conclude that the meat of white bream and vimba contains high nutritional values in terms of EPA and DHA content. The n-3/n-6 ratio was also very favourable: 0.9 to 2.0 in the meat of white bream, bream, vimba and zope, with a clear downward tendency in the observed period.

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of conditioning time (during 14 days of ageing at +4°C) on physicochemical properties of two cattle skeletal muscles. Investigations were conducted on the m. longissimus dorsi (n=9) and m. gluteus medius (n=9) of Domestic Spotted breed. Muscle analyses were carried out 1st, 7th and 14th day post mortem, during storage at +4°C. Colour (CIE L*a*b*values, Hue and Chroma), cooking loss, shear force, water-holding capacity (WHC), pH value and sensory characteristics were determined in all meat samples. M. longissimus dorsi samples aged for 14 days were characterized by higher degree of lightness (L*) and chroma (C*) values, more of red colour (higher a*) and of yellow (higher b*), while m. gluteus medius colour changes during storage was not found to be significant. Over the 14 day conditioning period, tenderness (expressed as shear force) of the evaluated muscles improved significantly (p lt 0.05), it ranged from 11.50 kg/cm2 (1st day) to 5.00 kg/cm2 (14th day) for m. longissimus dorsi and from 9.81 kg/cm2 (1st day) to 5.10 kg/cm2 (14th day) for m. gluteus medius muscle. Cooking loss and WHC increased significantly over storage time (p lt 0.05) in both meat samples, while changes in pH values were insignificant. Sensory analyses revealed deterioration in flavour (smell and taste) and improvement in tenderness of roasted meat samples during storage. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita efekat vremena kondicioniranja (tokom 14 dana zrenja na +4°C) na fizičko-hemijske karakteristike dva mišića junadi. Ispitivanja su obavljena na m.longissimus dorsi (n=9) i m. gluteus medius (n=9) junadi domaće šarene rase. Analize mišića su rađene prvog, sedmog i četrnaestog dana od dana klanja, tokom skladištenja na +4°C. U svim uzorcima mišića je utvrđena boja (CIE L*a*b*, Ho i C*vrednosti), kalo kuvanja, sila sečenja, sposobnost vezivanja vode, pH vrednost i senzorna analiza. Nakon skladištenja od 14 dana uzorci m. longissimus dorsi su imali viši stepen svetloće (L*) i hroma vrednosti (C*), veći udeo crvene (više a*) i žute boje (više b*), dok u uzorcima m. gluteus medius nije utvrđena statistički značajna promena u parametrima boje. Tokom 14 dana skladištenja, mekoća mesa (izražena kao sila sečenja) se značajno poboljšala (p lt 0.05), od 11.50 kg/cm2 (prvog dana) do 5.00 kg/cm2 (četrnaestog dana) za m. longissimus dorsi i od 9.81 kg/cm2 (prvog dana) do 5.10 kg/cm2 (četrnaestog dana) za m. gluteus medius. Kalo kuvanja i sposobnost vezivanja vode su se značajno povećali (p lt 0.05) kod oba mišića, dok se pH vrednost nije značajno menjala tokom skladištenja. Tokom senzorne analize pečenog mesa utvrđeno je pogoršanje arome (ukusa i mirisa) i poboljšanje mekoće sa vremenom skladištenja.

Probiotic food products are very popular on domestic and international markets. The application of probiotics in dairy products is quite frequent, while their application in meat products is still being explored. Three variants of Sremska- type fermented sausages were produced using starter culture Bactoferm T-SPX (Chr. Hansen): 1. control sausage variant; 2. variant with Lactobacillus helveticus RO52 (Lallemand, France); 3. variant with Bifidobacterium longum RO175 (Lallemand, France). Through 40 days of fermented sausage ripening, the survival of probiotic bacteria, the changes of starter bacteria counts, as well as the chemical composition, pH values and sensory evaluation were examined. During the first period of ripening, Lactobacillus helveticus RO52 and Bifidobacterium longum RO175 counts were 10 6 cfug −1 , after which they increased to the level of 10 8 cfug −1 and remained there until the end of ripening. Starter bacteria counts were within the range typical for fermented sausages. The chemical composition and pH values of fermented sausages produced with probiotic bacteria did not significantly differ from the control variant. Sensory evaluation has shown that all variants of fermented sausages had an acceptable sensory quality.Based on the survival of probiotic bacteria during 40 days of fermented sausage ripening, it can be concluded that probiotics can be successfully used in the production of fermented sausages, without affecting the sensory quality of the sausage.

