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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating brain tumor and highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Herein, we introduce biomimetic nanosonosensitizer systems (MDNPs) combined with noninvasive ultrasound (US) actuation for orthotopic GBM-targeted delivery and sonodynamic-enhanced chemotherapy. MDNPs were fabricated with biodegradable and pH-sensitive polyglutamic acid (PGA) and the chemotherapeutic agent and sonosensitizer doxorubicin (DOX), camouflaged with human GBM U87 cell membranes. MDNPs presented homologous targeting accumulation and in vivo long-term circulation ability. They effectively passed through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under US assistance and reached the orthotopic GBM site. MDNPs exhibited controllable US-elicited sonodynamic effect by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS not only induced cancer cell apoptosis but also downregulated drug-resistance-related factors to disrupt chemoresistance and increase sensitivity to chemotherapy. The in vivo study of orthotopic GBM treatments further proved that MDNPs exhibited US-augmented synergistic antitumor efficacy and strongly prolonged the survival rate of mice. The use of low-dose DOX and the safety of US enabled repeated treatment (4 times) without obvious cardiotoxicity. This effective and safe US-enhanced chemotherapy strategy with the advantages of noninvasive brain delivery and high drug sensitivity holds great promise for deep-seated and drug-resistant tumors.

Cucumber is one of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide, and the fruit spine is an important fruit quality trait. Expansins play critical roles in fruit development; however, the regulation of expansins in cucumber fruit spine development has not been reported. In this study, 33 expansin genes were identified in the cucumber genome V3; additionally, expansin genes in Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita maxima, Lagenaria siceraria, and Benincasa hispida were also identified. Phylogenetic analysis of expansin proteins in Cucurbitaceae and Arabidopsis showed that they evolved separately in each plant species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. maxima was derived earlier than the other five Cucurbitaceae species. The expression of CsEXPA2, CsEXPA14, and CsEXLA3 varied in cucumber lines with different fruit spine densities. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that a putative auxin transporter encoded by numerous spine gene (ns) interacts with CsEXLA2, which may be involved in the development of the numerous spines in cucumber. These results provide novel insights into the expansins related to plant development and fruit spine development in cucumber.

Purpose:Tumor repopulation is known as a major cause of treatment failure and/or tumor recurrence after radiotherapy. The underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that irradiated apoptotic cells mediated tumor repopulation, in which caspase-3 played an important role. Herein, we investigated downstream effectors of caspase-3 involved in this process.Experimental Design:A dominant-negative protein kinase Cδ (DN_PKCδ) mutant that could not be cleaved by caspase-3 and therefore could not be activated by irradiation-induced apoptosis was constructed. DN_PKCδ stably transduced tumor cells were compared with wild-type tumor cells for their growth stimulation effects in in vitro and in vivo tumor repopulation models. Downstream effectors of caspase-3 and PKCδ were investigated. The role of PKCδ was further verified in human colorectal tumor specimens.Results:Inactivation of caspase-3 or caspase-7 attenuated tumor repopulation and weakened PKCδ cleavage. Both DN_PKCδ and PKCδ inhibitors restrained tumor repopulation both in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated Akt was attenuated in caspase-3–, caspase-7–, or PKCδ-inactivated tumor cells. Furthermore, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A but not hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) was decreased in PKCδ- or Akt-inactivated tumor cells. In addition, inhibition of p-Akt, HIF1α, VEGF-A, or VEGF-A receptor reduced tumor repopulation significantly. Finally, increased nuclear translocation of PKCδ in colorectal tumor specimens was associated with worse patient prognosis.Conclusions:The caspase-3/PKCδ/Akt/VEGF-A axis is involved in tumor repopulation and could be exploited as a potential target to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy.

Supplementary Figures and Tables. // Figure S1, Survival fractions. Figure S2, Linearity of bioluminescence signals vs. Fluc-GFP-labeled tumor cell numbers. Figure S3, Cisplatin-induced dying tumor cells stimulated living tumor cell growth. Figure S4, DN_PKCÎ' (K378A) stably transduced HT-29 cells showed less growth stimulation effect when compared with wild-type HT-29 cells. Figure S5, A specific HIF1α inhibitor PX-478 2HCl remarkably suppressed the reporter cell growth on irradiated feeder cells. // Table S1, Summary of clinical characteristics in 68 patients of colorectal cancer.

Guttation is a common feature of cucumber leaves under high relative humidity conditions; however, little is known about the role of guttation in the transmission of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans, which is the pathogen of cucumber angular leaf spot disease. In this study, experimental evidence for the transmission of P. amygdali pv. lachrymans inside cucumber plants and through guttation was provided, and the results proved that P. amygdali pv. lachrymans can be transmitted from the bottom leaf to the upper leaves inside the plant and excreted from the upper leaves through guttation. After that, the third leaf of cucumber was inoculated with P. amygdali pv. lachrymans bacterial suspension, P. amygdali pv. lachrymans was detected on the fifth leaf, the petiole, and the stem and in guttation drops. Healthy cucumber seedlings were infected by P. amygdali pv. lachrymans in the guttation droplets, indicating that guttation fluids containing P. amygdali pv. lachrymans could become a potential source of secondary infection. The results from this study verified the hypothesis that guttation is a potential route for P. amygdali pv. lachrymans excretion from cucumber plants and may be a source of secondary transmission under high relative humidity.

