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Forest recreation not only enables directly creates impacts on the entire tourism industry but also indirectly creates effects on other industries composed in an economic system via inter-industrial interdependence, such as backward and forward linkages or interactions. However, due to the lack of data available, few studies have been made exclusively for evaluating the impacts of forest recreation on the economy in a national dimension. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the economic impacts of the forest recreation industry. Using an input–output modeling approach, the industrial linkage and a cluster of economic multipliers are estimated based on new input–output tables for 2012, 2017, and 2018 that includes the forest recreation industry. The results indicate that, first, both the forward and backward linkages caused by forest recreation show rising trends over the analysis periods and the backward linkages are stronger than forward linkages. Second, the economic contribution of forest recreation has been strengthened, although the multipliers have shown a downward trend. The total output impact in 2018 is calculated to be $838.187 billion, with a total added impact of $352.713 billion. Furthermore, forest recreation could create over 18 million jobs with an average annual growth rate of 15.73%, which are mainly in the catering, accommodation, and retail industries with low skill requirements. Finally, policy applications are proposed to provide reliable and useful information for future planning and investment decision associated with the forestry and ecotourism industry.

Although mass spectrometry (MS) has its unique advantages in speed, specificity and sensitivity, its application in quantitative chiral analysis aimed to determine the proportions of multiple chiral isomers is still a challenge. Herein, we present an artificial neural network (ANN) based approach for quantitatively analyzing multiple chiral isomers from their ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectra. Tripeptide of GYG and iodo-L-tyrosine have been applied as chiral references to fulfill the relative quantitative analysis of four chiral isomers of two dipeptides of L/DHisL/DAla and L/DAspL/DPhe, respectively. The results show that the network can be well-trained with limited sets, and have a good performance in testing sets. This study shows the potential of the new method in rapid quantitative chiral analysis aimed at practical applications, with much room for improvement in the near future, including selecting better chiral references and improving machine learning methods.

Background Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a multifactorial condition with a partly unknown etiology. This condition can be mentally and physically compromising both during and after pregnancy. To provide all-around preventive measures to improve the recovery from PGP, it is a necessity for obstetricians and orthopaedists to develop predictive studies about the worse prognosis for this condition. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether personality traits can predict the consequences of long-term pregnancy-related PGP. Methods This was a prospective study conducted from January 2015 to August 2018. A total of 387 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. According to whether they had experienced PGP during the past 4 weeks, the subjects were classified into no PGP and PGP groups. Persistent PGP after the pregnancy was defined as a recurrent or continuous visual analog score (VAS) pain rating of ≥3 for more than 1 week. The Quick Big Five Personality Test (QBFPT) was used to assess personality traits. Data were obtained by mail or in the clinic. The authors collected data including age, BMI, educational level, annual household income, cesarean delivery, breastfeeding, unexpected sex of the baby, parity, sick leave, no or rare ability to take rest breaks at work, and PGP in the previous pregnancy. Results Of 387 included women, 264 subjects experienced PGP during the pregnancy with a mean age of 26.3 ± 4.5 years. A total of 80 of 264 (30.3%) women experienced persistent PGP after the pregnancy. Persistent PGP after the pregnancy was associated with higher levels of neuroticism (OR = 2.12, P = 0.001). Comparing women with persistent PGP, those who reported higher levels of extraversion and conscientiousness were more likely to recover from this condition (OR = 0.65, P = 0.001; OR = 0.78, P = 0.010, respectively). Besides, neuroticism was positively associated with higher pain scores (r = 0.52, P = 0.005). However, extraversion and conscientiousness domains showed negative correlations with pain score (r = − 0.48, P = 0.003; r = − 0.36, P = 0.001). Conclusions Personality traits were significantly associated with the outcomes of PGP.

