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In previous taxonomic studies, identification of Atlanticus species was mainly based on male morphological features, such as cercus, tenth abdominal tergum and subgenital plate. In this study, we systematically revise eight Atlanticus species (61 individuals) in East China. We sequence COI genes of all samples for identification, and compare morphologies and male calling songs. The classification based on male cerci, calling songs, and COI genes is consistent. In contrast, the morphologies of male tenth abdominal tergum and subgenital plate varied among species. In addition, we regard A. jiangyei Liu, Wang & Cheng, 2016 as a junior synonym of A. pieli Tinkham, 1941, and A. helleri Liu, Wang & Cheng, 2016 as a junior synonym of A. kiangsu Ramme, 1939.

A 21-nucleotide duplication in one allele of SNCA was identified in a previously described disease with abundant α-synuclein inclusions that we now call juvenile-onset synucleinopathy (JOS). This mutation translates into the insertion of MAAAEKT after residue 22 of α-synuclein, resulting in a protein of 147 amino acids. Both wild-type and mutant proteins were present in sarkosyl-insoluble material that was extracted from frontal cortex of the individual with JOS and examined by electron cryo-microscopy. The structures of JOS filaments, comprising either a single protofilament, or a pair of protofilaments, revealed a new α-synuclein fold that differs from the folds of Lewy body diseases and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The JOS fold consists of a compact core, the sequence of which (residues 36–100 of wild-type α-synuclein) is unaffected by the mutation, and two disconnected density islands (A and B) of mixed sequences. There is a non-proteinaceous cofactor bound between the core and island A. The JOS fold resembles the common substructure of MSA Type I and Type II dimeric filaments, with its core segment approximating the C-terminal body of MSA protofilaments B and its islands mimicking the N-terminal arm of MSA protofilaments A. The partial similarity of JOS and MSA folds extends to the locations of their cofactor-binding sites. In vitro assembly of recombinant wild-type α-synuclein, its insertion mutant and their mixture yielded structures that were distinct from those of JOS filaments. Our findings provide insight into a possible mechanism of JOS fibrillation in which mutant α-synuclein of 147 amino acids forms a nucleus with the JOS fold, around which wild-type and mutant proteins assemble during elongation.

Precise manipulation of liquid metal (LM) droplets possesses the potential to enable a wide range of applications in reconfigurable electronics, robotics, and microelectromechanical systems. Although a variety of methods have been explored to actuate LM droplets on a 2D plane, versatile 3D manipulation remains a challenge due to the difficulty in overcoming their heavy weight. Here, foam-core liquid metal (FCLM) droplets that can maintain the surface properties of LM while significantly reducing the density are developed, enabling 3D manipulation in an electrolyte. The FCLM droplet is fabricated by coating LM on the surface of a copper-grafted foam sphere. The actuation of the FCLM droplet is realized by electrically inducing Marangoni flow on the LM surface. Two motion modes of the FCLM droplet are observed and studied and the actuation performance is characterized. Multiple FCLM droplets can be readily controlled to form 3D structures, demonstrating their potential to be further developed to form collaborative robots for enabling wider applications.

Using a convergent synthetic route to enable multiple points of diversity, a series of glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) were profiled for potency, selectivity, and drug-like properties

Host plant-microbe associations mediate interspecific interactions amongst herbivorous insects. However, this theory has rarely been ecologically verified in tephritid fruit flies. Research on this subject can not only help predict tephritid species invasion and occurrence patterns, but also develop potential novel lures for the control of the tephritid fruit fly pests. Recently, we observed mixed infestation of Bactrocera minax and Bactrocera dorsalis larvae in citrus orchards, which prompted us to explore the underlying mechanism.Following oviposition by B. minax, the yeast Pichia kluyveri translocated to and proliferated inside the citrus fruit. The level of d-limonene released from citrus fruits containing P. kluyveri was 27 times higher than that released from healthy fruits. Mature B. dorsalis females were attracted to d-limonene and oviposited into fruits previously infested by B. minax. Furthermore, the interspecific interaction between B. dorsalis and B. minax within the same fruit significantly decreased the number of surviving larvae and pupal weight in B. dorsalis, but its effect on B. minax was weaker.In the studied interspecific interaction, B. minax occupies the dominant position, implying ecological significance for this species in terms of consolidating its own niche and inhibiting the invasion of exotic species. To our best knowledge, this is the first report from both ecological and physiological perspectives on a symbiotic yeast mediating the interaction between B. minax and B. dorsalis through altering fruit volatiles. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Materials with programmable conductivity and stiffness offer new design opportunities for next-generation engineered systems in soft robotics and electronic devices. However, existing approaches fail to harness variable electrical and mechanical properties synergistically and lack the ability to self-respond to environmental changes. We report an electro-mechano responsive Field’s metal hybrid elastomer exhibiting variable and tunable conductivity, strain sensitivity, and stiffness. By synergistically harnessing these properties, we demonstrate two applications with over an order of magnitude performance improvement compared to state-of-the-art, including a self-triggered multiaxis compliance compensator for robotic manipulators, and a resettable, highly compact, and fast current-limiting fuse with an adjustable fusing current. We envisage that the extraordinary electromechanical properties of our hybrid elastomer will bring substantial advancements in resilient robotic systems, intelligent instruments, and flexible electronics.

Flexible pressure sensors based on polymer elastomers filled with conductive fillers show great advantages in their applications in flexible electronic devices. However, integratable high-sensitivity pressure sensors remain understudied. This work improves the conductivity and sensitivity of PDMS-Fe/Ni piezoresistive composites by introducing silver flakes and magnetic-assisted alignment techniques. As secondary fillers, silver flakes with high aspect ratios enhance the conductive percolation network in composites. Meanwhile, a magnetic field aligns ferromagnetic particles to further improve the conductivity and sensitivity of composites. The resistivity of the composite decreases sharply by 1000 times within a tiny compression strain of 1%, indicating excellent sensing performance. On the basis of this, we demonstrate an integratable miniature pressure sensor with a small size (2 × 2 × 1 mm), high sensitivity (0.966 kPa−1), and wide sensing range (200 kPa). Finally, we develop a flexible E-skin system with 5 × 5 integratable sensor units to detect pressure distribution, which shows rapid real-time response, high resolution, and high sensitivity.

Members of the E74-like factor (ELF) subfamily are involved in the immune stress process of organisms by regulating immune responses and the development of immune-related cells. PmE74 of Penaeus monodon was characterized and functionally analyzed in this study. The full length of PmE74 was 3106 bp, with a 5'-UTR of 297 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 460 bp. The ORF (Open reading frame) was 2349 bp and encoded 782 amino acids. Domain analysis showed that PmE74 contains a typical Ets domain. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PmE74 clustered with Litopenaeus vannamei E74 and displayed significant similarity (98.98%). PmE74 was expressed in all tissues tested in P. monodon, with the highest levels of expression observed in the testis, intestine, and epidermis. Different pathogen stimulation studies have revealed that PmE74 expression varies in response to different pathogen stimuli. A 96-h acute low salt stress study revealed that PmE74 in the hepatopancreas was upregulated and downregulated in the salinity 17 group and considerably downregulated in the salinity 3 group, whereas PmE74 in gill tissue was considerably downregulated in both groups. Further, by knocking down PmE74 and learning the trends of its linkage genes PmAQP1, PmNKA, PmE75, PmFtz-f1, PmEcR, and PmRXR in response to low salt stress, it was further indicated that PmE74 could have a vital role in the regulation of low salt stress. The SNP test revealed that PmE74-In1-53 was significantly associated with low salt tolerance traits in P. monodon (P 0.05). The findings of this study can aid in the advancement of molecular marker-assisted breeding in P. monodon, as well as provide fundamental data and methodologies for further investigation of its low salt tolerance strains in P. monodon.

