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Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas prekių ir žmonių judėjimas tarp Rusijos ir Baltijos šalių (Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos). Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti šių ribų vaidmenį išsiplėtus Europos Sąjungai. Sugriuvus TSRS ir Baltijos šalims įstojus į ES, siena tarp šitų valstybių tapo riba, kuri skiria ES nuo Rusijos. Periferinės ES Baltijos šalys, kaip ir Vakarų Rusija, visada buvo tranzitinės teritorijos, kurioms buvo būdinga didelė žmonių ir prekių cirkuliacija. Baltijos šalys iš esmės ir liko tranzitinės teritorijos prekėms, kurios juda iš ir į posovietines valstybes, jų transporto sistema paremta uostų ir geležinkelių suderinamumu. Ekonominė politika, politiniai sprendimai ir tradiciniai ryšiai leidžia geriau suprasti Rytų Baltijos regioną. Pagrindiniai krovinių srautai Baltijos šalyse juda iš Rusijos, tačiau ne tik – svarbios ir Kaukazo bei Centrinės Azijos valstybės, susijusios su Baltijos šalimis. Regiono tarptautinio keleivių transporto sistema panaši į tradicinę: vyrauja oro transportas, nors išlieka svarbūs ir geležinkeliai bei kelių transportas. Atgavus nepriklausomybę, skrydžių skaičius iš Baltijos šalių nuolatos didėjo: Rygos oro uostas šiuo metu yra didžiausias keleivių vežėjas Baltijos šalyse. Būdingas savitas pasienio mobilumas: smulkiojo verslo arba komercinis turizmas. XXI a. pradžioje jis tapo nuolatinis, išsiplėtus ES sienos kirtimas labiau reguliuojamas. Žmonėms reikia vizų, kurių išdavimas susijęs su administraciniais dokumentais ir išlaidomis, taigi kirsti sieną tapo sudėtingiau. Tam tikrais atvejais, tokiais kaip Kaliningrado sritis ar Narva-Ivangorod miestai, siekiama gerinti padėtį. Taigi vietos lygmenyje siena tampa skiriamąja riba, kuri mažiau pastebima vertinant didesnės apimties ir nuotolių prekybos srautus. Disintegration of the USSR and join of Baltic States to European Union made this one a border territory between Russia and EU. After the collapse of Former Soviet Union, the new boundary remained almost easy to cross. In the beginning of the 21th century, it became no more fuzzy but rather fixed. Since European enlargement that had taken place in 2004, the crossing has become more regulated. People need visas that meant administrative papers and cost. The evolution of cargo flows has been more contrasted. Economic policies, political stakes and traditional links, are elements to understand East Baltic area. Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave lying by the Baltic Sea, strengthens the interest of the purpose

The paper provides a first comparison of the labour regulation enacted by the city-states of Florence and Siena between the aftermath of the Black Death and the third decades of the fifteenth century. Despite differences in chronology, target and measures, both series of policies played a major role in shaping rural economy and society in fifteenth-century Tuscany towards the development of an extractive sharecropping system called mezzadria. By integrating the main results of the existing literature with a new study of Florentine deliberations, the paper aims to measure the effectiveness of different labour and agrarian policies facing rising wages and land abandonment and to explain how and why they achieved to bind peasants to land as sharecroppers. The first section focuses on the laws to curb the rise of rural wages between 1348 and 1363. The second one covers the immigration and fiscal policies developed between 1364 and 1435 in order to cope with the second outbreak of the plague while the third section analyses and compare the reasons and the impact of the measures enacted.