Background: A novel method to detect the text region from the natural image using the discriminative deep feature of text regions is presented with deep learning concept in this manuscript. Objective: Curve Text Detection (CTD) from the natural image is generally based on two different tasks: learning of text data and text region detection. In the learning of text data, the goal is to train the system with a sample of letters and natural images, while, in the text region detection, the aim is to confirm whether the detected regions are text region or not. The emphasis of this research is on the development of deep learning algorithm. Methods: A novel approach has been proposed to detect the text region from natural images which simultaneously tackles three combined challenges: 1) pre-processing of the image without losing text region; 2) appropriate segmentation of text region using their strokes, and 3) training of data. In pre-processing, image enhancement and binarization are done then morphological operations are defined with the Maximally Stable Extremal Region (MSER) based segmentation technique which operates on the basis of stroke region of text and then finds out the (Speed Up Robust Feature) SURF key point from those regions. Results: Based on the SURF feature, text region is detected from the images using a trained structure of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which is based on deep learning mechanism. Conclusion: CTW-1500 dataset is used to simulate the proposed work and the parameters like Precision, Recall, F-Measure (H-mean), Execution time, Accuracy and Error Rate are computed and are compared with the existing work to depict the effectiveness of the work.

The AMEOS (Assimilating Multi-source Earth Observation Satellite data for crop pests and diseases monitoring and forecasting) project aims to bring together cutting edge research to provide pest and disease monitoring and forecast information, integrating multi-source information (Earth Observation, meteorological, entomological and plant pathological, etc.) to support decision making in the sustainable management of insect pests and diseases in agriculture. The main objective of the project, that is, improving crop diseases and pests monitoring and forecasting, will be achieved by utilizing EO data, developing new algorithms, and combining new and existing data from multi-source EO sensors to produce high spatial and temporal land surface information. The project foresees the assessment of the possibility of using available satellite images datasets to assess the evolution of diseases on permanent (olive groves, vineyards), or row crops (wheat) in Italy and China. The paper describes the results of the research activity which focused on: ① improving the classification of the agricultural areas devoted to winter wheat and olive trees, starting from what has been made available from the Corine Land Cover initiative; ② developing an approach suitable to be automated for estimating trees by using Sentinel 2 images; ③ developing a new index, REDSI (consisting of Red, Re1, and Re3 bands), for detecting and monitoring yellow rust infection of winter wheat at the canopy and regional scale. The research activity covers the: Province of Lecce, that is the Italian area strongly affected, since 2015, by the Xylella fastidiosa disease which causes a rapid decline in olive plantations. Province of Anyang, Neihuang county, which was affected by the yellow rust disease in the spring 2017.

Qi Xu, Fen Pan, Yan Sun, Chun Wang, Yingying Shi, Tiandong Zhang, Fangyuan Yu, Hong Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hong Zhang Department of Clinical LaboratoryShanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 24, Lane 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai 200040, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/ Fax +86 21 6247 4880 Ext 82301Email schjyk2015@126.comPurpose: To determine the epidemiology characteristics of intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among inpatients in a pediatric hospital in China.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from April to December 2019. Medical records were reviewed to extract the clinical information. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by broth microdilution method. Drug resistance determinants and plasmid types were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR (ERIC-PCR) were employed to determine the genetic relationships between strains.Results: A total of 90 CRE strains were isolated, with a fecal carriage rate of 8.6% (90/1052), and mainly distributed in E. aerogenes (n=30), K. pneumoniae (n=25) and E. coli (n=23). More than 50% of CRE colonizers had a history of invasive procedures and antibiotic exposures. As high as 91.1% (82/90) of CRE isolates carried carbapenemase genes, with blaNDM-5 (n=56) being the most common, and mainly found in E. aerogenes (51.8%, 29/56) and E. coli (32.1%, 18/56) isolates, which primarily belonged to ST4 (100%, 29/29) and ST692 (55.6%, 10/18), respectively. Followed by blaKPC-2 (n=12), and all found in K. pneumoniae ST11 isolates. Other carbapenemase genes including blaNDM-1, blaIMP-4 and blaIMP-26. Meanwhile, ESBL genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM-1 and blaSHV) and AmpC genes (blaDHA-1 and blaEBC) were also detected. All CRE isolates showed high resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenemases (97.8%-100.0%) but remained susceptible to tigecycline (98.9%). IncX3 was a major plasmid type in NDM-containing strains (91.3%), and 91.7% of KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae harboring IncFII and IncFIB plasmids. The ERIC-PCR revealed that several strains with identical STs were genetically similar.Conclusion: This study revealed a major intestinal colonization of ST4 NDM-5 E. aerogenes, ST11 KPC-2 K. pneumoniae and ST692 NDM-5 E. coli strains among inpatients in a pediatric hospital. Infection control measures should be implemented immediately to prevent the spread of these strains in clinical settings.Keywords: intestinal colonization, hospitalized children, ST4, E. aerogenes, NICU, ERIC-PCR