Feather biodegradation is an important premise for efficient resource development and utilization, in which keratinase plays an important role. However, there are few keratinases that combine the high activity, thermal stability, and organic solvent tolerance required for industrialization. This paper reported an efficient feather-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 isolated from slaughterhouses. After 48 h of fermentation by P. aeruginosa 4-3 in a feather medium at 40 °C, pH 8.0, keratinase was efficiently produced (295.28 ± 5.42 U/mL) with complete feather degradation (95.3 ± 1.5%). Moreover, the keratinase from P. aeruginosa 4-3 showed high optimal temperature (55 °C), good thermal stability, wide pH tolerance, and excellent organic solvent resistance. In addition, P. aeruginosa 4-3-derived aminopeptidases also exhibit excellent thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance. Encouragingly, the reaction of crude keratinase and aminopeptidase with feathers for 8 h resulted in a 78% degradation rate of feathers. These properties make P. aeruginosa 4-3 keratinase and aminopeptidase ideal proteases for potential applications in keratin degradation, as well as provide ideas for the synergistic degradation of keratin by multiple enzymes.

Background: Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as a soluble pattern recognition molecule not only acts as a promising indicator reflecting the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but exerts essential pathogenic roles in the progression of RA and serves as a potential therapeutic target for RA patients. Our study intends to systematically evaluate the circulating PTX3 levels and their potential influencing factors in RA patients. Methods: Articles regarding the circulating PTX3 levels of RA patients were identified in Pubmed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Cochrane databases. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated and further illustrated by the forest plot. Egger’s regression test and sensitivity analysis were conducted to assess the publication bias and stability of the results, respectively. Results: Twenty articles with 21 individual studies were recruited in our meta-analysis. The overall results revealed that compared with healthy controls, RA patients had significantly higher circulating PTX3 levels (pooled SMD = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.45). Subgroup analyses further demonstrated that compared with healthy controls, RA patients of age ≤ 50 years, 2.6 < disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) ≤ 3.2, 3.2 < DAS28 ≤ 5.1, DAS28 > 5.1, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels > 10 mg/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) > 20 mm/h, and disease duration > 5 years had significantly higher circulating PTX3 levels, respectively; whereas RA patients of age > 50 years, DAS28 ≤ 2.6, CRP levels ≤ 10 mg/L, ESR ≤ 20 mm/h and disease duration ≤ 5 years had no significantly altered circulating PTX3 levels, respectively. Additionally, no matter the patients of Caucasian ethnicity or not, circulating PTX3 levels were significantly increased in RA patients. Conclusion: Compared with healthy controls, circulating PTX3 levels are significantly increased in RA patients, which are influenced by the age, disease activity, CRP levels, ESR, and disease duration of the patients.

Depression is the most common mental illness. Mounting evidence suggests that dysregulation of extracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms through which ATP modulates depressive-like behavior remain elusive.By use of ex vivo slice electrophysiology, chemogenetic manipulations, RNA interference, gene knockout, behavioral testing, and two depression mouse models, one induced by chronic social defeat stress and one caused by a IP3R2-null mutation, we systematically investigated the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms underlying ATP deficiency-induced depressive-like behavior.Deficiency of extracellular ATP in both defeated susceptible mice and IP3R2-null mutation mice led to reduced GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) inhibition and elevated excitability in lateral habenula-projecting, but not dorsal raphe-projecting, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons. Furthermore, the P2X2 receptor in GABAergic interneurons mediated ATP modulation of lateral habenula-projecting mPFC neurons and depressive-like behavior. Remarkably, chemogenetic activation of the mPFC-lateral habenula pathway induced depressive-like behavior in C57BL/6J mice, while inhibition of this pathway was sufficient to alleviate the behavioral impairment in both defeated susceptible and IP3R2-null mutant mice.Overall, our study provides compelling evidence that ATP level in the mPFC is critically involved in regulating depressive-like behavior in a pathway-specific manner. These results shed new light on the mechanisms underlying depression and the antidepressant effect of ATP.

To date, only two whip spider species have been recorded in China. We describe a new species, Sarax sinensis sp. nov., from Fujian, China. This species is morphologically similar to S. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959), S. israelensis (Miranda et al., 2016), and S. seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898), but can be distinguished by the combination of the following characters: 35 segments in leg I tarsus, eight teeth on cheliceral claw, and four dorsal and ventral spines respectively on pedipalp femur. To examine the evolutionary history of S. sinensis sp. nov., we sequenced 12S, 16S, and COI gene regions of our specimens and inferred its phylogenetic position. The inferred phylogenetic trees placed the new species within Sarax, with its closest relative being distributed across the western Asia. The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Biology, East China Normal University (ECNU).

† Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020 = † Tresdigitus Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020 n. syn. = † Chunxiania Xu, Wang & Fang, 2022 n. syn. Diagnosis. Head round, pronotum elongate, longer than the wide, middle of pronotal disk with two distinct large dark “eyespots”, foreleg robust, with three apical spurs arranged on the inner side of fore tibia. Included species. † Pherodactylus micromorphus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020 (type species by monotypy and original designation) and † Pherodactylus rectanguli (Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020) n. comb. Remarks. We treated genera † Tresdigitus n. syn. and Chunxiania n. syn. as synonyms of genus Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020. We propose the genera and their species as synonyms or relocated: genera † Tresdigitus n. syn. and Chunxiania n. syn. as synonyms of genus Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020, and † Tresdigitus gracilis Jiang, Xu, Jarzembowski & Xiao, 2022 n. syn. and † Chunxiania fania n. syn. as synonyms of † Pherodactylus rectanguli n. comb. The type specimen of each species represents different stages of the same species (Table 2), and they are all from the same locality. Besides, their morphological characters coincide with the diagnostic characters of † Pherodactylus. For additional taxonomic justifications, see † P. rectanguli n. comb. remarks., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Liu, Yi-Jiao, Yu, Zhe-Yuan, Hu, Tian-Hao, Wu, Shi-Yang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2023, Are the recently described fossil Mole Crickets of Myanmar amber real gryllotalpids? (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae), pp. 48-64 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8090321, {"references":["Poinar Jr., G., Su, Y. N. & Brown, A. E. (2020) A new genus of crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Mid-Cretaceous Myanmar Amber. Biosis: Biological Systems, 1 (1), 33 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.37819 / biosis. 001.01.0049","Wang, H., Lei, X., Zhang, G., Xu, C., Fang, Y. & Zhang, H. (2020) The earliest Gryllotalpinae (Insecta, Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 107, 104292. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2019.104292","Xu, C., Wang, H., Fang, Y., Jarzembowski, E. A. & Zhuo, D. (2022) Chunxiania fania: a new genus and species of mole cricket (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Cretaceous Research, 134, 105 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2022.105159","Jiang, X., Xu, C., Jarzembowski, E. A. & Xiao, C. (2022) A peculiar species of mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Cretaceous Research, 139, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2022.105273"]}