Au XVIe siècle l’Académie des Intronati produit à Sienne des comédies romanesques, mais ancrées dans la réalité contemporaine, vite célèbres dans toute l’Italie et à l’étranger. Ces fêtes sont officiellement offertes aux nobles dames de la ville car les académiciens veulent rester fidèles à l’idéal courtois rappelé par le traité de Castiglione. On connait le goût des Siennoises pour le théâtre et leur participation à des représentations privées. Leur renommée dans le domaine intellectuel est attestée par les dédicaces qu’on leur adresse, les poésies qu’elles composent, les écrits qui louent leurs qualités d’esprit et leur culture. L’acteur qui sur scène prononce le prologue célèbre leurs beautés, tout en utilisant un langage équivoqué plein de sous-entendus qui suggère ainsi un jeu érotique entre les spectatrices et les scénographes. Cependant ces représentations répondent aussi aux nécessités diplomatiques de la petite république, contrainte d’honorer les puissants qui menacent son destin politique : le jeu affiché par les académiciens dissimule des nécessités moins festives. Pour honorer les dames l’intrigue met en valeur des héroïnes qui, malgré des tribulations inspirées des romans alexandrins, affirment leur fidélité à l’homme aimé, et les comédies s’achèvent par des mariages d’amour, offrant aux spectatrices une vision utopique de leur condition. Pourtant ce schéma moralisateur laisse entrevoir une forte tension érotique dans les relations hommes/femmes. La représentation s’appuie aussi sur la satire traditionnelle des défauts féminins qui constitue un ressort comique éprouvé, car la dignité académique doit se plier aux contraintes de la scène et composer avec les préjugés du quotidien. Les spectatrices sont ainsi invitées à rire, sinon de leur propre image, tout au moins des faiblesses imputées au genre féminin. In the sixteenth century the Academy of the Intronati produced romantic comedies in Siena, which were rooted in contemporary reality. These comedies quickly became famous throughout Italy and abroad. These festivals were officially offered to the noble ladies of the city because the academicians wanted to remain faithful to the courtly ideal evoked in Castiglione’s treatise. Sienese women’s taste for the theatre and their participation in private performances is well-known. Their fame in the intellectual field is attested by the dedications they received, the poems they composed, the writings that praised their qualities of mind and culture. The actor who says the prologue praises their beauty, while using an equivocal language that is full of innuendoes. Such performances also answer the diplomatic needs of the small republic, which was forced to honor the powerful ones who threatened its political destiny. In order to honor ladies, the plot highlights heroines who, despite tribulations inspired by Alexandrian novels, affirm their fidelity to the man they love, and the comedies end with love marriages, offering to female spectators a utopian vision of their condition. However, this moralistic scheme suggests a strong erotic tension in male/female relationships. The performance also relies on the traditional satire of women's shortcomings, which is a tried-and-tested comic device, as academic dignity must bend to the requirements of the stage and deal with the prejudices of everyday life. The female spectators are thus invited to laugh, if not at their own image, at least at the weaknesses of women.

Through a survey of archival and primary source material, this article discusses the existence of St. Thomas Becket’s relics in Siena cathedral. The institution’s inventories indicate that, from 1482 until ca. 1529, the relics were housed in an ostensory kept in the sacristy. Today, this object is displayed in the Sala del Tesoro, in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo in Siena. Although the ostensory has been examined in previous scholarship concerned with mapping the cathedral’s heritage, its function as a vessel for the relics of Thomas Becket, and indeed the very presence of these relics in Siena, remain unexplored. Thus, seeking to understand the nature of Becket’s reception in Siena, I examine the whereabouts of his relics within the cathedral, to then widen the investigation to the city at large. The evidence shows that although there were no chapels, altars or churches dedicated to Thomas Becket within the city walls, Siena still engaged with Becket’s sainthood and legacy on multiple levels.