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The structure of DBMN. Figure S2. Size (A) and zeta potential (B) distributionof MN, HMN and DBMN tested by DLS. Figure S3. TGA (A) and DSC (B) curves of MN, HMN andDBMN. C) The image of the samples after being subjected to a high temperatureof 1000 °C. Figure S4. UV-Vis absorption spectra of the mainreactants and products. Figure S5. MN and DBMN accumulated over time under the magnetic field. Figure S6. Magnetic responsiveness of T cells after incubatingwith DBMN. Culture plate was shaken every 10 minutes for 0.5 hours. Figure S7. A)The scheme of circulation of DBMN-HEK293T-GFP cells in vitro under the magnetic field. B) Fluorescence image ofcatheter near the magnet (This image was composed of three pictures from top tobottom). Figure S8. The photos of thedevice for verifying the magnetic responsiveness of magnetic cells by IVIS. Figure S9.Fluorescence images of DBMN-HEK293T-GFP cells undermagnetic field, captured by IVIS. Blue dashed box, the magnet. Figure S10.Representative flow cytometry pictures of CD8+ T cells proportion inblood (A), spleens (B) and tumors (C). Figure S11.Representative immunofluorescence images of CD8+T cells and IFN-γ in DBMN-T group. Scale bar, 50 µm. FigureS12.Representative H&E staining photographs of hearts, livers, spleens,lungs and kidneys in each group of mice. Yellow arrow, tumor metastasis site. Scale bar,100 µm. Figure S13. The expression of CD44 on 4T1 cells and E.G7-OVA cells. Left is blank.

Xiaofang Jiang,1,* Lin Zhou,2,3,* Lihua Zuo,2,3 Xiaohui Wang,4 Yingying Shi,2,3 Xiangyu Du,5 Jun Zhang,2,3 Liwei Liu,2,3 Zhuolun Li,2,3 Lianping Xue,2,3 Xin Liu,1 Zhi Sun2,3 1Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, People’s Republic of China; 3Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, People’s Republic of China; 5School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475001, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zhi Sun; Lin ZhouDepartment of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 371 66862570Email sunzhi2013@163.com; fcczhoul@zzu.edu.cnPurpose: Shenkang injection, a traditional Chinese herbal prescription, had been widely used in renal disease due to its perfect curative effect. In this research, a novel, sensitive, accurate and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed to simultaneously detect the seven active ingredients in rat plasma of Shenkang injection and investigate its pharmacokinetic behaviors with metabolism profiling meanwhile.Methods: For accurate pharmacokinetic quantitation, a WATERS ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column was used to perform a separation and acetonitrile-water (0.1% formic acid) was selected as mobile phase for gradient elution with a flow rate of 0.20 mL/min. A heated electrospray ionization with selective reaction monitoring mode was used to monitor the precursor-product ion transitions for all the analytes and IS.Results: They all showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r> 0.996 3) and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.1– 1.0 ng/mL for analytes. The validation parameters were all within the acceptable limits. Furthermore, for metabolism profiling study, metabolites of the seven ingredients were identified from the rat plasma based on the accurate mass and fragment ions. The metabolic pathways mainly focus on reduction, dehydration and conjugation.Conclusion: This study provided an overview of disposition of Shenkang injection, which is highly instructive for better understanding the effectiveness and toxicity of this drug.Keywords: Shenkang injection, pharmacokinetics, metabolism profiling, UHPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-Q-orbitrap HRMS

In the space rendezvous and docking, real-time measurement of the position and attitude between the visual sensor on the tracking spacecraft and the characteristic target on the target spacecraft is needed, and the premise is to quickly and accurately identify the feature targets. In this paper, a fast recongnition algorithm of four concentric ring feature targets is proposed. Firstly, the algorithm uses the optimized Otsu for image segmentation. Then the contour is extracted by the connected region recognition method. Finally, according to the relationship between the circumference and the area of the circle, the circle is determined, and the least square method is used to fit the circle and extract the center of the feature circle. The experimental results show that the method can recognize feature targets accurately and quickly within 2 m distance, and the computational efficiency to the method is improved by nearly 10 times compared with the pre-optimization algorithm.