Subtribe † Pherodactylina Cadena-Castañeda & He n. subtr. Diagnosis. Slender body covered with several hairs. Head globose, slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pronotum moderately elongated, 1.5 times as long as broad, rectangular. Forelegs fossorial type, with the distal portion of fore tibia laterally compressed, and three strong movable apical spurs arranged only on inner side of tibia. Hind tibia moderately flattened, slightly shorter than femur; with small spines on dorsal margin and six spurs apically, three inner spurs and three outer ones nearly equal in length and shorter than first tarsomere, upper inner spur significantly longest. Taxa included. † Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020 (type genus) and † Burmagryllotalpa Wang et al., 2019. Remarks. This new subtribe is proposed to group fossil taxa only, in which some are originally described as mole crickets. After morphological analysis in this study, we conclude that they are true crickets with short dorsal spines on the hind tibia. Possessing serrated hind tibia is one of the characters that characterize Sclerogryllini taxa. Comparison. † Pherodactylina n. subtr. is included in Sclerogryllini, due to the structure of the hind tibia, in addition to the shape of the pronotum, which is more elongated in comparison with the field crickets of other Gryllinae tribes. The venation of the tegmina of the male of † P. rectanguli n. comb. resembles the venation of known Sclerogryllus males (Fig. 2). The same happens in the shape of the ovipositor in females, which presents a similar structure in its length with respect to the hind femur and the shape of the apex of the valves. Sclerogryllina n. stat. differs from † Pherodactylina n. subtr., due to its more robust appearance, glabrous body, and less pubescence. The species of † Pherodactylina n. subtr. are yellowish-brown in color, while Sclerogryllus species are almost black. Sclerogryllina n. stat. does not possess the fore tibiae with modification to dig, and it possesses three small apical spurs on each margin (outer and inner). On the other hand, the new tribe does not possess apical spines on the outer margin. Finally, Sclerogryllina n. stat. has conspicuously delineated hind femur chevrons traces, which does not appear in † Pherodactylina n. subtr., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Liu, Yi-Jiao, Yu, Zhe-Yuan, Hu, Tian-Hao, Wu, Shi-Yang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2023, Are the recently described fossil Mole Crickets of Myanmar amber real gryllotalpids? (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae), pp. 48-64 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8090321, {"references":["Poinar Jr., G., Su, Y. N. & Brown, A. E. (2020) A new genus of crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Mid-Cretaceous Myanmar Amber. Biosis: Biological Systems, 1 (1), 33 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.37819 / biosis. 001.01.0049"]}

Subtribe † Pherodactylina Cadena-Castañeda & He n. subtr. Diagnosis. Slender body covered with several hairs. Head globose, slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pronotum moderately elongated, 1.5 times as long as broad, rectangular. Forelegs fossorial type, with the distal portion of fore tibia laterally compressed, and three strong movable apical spurs arranged only on inner side of tibia. Hind tibia moderately flattened, slightly shorter than femur; with small spines on dorsal margin and six spurs apically, three inner spurs and three outer ones nearly equal in length and shorter than first tarsomere, upper inner spur significantly longest. Taxa included. † Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020 (type genus) and † Burmagryllotalpa Wang et al., 2019. Remarks. This new subtribe is proposed to group fossil taxa only, in which some are originally described as mole crickets. After morphological analysis in this study, we conclude that they are true crickets with short dorsal spines on the hind tibia. Possessing serrated hind tibia is one of the characters that characterize Sclerogryllini taxa. Comparison. † Pherodactylina n. subtr. is included in Sclerogryllini, due to the structure of the hind tibia, in addition to the shape of the pronotum, which is more elongated in comparison with the field crickets of other Gryllinae tribes. The venation of the tegmina of the male of † P. rectanguli n. comb. resembles the venation of known Sclerogryllus males (Fig. 2). The same happens in the shape of the ovipositor in females, which presents a similar structure in its length with respect to the hind femur and the shape of the apex of the valves. Sclerogryllina n. stat. differs from † Pherodactylina n. subtr., due to its more robust appearance, glabrous body, and less pubescence. The species of † Pherodactylina n. subtr. are yellowish-brown in color, while Sclerogryllus species are almost black. Sclerogryllina n. stat. does not possess the fore tibiae with modification to dig, and it possesses three small apical spurs on each margin (outer and inner). On the other hand, the new tribe does not possess apical spines on the outer margin. Finally, Sclerogryllina n. stat. has conspicuously delineated hind femur chevrons traces, which does not appear in † Pherodactylina n. subtr.