Two variants of sucuk were made: one of beef meat and beef tail fat and another of goat meat and goat tail fat with meat/fat ratio of 75/25 and the same ingredients. After filling, the sausages were hung to dry in a traditional smoking house (without the possibility to control the temperature or humidity). Weight loss, pH, non-protein nitrogen content, basic chemical composition, instrumental colour measurement and sensory evaluation were done for both variants. Both variants had an almost identical weight loss (36.98 beef sucuk and 36.25 goat sucuk). Changes in pH value and non-protein nitrogen content had the same tendency and end values did not differ. The basic chemical composition at the end of production indicates that both variants were of very good quality. L*and b*values did not differ, but there was a significant difference in a*value (11.72 beef and 14.15 goat). In terms of appearance, texture and taste, assessors gave poorer grades to goat sucuk, but these grades do not indicate that the product is unacceptable (they were more than 5). It is possible to replace goat tail fat with beef fat to appease the specific flavour of the product and to make it more acceptable to consumers who may not be used to such flavour. U Srbiji, sudžuk se tradicionalno proizvodi u planinskom delu, uglavnom u malim pogonima ili domaćinstvima, u jesenjem i zimskom periodu, kada to klimatski uslovi (temperatura i relativna vlažnost) dozvoljavaju. U ovom ogledu napravljene su dve varijante sudžuka: prva od goveđeg mesa i masnog tkiva sa repa goveda i druga od kozjeg mesa i masnog tkiva sa repa koza. Kod obe grupe kobasica je odnos meso/masno tkivo bio 75/25 i korišćeni su isti začini i aditivi. Nakon punjenja, kobasice su sušene u tradicionalnoj pušnici. Kod obe varijante kobasica određen je: gubitak mase tokom sušenja, pH, neproteinski azot, osnovni hemijski sastav i izvršeno je instrumentalno merenje boje i senzorska ocena. Obe grupe kobasice su imale skoro identičan gubitak mase tokom sušenja (36,98 kod goveđeg i 36,25 kod kozjeg sudžuka). Promene pH vrednosti i neproteinskog azota tokom zrenja su imale istu tendenciju i njihove krajnje vrednosti se nisu značajno razlikovale. Na osnovu podataka za osnovni hemijski sastav na kraju procesa proizvodnje, zaključeno je da su obe grupe kobasica bile veoma dobrog kvaliteta. L*i b* vrednosti se nisu značajno razlikovale, dok je statistički značajna razlika između grupa utvrđena za vrednost a*(11,72 kod goveđih i 14,15 kod kozjih kobasica). U pogledu senzornih karakteristika: spoljnog izgleda, teksture i ukusa, kozji sudžuk je ocenjen nešto slabije, međutim, takav proizvod je i dalje bio veoma prihvatljiv (sve ocene su bile iznad 5). Jedan od načina da se smanji specifična aroma sudžuka napravljenog od kozjeg mesa, što bi ga učinilo prihvatlivijim za širu grupu potrošača, jeste zamena kozjeg loja sa goveđim.

Three batches of the Sremska sausage (traditional Serbian fermented sausage) were made: control variant (C) of a Landrace and the other two of primitive breeds: Mangalica (A) and Moravka (B), with the aim of determining the cholesterol content and the content of fatty acids. The cholesterol content in meat, fatty tissue and sausages was determined, in the case of the latter at the beginning of production (day 0), at the end of production (day 14) and after a storage period of the vacuumed product (day 60). The fatty acids content was determined at the beginning and at the end of production. Values were considered significantly different when p lt 0.05. The cholesterol content in meat (mg/100 g of a sample) ranged from 40.58 (B) to 51.54 (C), indicating a significant discrepancy in all samples. As for back fat, there was a notable disparity in cholesterol content between control and primitive breed samples (47.15 (C), 35.54 (B) and 36.41 (A)). The cholesterol content in sausages at the conclusion of the production ranged from 40.41 (A) to 43.33 (B), with no significant difference between the samples. After storage (day 60), the cholesterol content ran from 42.75 (A) to 52.41 (B), with no significant difference only between samples C and A. Fatty acids content was monitored via the index of atherogenicity, and the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio. The index of atherogenicity at the end of production was the highest in sample A, 0.61, and significantly differs from other samples, while the lowest value was recorded in sample C, 0.46. PUFA/SFA at the end of production was the lowest in sample A (0.20), with none of the samples exceeding 0.4. No significant advantages of the use of the meat of primitive breeds were noted. (c) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of 11th International Congress on Engineering and Food (ICEF 11) Executive Committee.