PURPOSE: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to Bruch’s membrane (BM) distance around geographic atrophy (GA) was measured using an optical attenuation coefficient (OAC) algorithm to determine if this measurement could serve as a clinical biomarker to predict the annual square root enlargement rate (ER) of GA. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of a prospective, observational case series. METHODS: Eyes with GA secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were imaged with swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) using a 6×6 mm scan pattern. GA lesions were identified and measured using customized en face OCT images, and GA annual square root ERs were calculated. At baseline, the OACs were calculated from OCT datasets to generate customized en face OAC images for GA visualization. RPE-BM distances were measured using OAC data from different sub-regions around the GA. RESULTS: A total of 38 eyes from 27 subjects were included in this study. Measured RPE-BM distances were the highest in the region closest to GA. The RPE-BM distances immediately around the GA were significantly correlated with GA annual square root ERs (r = 0.595, p

Understanding gluon density distributions and how they are modified in nuclei are among the most important goals in nuclear physics. In recent years, diffractive vector meson production measured in ultra-peripheral collisions (UPCs) at heavy-ion colliders has provided a new tool for probing the gluon density. In this Letter, we report the first measurement of $J/\psi$ photoproduction off the deuteron in UPCs at the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=200~\rm GeV$ in d$+$Au collisions. The differential cross section as a function of momentum transfer $-t$ is measured. In addition, data with a neutron tagged in the deuteron-going Zero-Degree Calorimeter is investigated for the first time, which is found to be consistent with the expectation of incoherent diffractive scattering at low momentum transfer. Theoretical predictions based on the Color Glass Condensate saturation model and the gluon shadowing model are compared with the data quantitatively. A better agreement with the saturation model has been observed. With the current measurement, the results are found to be directly sensitive to the gluon density distribution of the deuteron and the deuteron breakup, which provides insights into the nuclear gluonic structure., Comment: Final published version Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 122303

PURPOSE: Widefield (WF) swept source (SS) OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) was used to image diabetic tractional retinal detachments (TRDs) before and after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The clinical utility of SS-OCTA was assessed. METHODS: Patients with diabetic TRDs were imaged prospectively with SS-OCTA. Ultrawide field (UWF) imaging was obtained when possible. Post-operative WF SS-OCTA imaging was performed. RESULTS: From January 2018 through December 2019, 31 eyes of 21 patients with diabetic TRDs were imaged. WF SS-OCTA en face images captured all areas of TRD and fibrovascular proliferation within the posterior pole that were visualized on UWF imaging. OCTA B-scans revealed the vascularity of preretinal membranes and identified areas of vitreoretinal traction and posterior vitreous detachment. Ten eyes underwent PPV. Post-operative SS-OCTA imaging demonstrated removal of fibrovascular membranes, relief of traction, and resolution of TRDs. Retinal ischemia before and after surgical repair appeared similar. CONCLUSIONS: All clinically relevant features of diabetic TRDs were identified at baseline and assessed longitudinally after PPV using WF SS-OCTA, which showed resolution of vitreo-retinal traction and no apparent change in the status of retinal perfusion after surgery. If the media are clear and fixation is adequate, WF SS-OCTA is likely the only imaging modality needed for the diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of diabetic TRDs. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Wide field swept-source OCT angiography revealed all clinically relevant features of diabetic tractional retinal detachments. There were no apparent changes in macular perfusion after surgical repair.

[Purpose/significance] The current environmental challenges have become sensitive social and political issues in China. Sorting out existing environmental regulations have important implications for environmental regulation practices and theoretical development. [Method/process] This paper took 1473 CNKI core journal articles in the field of environmental regulation from January 1, 1998 to July 2, 2019 in China as analysis samples，used Citespace visual analysis method for time slicing，and took the keywords as the core，based on the hotspot cluster analysis，clarified the research evolution of environmental regulation and predicted future development trends to explore future research directions in the field of environmental regulation. [Result/conclusion]The research in the field of environmental regulation relies on the Porter hypothesis, environmental Kuznets curve, evolutionary game and other theoretical foundations, and mainly uses the spatial Dubin model, directional distance function and other research methods to analyze the field of environmental regulation in different periods. At present, research in the field of environmental regulation mostly focuses on the relationship between environmental regulation and technological innovation, economic development, industrial competitiveness, industrial structure, etc., but ignores the optimization of the environmental system, the degree of implementation of the environmental system by enterprises, regional differences in the environment, and the important role of cooperation between private organizations and the government in environmental governance, etc. Therefore, these have also become the development trend in the field of environmental regulation in the future.