† Pherodactylus rectanguli (Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020) n. comb. Figs. 1–6 = † Chunxiania fania Xu, Wang & Fang, 2022 n. syn. = † Tresdigitus gracilis Jiang, Xu, Jarzembowski & Xiao, 2022 n. syn. General description. Male (based on specimens ECNU-AM-0019 and ECUN-AM-0010, Figs. 1–3). Smallsized (8.07 mm.). Predominantly yellowish coloration with grayish and black spots. Cephalic capsule with dorsal surface (from vertex to fastigium) and upper area of frons with dark brown to black stripes; area surrounding ocelli, mandibles, lower margin of genae, and frons ocher; ocelli yellow; eyes greyish. Frons with a yellow inverted “Y”, * for the data may be doubtful due to different measurement method. starting from vertex, dividing at fastigium, and branching to the inner margin of each lateral ocellus. Pronotal disc greyish brown, with black corner rims and delimiting pronotal disc from lateral lobes; pronotal disk with two distinct large dark “eyespots”. Lateral lobes of pronotum with upper half grayish brown and lower half yellowish. All legs are yellowish with black or grayish spots, irregularly scattered, most noticeable on femora. Tegminae translucent, with veins outlined in light yellow. Abdomen yellowish covered by various black or grayish spots. Body covered with short or mid-sized fine hairs. Head as wide as pronotum, rounded and smooth; almost as wide as high in frontal view, with epistomal suture little concave. Vertex rounded. Eyes ovoid, not protruding. Lateral ocelli circular, central ocellus absent. Eyes and antennal pits located very low on face, close to epistomal suture, almost at the same level. Fastigium wide, almost four times as wide as scape. Maxillary palpi with the 4 th and 5 th longer, apical segment of labial palpi flattened. Thorax. Pronotum longer than wide, covered by several and mid-sized hairs; anterior margin concave and broader than posterior margin, with long bristles; lateral lobules rectangular, wider than high and with a rounded lateral edge, ventral margin almost straight. Wings. Tegmina short and ovoid, reaching to the second abdominal tergite. Mirror in oval shape, longer than wide, with a curved dividing vein; harp with three dividing veins; apical field reduced; lateral field two longitudinal veins from base to apex, and ten transversal veins born from the second longitudinal vein to costal margin. Hind wings no visible. Legs. Coxa and trochanter not elongated. Foreleg robust with long setae, large and oval tympana in both sides, on middle of fore tibiae; three movable dactyls on apical part of fore tibiae, first tarsomere almost as long as fore tibiae, other two tarsomere short. Mid leg slender, coxa robust, with a process partly covering trochanter; femur slightly slenderer than fore femur; tibia slightly inflated, shorter than femur, armed at apex with three inner spurs and two outer spurs. Hind leg elongated, femur strong, tibia with several small spines on dorsal side at apex. Three internal apical spurs long, and two external apical spurs short. The first and third tarsomere long and the second one short. Abdomen cylindrical; tergites with few short hairs; epiproctus subtriangular, apex rounded; subgenital plate short, wider than long, apex rounded; cerci almost as long as the two-thirds of hind tibia, covered by abundant medium-sized hairs. Female (emended description; based on specimens ECNU-AM-0002 and ECUN-AM-0024, Figs. 4, 5). Similar to the males in shape and size, differing by the following characters: the color tones are darker than the males, but keep the same pattern. Tegmina absent. Abdomen with hairs and several long bristles on dorsal side. Epiproct triangular, with rounded posterior margin. Ovipositor almost straight, apex of valves sharp, pointed, and lanceolate in dorsal view. Subgenital plate trapezoidal, apex moderately protruding. Male nymph (based on specimen ECNU-AM-0045, Fig. 6). Similar to the adult males, but no developed wings, with a more fragile and slender appearance. It differs from the adults, because the tympana are smaller in diameter than the other adult specimens examined. The small tympana in immature specimens can happen. This structure increases its size in adults. Measurements (mm). Adult male ECNU-AM-0019 (Fig. 1, 2): BL: 8.07; HL: 1.07; PL: 1.57; PW: 1.43; FWL: 2.18; FFL: 1.61; FTL: 1.04; MFL: 1.41; MTL: 1.09; HFL: 3.15; HTL: 1.82; AL: 5.14; CL: 2.26. Adult male ECNU-AM-0010 (Fig. 3): PL: 1.47; PW: 1.33; FWL: 2.05; FFL: 0.98; FTL: 1.06; Body broken, uncertain for else. Adult female ECNU-AM-0002 (Fig. 4): BL: 8.20; HL: 1.21; PL: 1.69 PW: 1.71 FFL: 1.56; FTL: 0.97; MFL: 1.91; MTL: not visible; HFL: 3.63; HTL: 2.54; AL: 4.63, OL: 1.82. Adult female ECNU-AM-0024 (Fig. 5): BL: 5.24; HL: 1.06; PL: 1.60; PW: uncertain; FFL: 1.45; FTL: 0.95; MTL: 1.42, femur and tarsus incomplete; HFL: 3.34, HTL: 2.56; AL: 3.82, CL: 2.39, OL: 1.72. Nymph ECNU-AM-0045 (Fig. 6): BL: 5.22; HL: 0.87; PL: 1.33, PW: uncertain; FFL: 1.40; FTL: 0.83; MFL: 0.97, MTL: 0.82; HFL: 2.49; HTL: 1.71; AL: 3.25; CL: 1.67. Remarks. Synonymy and new combination at the species level are justified as follows: 1) † P. micromorphus Poinar et al. 2020 is a subadult female specimen, which looks different in the shape of the pronotum in contrast to the holotype of † P. rectanguli n. comb. (a subadult male). However, when the photos of specimens are taken from different angles, an optical effect will be caused, which confuses us to consider them as different shapes. This can be happened in the additional specimens of † P. rectanguli n. comb. studied here. The fore tibia does not vary in both specimens. Only in the holotype of P. rectangulari n. comb., a bending of the ventral edge is observed, but this can happen due to dehydration during fossilization. However, we prefer to keep this species as valid, since the subadult female holotype specimen of † P. micromorphus had a wing pad, which is different from the adult females of † P. rectangulari n. comb. 2) † C. fania n. syn. is an adult male specimen. In the images of the original description, its diagnostic characters coincide with † P. rectanguli n. comb. in terms of the shape of fore tibia, apical spurs organization and shape, and location of the spurs of hind tibia. The hind tibiae are thin and moderately elongated, and the shape of pronotum and its spots coincide in these specimens. Unfortunately, the venation of † C. fania n. syn. is not observed due to preservation.Although the subgenital plate of † C. fania n. syn. dehydrated in fossilization process and coiled dorsally, it still could be observed in a triangular shape, which is similar to those of field crickets in a semicircle shape. 3) † Tresdigitus gracilis n. syn. is a nymph of indefinite sex (possibly female in penultimate or ultimate instar), not as developed as the two “species” previously synonymized. In the key presented in the original description by Jiang et al., 2022, the arrangement of head and the shape of pronotum are some of the characters proposed by the authors to distinguish the species from † P. rectanguli n. comb. The disposition of the head can vary in the way that insects die, and thus remains when fossilized. In contrast to † P. rectanguli n. comb., its head is in a normal position, locating mouthparts down (hypognathous/ hypognathous mandible). Other characters that stand out in † T. gracilis n. syn. is the moderately expanded fore tibia, and the small tympanum. However, it is common for crickets that they are different in these characters in their early stages. Through molting and growth, the tympanum becomes larger, and the tibiae attains the shape final in the last stages of insect development (Table 2; Ball and Cowan, 1978). In this study, we provide well-preserved males, females, and nymphal specimens, in which most of the morphological characters can be studied. It is applicable to verify the similarities and differences with the other recently described fossil taxa of “Mole Crickets” with those specimens. In terms of coloration, it was feasible to show that the coloration of † P. micromorphus is similar to those of the two males studied here. † P. rectanguli n. comb. has the same color pattern, but its image was darker in the original description (possibly due to a lack of brightness or light from the photographic record). For † C. fania n. syn., the same issue happened as mentioned above. All the specimens in the different stages of development have similar coloration, with two distinct large dark “eyespots” of similar shape; lower half of the anterior lobe of the yellow pronotum; shape and location of apical spurs of fore tibia; hind tibia serrulate with small spines; apex with conspicuous slender spines. The number of dorsal spines on legs is not reliable classification characters due to its intraspecific variation, which may be different from one leg to the other leg on one specimen (Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2022b). We consider † Pherodactylus micromorphus and † P. rectanguli n. comb. as valid genus and species. Both genera were described in 2020, and the original description of † P. micromorphus is available on March of 2020, while † Tresdigitus rectanguli is published on August of 2020. It is worth noting that Poinar et al. (2020) proposed a more reasonable taxonomic placement of its genus and species than the other authors, consisting with our results discussed and analyzed here. † Burmagryllotalpa longa is proposed to move under Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Sclerogryllini: Pherodactylina n. subtr. Although this species shares some morphologies with † Pherodactylus species, † B. longa completely lacks tympanum, and its pronotum is dorsally curved without spots on pronotal disc that characterize † Pherodactylus species. Thus, we consider † B. longa as valid.