The famine that plagued Europe in the period 1257-1260, caused by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano Samalas, is analyzed in this contribution from the point of view of Sienese public sources. What emerges is that the Tuscan city, in comparison to other northern Italian communes, proved readier to manage this emergency because of the measures it had put in place to combat and prevent food crises during a previous famine, which had affected Tuscany in the period 1248-1256. Siena also managed to turn this emergency to its favor in the context of foreign policy, using the necessity to buy wheat from southern Italy as a pretext to get politically closer to the Ghibelline Manfred of Sicily, without having to break relations with its Guelph ally Florence. This observation shows how the study of environmental history can be useful not only for socio-economic analyses, but it can also have implications for the history of political events in past societies., La carestia che flagellò l’Europa nel periodo 1257-1260, causata dall’eruzione del vulcano indonesiano Samalas, viene analizzata in questo contributo dal punto di vista delle fonti pubbliche senesi. Ciò che emerge è il fatto che la città toscana, rispetto ad altri comuni del nord Italia, si trovò pronta a gestire quest’emergenza per via delle misure di contrasto e prevenzione delle crisi alimentari che aveva messo in atto nel corso di una precedente carestia che aveva colpito la Toscana nel periodo 1248-1256. Siena riuscì inoltre a volgere l’emergenza a proprio favore nell’ambito della politica estera, utilizzando la necessità di acquistare grano dall’Italia meridionale come pretesto per avvicinarsi politicamente al ghibellino Manfredi di Sicilia senza dover rompere i rapporti con la guelfa Firenze, a cui i senesi erano legati da un trattato di alleanza. Questa constatazione mostra come lo studio della storia dell’ambiente può risultare utile non solo per analisi di natura economico-sociale, ma può avere risvolti anche nell’ambito della storia delle vicende politiche delle società del passato.

Entrepreneurial passion is socially contagious. However, do entrepreneurs also select whom they interact with based on passion similarity? The complex interdependencies between social networks and entrepreneurial passion remain undertheorized and empirically puzzling. Using a stochastic actor-oriented model (SIENA) and four waves of panel data, we test hypotheses about the co-evolution of social networks and entrepreneurial passion during a 5-month startup accelerator program. We observe that social ties occur more frequently among peer entrepreneurs who are similar in levels of passion for founding. Initial homophily selection explains 34% of this observed similarity whereas social contagion explains 57%. Finally, we find that passion for founding is more contagious among members of startup teams than across other peer ties. Surprisingly, none of these effects are significant for passion for inventing. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont l’écriture littéraire peut contribuer à la valorisation et la transmission du patrimoine urbain par la mise en lumière d’un genius loci. À partir de cette notion de « génie du lieu » appliquée à la ville de Sienne, vécue par trois écrivains, Hippolyte Taine, André Suarès, Dominique Fernandez, nous étudierons les éléments de patrimoines matériels et immatériels que le langage littéraire peut valoriser auprès des lecteurs, potentiels usager de la ville. S’inscrivant dans le champ interprétatif et théorique de la géographie humaniste et littéraire, cette lecture comparée met en évidence la construction territoriale et paysagère par le langage littéraire non-fictif d’un exemple de genius loci. Ce dernier dénote les singularités et le sens d’un lieu, son épaisseur existentielle constituée par le vécu et l’appréhension subjectifs de l’espace. De ces trois modèles culturels d’écrivains, i.e. de leurs systèmes de présupposés et de références culturelles, ressortent du contenu épistémique ainsi que des représentations des différentes influences constitutives du patrimoine de cette ville, qui forment ou préforment le regard du passant. This article analyses the way that literary writing could contribute to the valuation and the transmission of the urban heritage by highlighting a genius loci. From this notion of “genius of the place” to the city of Siena, experienced by three writers, Hippolyte Taine, André Suarès, Dominique Fernandez, we will study material and immaterial heritage elements that literary language can promote to readers, potential users of the city. In the interpretative and theoretical field of humanistic and literary geography, this comparative reading highlights the territorial and landscape construction through the non-fictional literary language of an example of genius loci. The latter denotes singularities of a place’s meaning, its existential thickness constituted by the subjective experience and apprehension of space. Of these three cultural models of writers, i.e their systems of presuppositions and cultural references emerge epistemic content and different influences constitutive of Siena heritage, which form or preform the gaze of the passer-by.