Supplementary

Background: Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a multifactorial condition with a partly unknown etiology. This condition can be mentally and physically compromising both during and after pregnancy. To provide all-round preventive measures to improve the recovery from PGP, it is of a necessity for obstetricians and orthopaedists to develop predictive studies about the worse prognosis for this condition. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether personality traits can predict the consequences of long-term pregnancy-related PGP.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted from January 2015 to August 2018. A total of 387 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. According to whether they had experienced PGP during the past four weeks, the subjects were classified into no PGP and PGP groups. Persistent PGP after the pregnancy was defined as a recurrent or continuous visual analog score (VAS) pain rating of ≥ 3 for more than one week. The Quick Big Five Personality Test (QBFPT) was used to assess personality traits. Data were obtained by mail or in the clinic. The authors collected data including age, BMI, educational level, annual household income, cesarean delivery, breastfeeding, unexpected sex of the baby, parity, sick leave, no or rare ability to take rest breaks at work, and LBP in the previous pregnancy. Results: Of 387 included women, 264 subjects experienced PGP during the pregnancy with the mean age of 26.3 ± 4.5 years. A total of 80 of 264 (30.3%) women experienced persistent PGP after the pregnancy. Persistent PGP after the pregnancy was associated with higher levels of neuroticism (OR= 2.12, P=0.001). Compared to persistent PGP after the pregnancy, women who reported higher levels of extraversion and conscientiousness were more likely to recover from this condition (OR=0.65, P = 0.001; OR= 0.82, P = 0.01, respectively). Besides, neuroticism was positively associated with higher pain scores (r=0.52, P=0.005). However, extraversion and conscientiousness domains showed negative correlations with pain score (r=-0.48, P=0.003; r=-0.36, P=0.001).Conclusions: Personality traits were significantly associated with the outcomes of PGP.

Background Polydatin has been reported to possess remarkable anti-atherosclerotic activities. However, there are different opinions on its regulatory mechanisms. It remains unclear whether the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of polydatin is related to its autophagic restoration or not. The aim of this study was to explore the question. Methods Using atherosclerotic model induced by high-fat diet in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, the investigation was performed with polydatin alone or in combination with autophagic inhibitor or inducer intervention. Inhibitory sites of polydatin to PI3K were identified by molecular docking. Results Polydatin can significantly inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins expression, improve autophagic dysfunction and reduce atherosclerotic lesions. These effects could be antagonized and reinforced by adding autophagic inhibitor and inducer, respectively. Inhibitory sites of polydatin to PI3K were found to be ASP-810, SER-854, VAL-851, LEU-807, SER-774, LYS-802, ASP-933, SER-919, ASN-920, PHE-930, MEF-922, GLN-859 of PI3Kα. Conclusions The mechanism of polydatin to alleviate atherosclerotic lesions was achieved by autophagic restoration.

Our previous study reported that a more dispersed palygorskite (Pal) with a multiparous structure can be fabricated from rigid nano-rods by ion beam bombardment. In this study, the new multiparous structure of Pal (MPal) was used to carry a nanocomposite prepared from graphitic carbon nitride (CN) and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) following a simple thermopolymerisation method for the first time. The as-prepared sample (MPal/NZVI/CN) achieved broader light absorption in the visible light region and low recombination, according to the characterisation results of the UV–vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the photocatalysts. The photocatalysis of CrVI and methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution by MPal/NZVI/CN revealed that the MPal/NZVI/CN-1:5:6 composites exhibited superior catalytic activity, with CrVI and MB removal efficiencies of 98.48% and 99.2% in 120 min, respectively. Additionally, the reaction rate constants (kCr and kMB) of MPal/NZVI/CN were much higher than those of CN, NZVI/CN, and MPal/CN because the formation of MPal and NZVI composites with CN promoted the separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. After four cycles, MPal/NZVI/CN exhibited great photoactivity, which could not only be attributed to the improved dispersion of MPal, but also to the ability of the photo-generated electrons of CN to reduce the FeIII/FeII to Fe0. This study opens new opportunities for modifying photocatalysts using the inorganic nanomaterials readily formed by physical irradiation.