† Pherodactylus rectanguli (Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020) n. comb. Figs. 1–6 = † Chunxiania fania Xu, Wang & Fang, 2022 n. syn. = † Tresdigitus gracilis Jiang, Xu, Jarzembowski & Xiao, 2022 n. syn. General description. Male (based on specimens ECNU-AM-0019 and ECUN-AM-0010, Figs. 1–3). Smallsized (8.07 mm.). Predominantly yellowish coloration with grayish and black spots. Cephalic capsule with dorsal surface (from vertex to fastigium) and upper area of frons with dark brown to black stripes; area surrounding ocelli, mandibles, lower margin of genae, and frons ocher; ocelli yellow; eyes greyish. Frons with a yellow inverted “Y”, * for the data may be doubtful due to different measurement method. starting from vertex, dividing at fastigium, and branching to the inner margin of each lateral ocellus. Pronotal disc greyish brown, with black corner rims and delimiting pronotal disc from lateral lobes; pronotal disk with two distinct large dark “eyespots”. Lateral lobes of pronotum with upper half grayish brown and lower half yellowish. All legs are yellowish with black or grayish spots, irregularly scattered, most noticeable on femora. Tegminae translucent, with veins outlined in light yellow. Abdomen yellowish covered by various black or grayish spots. Body covered with short or mid-sized fine hairs. Head as wide as pronotum, rounded and smooth; almost as wide as high in frontal view, with epistomal suture little concave. Vertex rounded. Eyes ovoid, not protruding. Lateral ocelli circular, central ocellus absent. Eyes and antennal pits located very low on face, close to epistomal suture, almost at the same level. Fastigium wide, almost four times as wide as scape. Maxillary palpi with the 4 th and 5 th longer, apical segment of labial palpi flattened. Thorax. Pronotum longer than wide, covered by several and mid-sized hairs; anterior margin concave and broader than posterior margin, with long bristles; lateral lobules rectangular, wider than high and with a rounded lateral edge, ventral margin almost straight. Wings. Tegmina short and ovoid, reaching to the second abdominal tergite. Mirror in oval shape, longer than wide, with a curved dividing vein; harp with three dividing veins; apical field reduced; lateral field two longitudinal veins from base to apex, and ten transversal veins born from the second longitudinal vein to costal margin. Hind wings no visible. Legs. Coxa and trochanter not elongated. Foreleg robust with long setae, large and oval tympana in both sides, on middle of fore tibiae; three movable dactyls on apical part of fore tibiae, first tarsomere almost as long as fore tibiae, other two tarsomere short. Mid leg slender, coxa robust, with a process partly covering trochanter; femur slightly slenderer than fore femur; tibia slightly inflated, shorter than femur, armed at apex with three inner spurs and two outer spurs. Hind leg elongated, femur strong, tibia with several small spines on dorsal side at apex. Three internal apical spurs long, and two external apical spurs short. The first and third tarsomere long and the second one short. Abdomen cylindrical; tergites with few short hairs; epiproctus subtriangular, apex rounded; subgenital plate short, wider than long, apex rounded; cerci almost as long as the two-thirds of hind tibia, covered by abundant medium-sized hairs. Female (emended description; based on specimens ECNU-AM-0002 and ECUN-AM-0024, Figs. 4, 5). Similar to the males in shape and size, differing by the following characters: the color tones are darker than the males, but keep the same pattern. Tegmina absent. Abdomen with hairs and several long bristles on dorsal side. Epiproct triangular, with rounded posterior margin. Ovipositor almost straight, apex of valves sharp, pointed, and lanceolate in dorsal view. Subgenital plate trapezoidal, apex moderately protruding. Male nymph (based on specimen ECNU-AM-0045, Fig. 6). Similar to the adult males, but no developed wings, with a more fragile and slender appearance. It differs from the adults, because the tympana are smaller in diameter than the other adult specimens examined. The small tympana in immature specimens can happen. This structure increases its size in adults. Measurements (mm). Adult male ECNU-AM-0019 (Fig. 1, 2): BL: 8.07; HL: 1.07; PL: 1.57; PW: 1.43; FWL: 2.18; FFL: 1.61; FTL: 1.04; MFL: 1.41; MTL: 1.09; HFL: 3.15; HTL: 1.82; AL: 5.14; CL: 2.26. Adult male ECNU-AM-0010 (Fig. 3): PL: 1.47; PW: 1.33; FWL: 2.05; FFL: 0.98; FTL: 1.06; Body broken, uncertain for else. Adult female ECNU-AM-0002 (Fig. 4): BL: 8.20; HL: 1.21; PL: 1.69 PW: 1.71 FFL: 1.56; FTL: 0.97; MFL: 1.91; MTL: not visible; HFL: 3.63; HTL: 2.54; AL: 4.63, OL: 1.82. Adult female ECNU-AM-0024 (Fig. 5): BL: 5.24; HL: 1.06; PL: 1.60; PW: uncertain; FFL: 1.45; FTL: 0.95; MTL: 1.42, femur and tarsus incomplete; HFL: 3.34, HTL: 2.56; AL: 3.82, CL: 2.39, OL: 1.72. Nymph ECNU-AM-0045 (Fig. 6): BL: 5.22; HL: 0.87; PL: 1.33, PW: uncertain; FFL: 1.40; FTL: 0.83; MFL: 0.97, MTL: 0.82; HFL: 2.49; HTL: 1.71; AL: 3.25; CL: 1.67. Remarks. Synonymy and new combination at the species level are justified as follows: 1) † P. micromorphus Poinar et al. 2020 is a subadult female specimen, which looks different in the shape of the pronotum in contrast to the holotype of † P. rectanguli n. comb. (a subadult male). However, when the photos of specimens are taken from different angles, an optical effect will be caused, which confuses us to consider them as different shapes. This can be happened in the additional specimens of † P. rectanguli n. comb. studied here. The fore tibia does not vary in both specimens. Only in the holotype of P. rectangulari n. comb., a bending of the ventral edge is observed, but this can happen due to dehydration during fossilization. However, we prefer to keep this species as valid, since the subadult female holotype specimen of † P. micromorphus had a wing pad, which is different from the adult females of † P. rectangulari n. comb. 2) † C. fania n. syn. is an adult male specimen. In the images of the original description, its diagnostic characters coincide with † P. rectanguli n. comb. in terms of the shape of fore tibia, apical spurs organization and shape, and location of the spurs of hind tibia. The hind tibiae are thin and moderately elongated, and the shape of pronotum and its spots coincide in these specimens. Unfortunately, the venation of † C. fania n. syn. is not observed due to preservation.Although the subgenital plate of † C. fania n. syn. dehydrated in fossilization process and coiled dorsally, it still could be observed in a triangular shape, which is similar to those of field crickets in a semicircle shape. 3) † Tresdigitus gracilis n. syn. is a nymph of indefinite sex (possibly female in penultimate or ultimate instar), not as developed as the two “species” previously synonymized. In the key presented in the original description by Jiang et al., 2022, the arrangement of head and the shape of pronotum are some of the characters proposed by the authors to distinguish the species from † P. rectanguli n. comb. The disposition of the head can vary in the way that insects die, and thus remains when fossilized. In contrast to † P. rectanguli n. comb., its head is in a normal position, locating mouthparts down (hypognathous/ hypognathous mandible). Other characters that stand out in † T. gracilis n. syn. is the moderately expanded fore tibia, and the small tympanum. However, it is common for crickets that they are different in these characters in their early stages. Through molting and growth, the tympanum becomes larger, and the tibiae attains the shape final in the last stages of insect development (Table 2; Ball and Cowan, 1978). In this study, we provide well-preserved males, females, and nymphal specimens, in which most of the morphological characters can be studied. It is applicable to verify the similarities and differences with the other recently described fossil taxa of “Mole Crickets” with those specimens. In terms of coloration, it was feasible to show that the coloration of † P. micromorphus is similar to those of the two males studied here. † P. rectanguli n. comb. has the same color pattern, but its image was darker in the original description (possibly due to a lack of brightness or light from the photographic record). For † C. fania n. syn., the same issue happened as mentioned above. All the specimens in the different stages of development have similar coloration, with two distinct large dark “eyespots” of similar shape; lower half of the anterior lobe of the yellow pronotum; shape and location of apical spurs of fore tibia; hind tibia serrulate with small spines; apex with conspicuous slender spines. The number of dorsal spines on legs is not reliable classification characters due to its intraspecific variation, which may be different from one leg to the other leg on one specimen (Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2022b). We consider † Pherodactylus micromorphus and † P. rectanguli n. comb. as valid genus and species. Both genera were described in 2020, and the original description of † P. micromorphus is available on March of 2020, while † Tresdigitus rectanguli is published on August of 2020. It is worth noting that Poinar et al. (2020) proposed a more reasonable taxonomic placement of its genus and species than the other authors, consisting with our results discussed and analyzed here. † Burmagryllotalpa longa is proposed to move under Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Sclerogryllini: Pherodactylina n. subtr. Although this species shares some morphologies with † Pherodactylus species, † B. longa completely lacks tympanum, and its pronotum is dorsally curved without spots on pronotal disc that characterize † Pherodactylus species. Thus, we consider † B. longa as valid., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Liu, Yi-Jiao, Yu, Zhe-Yuan, Hu, Tian-Hao, Wu, Shi-Yang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2023, Are the recently described fossil Mole Crickets of Myanmar amber real gryllotalpids? (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae), pp. 48-64 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on pages 52-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8090321, {"references":["Wang, H., Lei, X., Zhang, G., Xu, C., Fang, Y. & Zhang, H. (2020) The earliest Gryllotalpinae (Insecta, Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 107, 104292. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2019.104292","Xu, C., Wang, H., Fang, Y., Jarzembowski, E. A. & Zhuo, D. (2022) Chunxiania fania: a new genus and species of mole cricket (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Cretaceous Research, 134, 105 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2022.105159","Jiang, X., Xu, C., Jarzembowski, E. A. & Xiao, C. (2022) A peculiar species of mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Cretaceous Research, 139, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2022.105273","Xu, C., Fang, Y. & Wang, H. (2020) A new mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 112, 104428. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2020.104428","Poinar Jr., G., Su, Y. N. & Brown, A. E. (2020) A new genus of crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Mid-Cretaceous Myanmar Amber. Biosis: Biological Systems, 1 (1), 33 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.37819 / biosis. 001.01.0049","Ball, E. E. & Cowan, N. (1978) Ultrastructural study of the development of the auditory tympana in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker). Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 46, 75 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / dev. 46.1.75","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., Quintana-Arias, R. F., Trujillo, D. M., Prias, J. P. & Castellanos-Morales, C. A. (2022 b) Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia. Zootaxa, 5141 (6), 568 - 580. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5141.6.3"]}

Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Liu, Yi-Jiao, Yu, Zhe-Yuan, Hu, Tian-Hao, Wu, Shi-Yang, He, Zhu-Qing (2023): Are the recently described fossil Mole Crickets of Myanmar amber real gryllotalpids? (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae). Zootaxa 5311 (1): 48-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.2

Tribe Sclerogryllini Gorochov, 1985 Remarks. This tribe was described by Saussure (1877) as “Légion des Scléropterites”, including Acanthoplistus Saussure, 1877, and Scleropterus Haan, 1844. Subsequently, this taxon was treated as a subfamily by Shiraki (1930), and this status was followed by Chopard (1934, 1936) and Desutter (1987). Gorochov (1985) proposed a new name Sclerogryllus for Scleropterus Haan, 1844, which has been used for Scleropterus Schoenherr, 1825 (Coleoptera). At the same time, Gorochov also established the tribal status as Sclerogryllini, with Sclerogryllus as the type genus under Gryllinae. Otte (1994) argued that according to the nomenclatural change proposed by Gorochov, the subfamily name should be changed to Sclerogryllinae. Otte used the name Sclerogryllinae for the first time, and this was followed by Storozhenko et al. (2015). Recently, Yu et al. (2022) published a complete mitochondrial genome of cricket Sclerogryllus punctatus. By phylogenetic analysis, they verified that Sclerogryllus was grouped within the Gryllinae clade. Therefore, Sclerogryllinae should be treated as a synonym of Gryllinae, and Gorochov’s tribe Sclerogryllini under Gryllinae is recommended rather than a different subfamily from field crickets. Sclerogryllini is a monogeneric tribe, with five species distributed in Asia. Rhabdotogryllus caraboides Chopard, 1954 from Guinea (Africa), is only known from its holotype female, and no additional records have been reported since its description. R. caraboides is superficially similar to Sclerogryllus females, but possessing more conspicuous dorsal spurs on the hind tibia. Thus, the homology of Rhabdotogryllus and Sclerogryllus is still a question, and Sclerogryllini probably only occurs in Asia. Here, we propose a new fossil subtribe that more closely resembles extant Sclerogryllini species in morphology than any other tribal taxon of field crickets. Additionally, a key to separate the taxa of the tribe is provided., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Liu, Yi-Jiao, Yu, Zhe-Yuan, Hu, Tian-Hao, Wu, Shi-Yang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2023, Are the recently described fossil Mole Crickets of Myanmar amber real gryllotalpids? (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae), pp. 48-64 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8090321, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (1985) On the Orthoptera subfamily of Gryllinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from eastern Indochina. In: Medvedev, L. N. (Ed.), Fauna iekologiya nasekomykh Vetnama [The fauna and ecology of insects of Vietnam], 1985, pp. 9 - 17.","Saussure, H. (1877) Melanges orthopterologiques V. fascicule Gryllides. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 25 (1), 169 - 504.","Shiraki, T. (1930) Orthoptera of the Japanese Empire. Part I. (Gryllotalpidae and Gryllidae). Insecta Matsumurana, 4, 181 - 252.","Chopard, L. (1934) Catalogues raisonnes de la faune entomologique du Congo belge. Orthopteres - Gryllides. Annales du Musee du Congo belge Tervueren, Belgique, Zoologie, 3 (2), 4, 1 - 88.","Chopard, L. (1936) The Tridactylidae and Gryllidae of Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Science), 20, 9 - 87.","Desutter, L. (1987) Structure et evolution du complexe phallique de Gryllidea (Orthopteres) et classification des genres neotropicauxde Grylloidea. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 23 (3), 213 - 239.","Otte, D. (1994) Crickets (Grylloidea). Orthoptera Species File. Vol. 1. Orthopterist' Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, iv + 120 pp.","Storozhenko, S. Y., Kim, T. W. & Jeon, M. J. (2015) Monograph of Korean Orthoptera. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 377 pp.","Yu, Z., Xie, H., Liu, Y., Li, K. & He, Z. (2022) The complete mitochondrial genome of cricket Sclerogryllus punctatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 25 (3), 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aspen. 2022.101933"]}

† Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020 = † Tresdigitus Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020 n. syn. = † Chunxiania Xu, Wang & Fang, 2022 n. syn. Diagnosis. Head round, pronotum elongate, longer than the wide, middle of pronotal disk with two distinct large dark “eyespots”, foreleg robust, with three apical spurs arranged on the inner side of fore tibia. Included species. † Pherodactylus micromorphus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020 (type species by monotypy and original designation) and † Pherodactylus rectanguli (Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020) n. comb. Remarks. We treated genera † Tresdigitus n. syn. and Chunxiania n. syn. as synonyms of genus Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020. We propose the genera and their species as synonyms or relocated: genera † Tresdigitus n. syn. and Chunxiania n. syn. as synonyms of genus Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020, and † Tresdigitus gracilis Jiang, Xu, Jarzembowski & Xiao, 2022 n. syn. and † Chunxiania fania n. syn. as synonyms of † Pherodactylus rectanguli n. comb. The type specimen of each species represents different stages of the same species (Table 2), and they are all from the same locality. Besides, their morphological characters coincide with the diagnostic characters of † Pherodactylus. For additional taxonomic justifications, see † P. rectanguli n. comb. remarks.

In this paper, we consider a distributed online convex optimization problem over a time-varying multi-agent network. The goal of this network is to minimize a global loss function through local computation and communication with neighbors. To effectively handle the optimization problem with a high-dimensional and complicated constraint set, we develop a distributed online multiple Frank-Wolfe algorithm to avoid the expensive computational cost of projection operation. The dynamic regret bounds are established as $\mathcal{O}(T^{1-\gamma}+H_T)$ with the linear oracle number $\mathcal{O} (T^{1+\gamma})$, which depends on the horizon (total iteration number) $T$, the function variation $H_T$, and the tuning parameter $0

SummaryStudies in shift workers and model organisms link circadian disruption to breast cancer. However, molecular rhythms in non-cancerous and cancerous human breast tissues are largely unknown. We reconstructed rhythms informatically, integrating locally collected, time-stamped biopsies with public datasets. For non-cancerous tissue, the inferred order of core-circadian genes matches established physiology. Inflammatory, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and estrogen responsiveness pathways show circadian modulation. Among tumors, clock correlation analysis demonstrates subtype-specific changes in circadian organization. Luminal A organoids and informatic ordering of Luminal A samples exhibit continued, albeit disrupted rhythms. However, CYCLOPS magnitude, a measure of global rhythm strength, varied widely among Luminal A samples. Cycling of EMT pathway genes was markedly increased in high-magnitude Luminal A tumors. Patients with high-magnitude tumors had reduced 5-year survival. Correspondingly, 3D Luminal A cultures show reduced invasion following molecular clock disruption. This study links subtype-specific circadian disruption in breast cancer to EMT, metastatic potential, and prognosis.

Developable surfaces are commonly observed in various applications such as architecture, product design, manufacturing, mechanical materials, and data physicalization as well as in the development of tangible interaction and deformable robots, with the characteristics of easy-to-product, low-cost, transport-friendly, and deformable. Transforming shapes into developable surfaces is a complex and comprehensive task, which forms a variety of methods of segmentation, unfolding, and manufacturing for shapes with different geometry and topology, resulting in the complexity of developable surfaces. In this paper, we reviewed relevant methods and techniques for the study of developable surfaces, characterize them with our proposed pipeline, and categorize them based on digital modeling, physical modeling, interaction, and application. Through the analysis to the relevant literature, we also discussed some of the research challenges and future research opportunities., Comment: 20 pages, Author submitted manuscript

BackgroundTumor-specific protein 70 (SP70) was identified as a new biomarker associated with the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the expression of SP70 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and assess its clinical value in the diagnosis and prediction of early HCC recurrence.MethodsA total of 1049 subjects from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were recruited in this study. Serum SP70, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence II (PIVKA-II) were measured. The diagnostic performance for HCC was obtained using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictive factors of RFS.ResultsSP70 was highly expressed in HCC cells and HCC tissue. Serum SP70 levels in the HCC group were significantly higher than in the benign liver diseases group and healthy control group (PP=0.003). In addition, high SP70 levels were significantly associated with shorter RFS (P=0.037) in the AFP-negative subgroup. Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that preoperative serum SP70 level, serum AFP, tumor diameter and microvascular invasion were independent prognostic factors of RFS.ConclusionSP70 is a promising biomarker in diagnosing HCC. High preoperative serum SP70 level is associated with an increased risk of early relapse and could be used as a valuable marker to predict early recurrence of HCC after resection.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the major clinical obstacle in the management of cancer by chemotherapy. Overexpression of ATP-dependent efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (PGP) is a key factor contributing to multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The purpose of the present study was to use the endosomal pH-sensitive MSN (mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MSN-Hydrazone-Dox) for controlled release of doxorubicin (Dox) in an attempt to overcome the PGP-mediated MDR. In vitro cell culture studies indicate that uptake of MSN-Hydrazone-Dox by the human uterine sarcoma MES-SA/Dox-resistant tumor (MES-SA/Dx-5) cell occurs through endocytosis, thus bypassing the efflux pump resistance. This improves the efficacy of the drug and leads to significant cytotoxicity and DNA fragmentation evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling and DNA laddering assays. In vivo studies show that the intratumor injection of MSN-Hydrazone-Dox induces significant apoptosis of MES-SA/Dox-resistant cancer cells. This is validated by active caspase-3 immunohistochemical analysis. However, MSN-Hydrazone, without doxorubicin conjugation, cannot induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo studies show that MSN could serve as an efficient nanocarrier entering cell avidly via endocytosis, thus bypassing the PGP efflux pump to compromise the PGP-mediated MDR. MSN-Hydrazone-Dox could further respond to endosomal acidic pH to release doxorubicin in a sustained manner. Besides the cell study, this is the first report that successfully shows the therapeutic efficacy of using MSN against MDR cancer in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(5); 761–9. ©2011 AACR.