Se parte de relevantes publicaciones centradas en los dibujos de viaje del arquitecto para establecer, en esta ocasión, un único marco común, la ciudad de Siena y en concreto la Piazza del Campo como laboratorio de estudio. Se eligen los dibujos allí realizados por los arquitectos Erik Gunnar Asplund, Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, Michael Graves, y Álvaro Siza a su paso por la ciudad. Los apuntes se contextualizan en el tiempo y en el momento personal de cada uno de ellos para realizar un estudio de forma comparada. El análisis de sus dibujos contribuye a desvelar las diferencias del aprendizaje que supuso en casa autor su viaje.

Siena, Italy—a UNESCO World Heritage Site—was the home of St. Bernardino and St. Catherine and is known for its architectural beauty and its religious devotion, particularly to the Virgin Mary. Sienna was regarded in the medieval era as “The City of the Virgin.” The art historian and philosopher of religion Titus Burckhardt (1908–1984), who explores the city with the reader of this book, was one of the 20th century’s most renowned experts on sacred art. The interdependence of the human and the city is crucial, as it is akin to the correspondence between the human and the cosmos or the transcendence and immanence of the Divine. St. Catherine of Siena compares the city to the image of the human soul. Siena itself is like a “little universe” with many facets representing the tripartite structure of the human being, consisting of Spirit, soul, and body. This masterly book is stunningly illustrated and surveys the history, culture, and spirituality of the Italian city of Siena, which provides the metaphysical keys to comprehend at its deepest roots the architectural beauty and devotional splendor of this remarkable city.

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Central to the design of the Siena cathedral pavement is the Mountain of Wisdom. It is located among Sages like Hermes Trismegistus and the Sibyls. Originating in a larger study of the roles of Neoplatonic, Gnostic and Hermetic concepts of salvation in the cathedral pavement design, this paper concentrates on the panel designed by Pintoricchio in 1504 which shows Socrates, Crates, Fortuna and Sapientia together with a "peripatetic" group of Sages who ascend the mountain. Many sources have been claimed for this scene, among them the Bible, Augustine, and the tabula cebetis. Crucial for understanding the panel's iconography are however the Old Testament's Book of Wisdome and Lactantius' Divine Institutes, with its chapter on the False Wisdom of the Philosophers. Lactantius uses ancient philosophy and their pagan sages to undermine his apologetic approach to justify Christian religion. Within this context Socrates and Crates constitute important moral exemplars. The Book of Wisdom indicates Sapientia as the teacher of all the virtues, and through an interpretation of Divine Wisdom links humanity to the maritime allegory. Only those who recognize the superiority of Divine Wisdom finally achieve enlightenment., kunsttexte.de - Journal für Kunst- und Bildgeschichte, Nr. 2 (2011): Kunsttexte

Ce chapitre examine le rôle que les femmes de l’élite siennoise du xvie siècle ont joué en tant que dédicataires d’un important projet de traduction entrepris par un groupe d’hommes de lettres, parmi lesquels Alessandro Piccolomini, associés à l’Accademia degli Intronati. Ils ont produit une traduction commune de l’Énéide de Virgile, I sei primi libri (1540). La genèse de la traduction et les liens entre les dédicataires et les traducteurs trouvent leur origine dans la famille Piccolomini., This chapter investigates the role of elite women in sixteenth-century Siena as the dedicatees of a major translation project undertaken by a group of men associated with the Accademia degli Intronati, including Alessandro Piccolomini. They rendered Virgil’s Aeneid into the vernacular in a multi-authored translation, I sei primi libri (1540). The genesis of the volume and the nexus of interconnections between the female dedicatees and the male translators is rooted in the Piccolomini family.