Using attapulgite (ATP) as matrix, chitosan (CS) as functional monomer, and introducing the surface ion- imprinting concept, a new Cu(II)-IIP was prepared, and characterized by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The adsorption of Cu(II) aqueous solution with Cu(II)-IIP was investigated by flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The polymer has good selectivity for Cu(II) from competitive metal ions, and the selectivity coefficient of Cu(II) relation to Pb(II), Cd(II) was 78.45 and 82.44, respectively. Sorption equilibrium isotherms could be described by Langmuir and Freundlich models; the Freundlich isotherm has shown the best agreement with experimental data, and experimental value of max- imum adsorption capacity for Cu(II) was 35.20 mg/g. The obtained thermodynamic parameter (∆G o , ∆H o , ∆S o ) showed that the Cu(II) adsorption process is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The kinetic data showed that pseudo- second-order kinetic model agrees very well with the dynamic behavior for the sorption of Cu(II) onto Cu(II)-IIP.

Four generations of a Chinese family with a mild form of paramyotonia congenital was characterized in phenotype and genotype. For each member, clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, electrophysiological and gene analyses were recorded and carried out. A potassium loading, exercise and cold provocation were further tested to diagnose the clinical differentiation. All members shared the characteristics of mild muscle cramp and stiffness induced by exercise or exposed to cold. The symptoms were relieved after rest and warming. A Val1589Met mutation at exon 24 of the SCN4A gene appears in affected subjects, while healthy members had a point mutation at position 1513 at exon 24 of the SCN4A gene. The mild phenotype of the paramyotonia congenital in the family had a Val1589Met mutation in the SCN4A gene. Various phenotypes can exist among different families, indicating that family, individual, genetic or environmental factors influence symptoms.

This paper investigates the role of infrastructure capital in China’s regional economic development during 1990 to 2009 in a neoclassical economic growth model. Four types of infrastructure capital are discussed; electricity, road, rail, and land-line telephone. The results support a positive role of infrastructure in improving economic wellbeing in China. It shows that infrastructure has contributed to the convergence among China’s provinces. However, declining growth momentum from rapid increase of road infrastructure, in particular for the Western region, suggests that road development in the region has been growing too fast. The results counter the conventional wisdom of “road leads to prosperity” widely accepted among national and local governments in China. Thus, the seemingly productive infrastructure capital, when invested beyond a proper level or speed, will become unproductive. The results resonate with the theoretical literature on the inverse U shaped growth impact of infrastructure capital and the dominant “crowding out” of private capital if there is too much infrastructure. They also address the puzzle in the current literature debates as to the direction and magnitude of the growth impact of infrastructure capital.

This paper investigates the role of infrastructure capital in China’s regional economic development during 1990 to 2009 in a neoclassical economic growth model. Four types of infrastructure capital are discussed; electricity, road, rail, and land-line telephone. The results support a positive role of infrastructure in improving economic wellbeing in China. It shows that infrastructure has contributed to the convergence among China’s provinces. However, declining growth momentum from rapid increase of road infrastructure, in particular for the Western region, suggests that road development in the region has been growing too fast. The results counter the conventional wisdom of “road leads to prosperity” widely accepted among national and local governments in China. Thus, the seemingly productive infrastructure capital, when invested beyond a proper level or speed, will become unproductive. The results resonate with the theoretical literature on the inverse U shaped growth impact of infrastructure capital and the dominant “crowding out” of private capital if there is too much infrastructure. They also address the puzzle in the current literature debates as to the direction and magnitude of the growth impact of infrastructure capital.

In this article, hierarchical flower-like ZnO nanostructures with controlled morphology and dimensions have been synthesized by solution phase approach and functionalized by Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) with the combination of electrodeposition to explore novel applications. The photocatalytic activity and lithium storage capacity of these hybrid nanostructures have been investigated. It has been found that hybrid nanostructure combining the large specific surface area, stability and catalytic activity of small AuNPs, demonstrate the higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure ZnO. Furthermore, an initial discharge capacity of 1280 mA h g−1 and a reversible capacity over 392 mA h g−1 at the 50 cycles are achieved for the Au–ZnO hybrid nanostructure, which is found to be much better than that of any previously reported ZnO anodes. The improved lithium storage capacity and cycle life of the Au–ZnO electrode result from the Li activity of Au–ZnO phase. The photocatalytic and electrochemical activity of Au–ZnO hybrid nanostructures provide a new platform for energy storage, environmental remediation and photocatalysis applications.