Supplementary Figures 1-2 from Enhanced Chemotherapy of Cancer Using pH-Sensitive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles to Antagonize P-Glycoprotein–Mediated Drug Resistance

Shu-Jie Pang,1,&ast; Zhe Sun,1,&ast; Wen-Feng Lu,1,&ast; Hui Si-Ma,1 Zhi-Peng Lin,2 Yang Shi,1 Ying-Cheng Yang,1 Xi-Jun Zhao,1 Guang-Shun Yang,1 Guang-Zhi Jin,3 Ning Yang1 1Department V of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 940th Hospital of CPLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou, 730050, People’s Republic of China; 3Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ning Yang, Department V of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 81877591, Fax +86 21 6556 6851, Email lancet00@163.com Guang-Zhi Jin, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, People’s Republic of China, Email jgzhi@hotmail.comBackground: RBM10ʹs function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has rarely been addressed. We intend to explore the prognostic significance and therapeutic meaning of RBM10 in HCC in this study.Methods: Multiple common databases were integrated to analyze the expression status and prognostic meaning of RBM10 in HCC. The relationship between RBM10 mRNA level and clinical features was also assessed. Multiple enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes between RBM10 high- and low- transcription groups were constructed by using R software (version 4.0.2). A Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes database was used to construct the protein–protein interaction network between RBM10 and other proteins. A tumor immune estimation resource database was employed to identify the relationship between RBM10 expression and immune cell infiltrates. The prognostic value of RBM10 expression was validated in our HCC cohort by immunohistochemistry test.Results: The transcription of RBM10 mRNA was positively correlated with tumor histologic grade (p < 0.001), T classification (p < 0.001), and tumor stage (p < 0.001). High transcription of RBM10 in HCC predicted a dismal overall survival (p = 0.0037) and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Gene Ontology, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis all revealed that RBM10 was involved in the regulation of cell cycle, DNA replication, and immune-related pathways. Tumor immune estimation analysis revealed that RBM10 transcription was positively related to multiple immune cell infiltrates and the expressions of PD-1 and PD-L1.Conclusion: RBM10 was demonstrated to be a dismal prognostic factor and a potential biomarker for immune therapy in HCC in that it may be involved in the immune-related signaling pathways.Keywords: RBM10, hepatocellular carcinoma, prognosis, differentially expressed gene, integrated bioinformatics analysis

Liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs) have recently attracted much attention as soft functional materials for various biorelated applications. Despite the fact that several reports demonstrate highly stable LMNPs in aqueous solutions or organic solvents, it is still challenging to stabilize LMNPs in biological media with complex ionic environments. LMNPs grafted with functional polymers (polymers/LMNPs) have been fabricated for maintaining their colloidal and chemical stability; however, to the best of our knowledge, no related work has been conducted to systematically investigate the effect of anchoring groups on the stability of LMNPs. Herein, various anchoring groups, including phosphonic acids, trithiolcarbonates, thiols, and carboxylic acids, are incorporated into brush polymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to graft LMNPs. Both the colloidal and chemical stability of such polymer/LMNP systems are then investigated in various biological media. Moreover, the influence of multidentate ligands is also investigated by incorporating different numbers of carboxylic or phosphonic acid into the brush polymers. We discover that increasing the number of anchoring groups enhances the colloidal stability of LMNPs, while polymers bearing phosphonic acids provide the optimum chemical stability for LMNPs due to surface passivation. Thus, polymers bearing multidentate phosphonic acids are desirable to decorate LMNPs to meet complex environments for biological studies.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors suffer from long-term disability and neuropsychiatric sequelae due to irreparable brain tissue destruction. However, there are still few efficient therapies to promote neurorestoration in damaged brain tissue. This study aimed to investigate whether the pro-oncogenic gene ski can promote neurorestoration after TBI. We established a ski-overexpressing experimental TBI mouse model using adenovirus-mediated overexpression through immediate injection after injury. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, MRI-based 3D lesion volume reconstruction, neurobehavioral tests, and analyses of neuronal regeneration and astrogliosis were used to assess neurorestorative efficiency. The effects of ski overexpression on the proliferation of cultured immature neurons and astrocytes were evaluated using imaging flow cytometry. The Ski protein level increased in the perilesional region at 3 days post injury. ski overexpression further elevated Ski protein levels up to 14 days post injury. Lesion volume was attenuated by approximately 36-55% after ski overexpression, with better neurobehavioral recovery, more newborn immature and mature neurons, and less astrogliosis in the perilesional region. Imaging flow cytometry results showed that ski overexpression elevated the proliferation rate of immature neurons and reduced the proliferation rate of astrocytes. These results show that ski can be considered a novel neurorestoration-related gene that effectively promotes neurorestoration, facilitates neuronal regeneration, and reduces astrogliosis after TBI.

Flow cytometry has proven its capability for rapid and quantitative analysis of individual cells and the separation of targeted biological samples from others. The emerging microfluidics technology makes it possible to develop portable microfluidic diagnostic devices for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. Microfluidic flow cytometry (MFCM), where flow cytometry and microfluidics are combined to achieve similar or even superior functionalities on microfluidic chips, provides a powerful single-cell characterisation and sorting tool for various biological samples. In recent years, researchers have made great progress in the development of the MFCM including focusing, detecting, and sorting subsystems, and its unique capabilities have been demonstrated in various biological applications. Moreover, liquid biopsy using blood can provide various physiological and pathological information. Thus, biomarkers from blood are regarded as meaningful circulating transporters of signal molecules or particles and have great potential to be used as non (or minimally)-invasive diagnostic tools. In this review, we summarise the recent progress of the key subsystems for MFCM and its achievements in blood-based biomarker analysis. Finally, foresight is offered to highlight the research challenges faced by MFCM in expanding into blood-based POCT applications, potentially yielding commercialisation opportunities.

The unique properties of gallium based liquid metals (GaLMs) can be harnessed for realising various effects, enabling the formation of numerous soft electromechanical actuators and eventually lead to applications in more complex systems.

3D printing technology, otherwise known as additive manufacturing, has provided a promising tool for manufacturing customized biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. A vast variety of biomaterials including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites are currently being used as base materials in 3D printing. In recent years, nanomaterials have been incorporated into 3D printing polymers to fabricate innovative, versatile, multifunctional hybrid materials that can be used in many different applications within the biomedical field. This review focuses on recent advances in novel hybrid biomaterials composed of nanomaterials and 3D printing technologies for biomedical applications. Various nanomaterials including metal-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, upconversion nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles used for 3D printing are presented, with a summary of the mechanisms, functional properties, advantages, disadvantages, and applications in biomedical 3D printing. To finish, this review offers a perspective and discusses the challenges facing the further development of nanomaterials in biomedical 3D printing.

The objective of the CSEDM workshop series is to facilitate a discussion among the research community at the intersection of Educational Data Mining (EDM), AI and Computer Science Education. The workshops are interdisciplinary events, designed to bring this community together to share insights for how to support and understand learning in the domain of CS using data. Researchers, faculty and students present data mining approaches, methodologies and experiences where AI is transforming the way students learn Computer Science (CS) skills.