Risultato di una ricerca condotta negli archivi locali e nazionali, il volume di Michelangelo Borri ricostruisce l’organizzazione e l’attività della censura postale nella provincia di Siena negli anni della Seconda guerra mondiale. Una prima parte è dedicata alle vicende della locale commissione di censura provinciale, alla sua composizione, al funzionamento e alle trasformazioni conosciute negli anni del conflitto, dal giugno 1940 fino ai mesi successivi alla liberazione del territorio senese nel luglio 1944. A questa segue una breve raccolta di lettere e stralci di lettere ritrovati negli archivi e ordinati cronologicamente, a formare una narrazione “dal basso” degli eventi, espressione del comune sentire dei senesi in guerra, delle loro speranze, paure, emozioni.

Darstellung der Matrix der 8 Landschaften für ein Unternehmen, das sich zu Dienstleistungen oder Konsumgütern entwickelt, es liefert den Schlüssel zum Verständnis im Zusammenhang mit dem nachhaltigen Paradigma und Träger der Komplexität eines CSR-Kommunikationsansatzes durch das Prisma „Landschaft“, das sich aus einem ergibt Gesellschaft. Die Kommunikation über CSR ist ein Element, das von Verbrauchern gesucht wird, und eine Möglichkeit, verantwortungsbewusste Unternehmen hervorzuheben. Den beiden Hauptakteuren des Marktes wird dann eine global wahrgenommene und erlebte Landschaft des Unternehmens auferlegt. Eine Umkehrung der Werte ist vorgesehen: ein Unternehmen, das die Umwelt des Verbrauchers schützt, das Umfeld, das das Unternehmen, sein Wachstum und den Verbraucher schützt. Es ermöglicht, eine synthetische Vision des Unternehmens und dieser Herausforderungen in Verbindung mit der Agenda 21 zu haben und durch die Gegenseitigkeit der Perspektiven und mögliche ethische und nachhaltige Unternehmenskampagnen eine neue Beziehung zum Verbraucher aufzubauen. Die Matrix von 8 CSR-Landschaften für effektive Unternehmenskommunikation: Mini Marketing Cases, FIAT, Welcomeback Future., Presentation of the matrix of 8 landscapes for a company evolving in services or consumer goods, it provides the keys to understanding in connection with the sustainable paradigm and bearer of the complexity of a CSR communication approach through the prism of "landscape" that emerges from a company. Communicating through CSR is an element sought after by consumers and a way to stand out for responsible companies. A global landscape of the company perceived and experienced is then imposed on the two main market players. An inversion of values ​​is foreseen: a company that protects the environment-environment of the consumer, the environment-environment that protects the company, its growth and the consumer. It allows to have a synthetic vision of the company and these challenges to come in connection with Agenda 21 and to establish a new relationship with the consumer through the reciprocity of perspectives and possible ethical and sustainable corporate campaigns. . The matrix of 8 CSR landscapes for effective corporate communication: mini marketing cases, FIAT, Welcomeback Future., Presentación de la matriz de 8 paisajes para una empresa que evoluciona en servicios o bienes de consumo, brinda las claves para entender en conexión con el paradigma sostenible y portador de la complejidad de un enfoque de comunicación de RSE a través del prisma del “paisaje” que emerge de un empresa. Comunicar a través de la RSE es un elemento buscado por los consumidores y una forma de diferenciación para las empresas responsables. Se impone entonces un panorama global de la empresa percibida y experimentada a los dos principales actores del mercado. Se prevé una inversión de valores: una empresa que protege el entorno-entorno del consumidor, el entorno-entorno que protege a la empresa, su crecimiento y al consumidor. Permite tener una visión sintética de la empresa y estos retos para vincularse con la Agenda 21 y establecer una nueva relación con el consumidor a través de la reciprocidad de perspectivas y posibles campañas corporativas éticas y sostenibles. La matriz de 8 paisajes de RSE para una comunicación corporativa efectiva: mini casos de marketing, FIAT, Welcomeback Future., Présentation de la matrice des 8 paysages pour une entreprise évoluant dans les services ou les biens de consommation, elle permet de donner les clés de lecture en lien avec le paradigme durable et porteur de la complexité d’une démarche de communication RSE par le prisme du « paysage » qui ressort d’une entreprise. Communiquer par la RSE est un élément recherché par les consommateurs et un moyen de se démarquer pour les entreprises responsables. Un paysage global de l’entreprise perçu et vécu s'impose alors aux deux principaux acteurs du marché. Une inversion des valeurs s’entrevoit : une entreprise qui protège l'environnement-milieu du consommateur, l'environnement-milieu qui protège l'entreprise, sa croissance et le consommateur. Elle permet d'avoir une vision synthétique de l'entreprise et de ces défis à venir en lien avec l'Agenda 21 et d’établir une nouvelle relation avec le consommateur par la réciprocité des perspectives et les possibles campagnes éthiques et durables d’entreprise. La matrice des 8 paysages RSE pour une communication d’entreprise efficace : mini-cas marketing, FIAT, Welcomeback Future., Presentazione della matrice degli 8 paesaggi per un'impresa in evoluzione nei servizi o nei beni di consumo, fornisce le chiavi di lettura in connessione con il paradigma sostenibile e portatrice della complessità di un approccio comunicativo di CSR attraverso il prisma del "paesaggio" che emerge da un azienda. Comunicare attraverso la CSR è un elemento ricercato dai consumatori e un modo per distinguersi per le aziende responsabili. Un panorama globale dell'azienda percepito e vissuto viene poi imposto ai due principali attori del mercato. È prevista un'inversione di valori: un'azienda che tutela l'ambiente-ambiente del consumatore, l'ambiente-ambiente che tutela l'azienda, la sua crescita e il consumatore. Permette di avere una visione sintetica dell'azienda e di queste sfide per entrare in connessione con l'Agenda 21 e per stabilire un nuovo rapporto con il consumatore attraverso la reciprocità di prospettive e possibili campagne aziendali etiche e sostenibili. La matrice degli 8 scenari CSR per una comunicazione aziendale efficace: mini casi di marketing, FIAT, Welcomeback Future.

The basic approaches to the study of the political development and government of Siena, one of the Italian republics of the Renaissance, are examined. The works of Western, especially Italian, historians of the second half of the XX - beginning of the XXI centuries are analyzed. The novelty of the study is that the author summarizes the results of studying the problem, shows the evolution of approaches to its solution, introduces the reader to modern views on it. An urgent question about the specifics of the Renaissance state by the example of the formation of Siena statehood in the second half of the XIV - first half of the XVI centuries has been raised. Based on a study of the works touching upon this problem, the author shows that during the study period the issue of the features of Siena’s political and state development was considered from different perspectives and underwent evolution from the problem of the decline of Siena to the problems of autonomy of the Siena state within the “Medici state”. Analysis of Western historiography of this period leads the author to agree with the conclusions of Italian scientists that the formation of a system of “parties” and coalition governments in Siena determines not only the relatively late formation of Signoria Petrucci, but also the specifics of Siena’s political and state development a kind of historical alternative to the Florentine signoria.

L’autore illustra un testo inedito proveniente dal Comune di Siena e relativo agli anni 1229-1242. È un registro di carattere finanziario, perché registra le entrate di giustizia, provenienti da condanne criminali e da contravvenzioni, nelle quali compaiono alcune migliaia di cittadini. È il primo documento di una certa ampiezza che riguardi la materia penale. È un registro corposo, contenendo circa 158 carte, dunque circa trecento facciate. L’autore fa precedere la sua analisi da un velocissimo inquadramento della città di Siena nel primo Duecento e inserisce nella descrizione generale del testo alcuni casi interessanti di condanne. The author describes a Sienese manuscript, not yet published, relating to the years 1229-1242, consisting in ca. 300 pages and being the first important Siennese document concerning fiscal revenues. It Includes many thousands of items concerning penalties and fines. The description of the manuscript is introduced by an utmost short sketch of Siennese society in the first half of the XIIIth century. Some examples of justicial cases of a certain interest are also discussed by the author.