Inferring the complete 3D shape of an object from an RGB image has shown impressive results, however, existing methods rely primarily on recognizing the most similar 3D model from the training set to solve the problem. These methods suffer from poor generalization and may lead to low-quality reconstructions for unseen objects. Nowadays, stereo cameras are pervasive in emerging devices such as dual-lens smartphones and robots, which enables the use of the two-view nature of stereo images to explore the 3D structure and thus improve the reconstruction performance. In this paper, we propose a new deep learning framework for reconstructing the 3D shape of an object from a pair of stereo images, which reasons about the 3D structure of the object by taking bidirectional disparities and feature correspondences between the two views into account. Besides, we present a large-scale synthetic benchmarking dataset, namely StereoShapeNet, containing 1,052,976 pairs of stereo images rendered from ShapeNet along with the corresponding bidirectional depth and disparity maps. Experimental results on the StereoShapeNet benchmark demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. The project page is available at https://haozhexie.com/project/stereo-3d-reconstruction .

Variation of scales or aspect ratios has been one of the main challenges for tracking. To overcome this challenge, most existing methods adopt either multi-scale search or anchor-based schemes, which use a predefined search space in a handcrafted way and therefore limit their performance in complicated scenes. To address this problem, recent anchor-free based trackers have been proposed without using prior scale or anchor information. However, an inconsistency problem between classification and regression degrades the tracking performance. To address the above issues, we propose a simple yet effective tracker (named Siamese Box Adaptive Network, SiamBAN) to learn a target-aware scale handling schema in a data-driven manner. Our basic idea is to predict the target boxes in a per-pixel fashion through a fully convolutional network, which is anchor-free. Specifically, SiamBAN divides the tracking problem into classification and regression tasks, which directly predict objectiveness and regress bounding boxes, respectively. A no-prior box design is proposed to avoid tuning hyper-parameters related to candidate boxes, which makes SiamBAN more flexible. SiamBAN further uses a target-aware branch to address the inconsistency problem. Experiments on benchmarks including VOT2018, VOT2019, OTB100, UAV123, LaSOT and TrackingNet show that SiamBAN achieves promising performance and runs at 35 FPS.

Key messageThe CsGAI gene, identified by map-based, was involved in regulating seed germination in low temperature via the GA and ABA signaling pathways. Low temperature reduces the percentage of seeds germinating and delays seed germinating time, thus posing a threat to cucumber production. However, the molecular mechanism regulating low temperature germination in cucumber is unknown. We here dissected a major quantitative trait locus qLTG1.1 that controls seed germination at low temperature in cucumber. First, we fine-mapped qLTG1.1 to a 46.3-kb interval, containing three candidate genes. Sequence alignment and gene expression analysis identified Csa1G408720 as the gene of interest that was highly expressed in seeds, and encoded a highly conserved, low temperature-regulated DELLA family protein CsGAI. GUS expression analysis indicated that higher promoter activity underscored higher transcriptional expression of the CsGAI gene. Consistent with the known roles of GAI in ABA and GA signaling during germination, genes involved in the GA (CsGA2ox, CsGA3ox) and ABA biosynthetic pathways (CsABA1, CsABA2, CsAAO3 and CsNCED) were found to be differently regulated in the tolerant and sensitive genotypes under low temperatures, and this was reflected in differences in their ratio of GA-to-ABA. Based on these data, we proposed a working model explaining how CsGAI integrates the GA and ABA signaling pathways, to regulate cucumber seed germination at low temperature, thus providing new insights into this mechanism.

Face analysis tasks, e.g., estimating gender or age from a face image, have been attracting increasing interest in recent years. However, most existing studies focus mainly on analyzing an adult’s face and ignore an interesting question: is it easy to estimate gender and age from a baby’s face? In this paper, we explore this interesting problem. We first collect a new face image dataset for our research, named BabyFace, which contains 15 528 images from 5 872 babies younger than two years old. Besides gender, each face image is annotated with age in months from 0 to 24. In addition, we propose new age estimation and gender recognition methods. In particular, based on SSR-Net backbone, we introduce the attention mechanism module to solve the age estimation problem on the BabyFace dataset, named SSR-SE. In the part of gender recognition, inspired by the age estimation method, we also use a two-stream structure, named Two-Steam SE-block with Augment (TSSEAug). We extensively evaluate the performance of the proposed methods against the state-of-the-art methods on BabyFace. Our age estimation model achieves very appealing performance with an estimation error of less than two months. The proposed gender recognition method obtains the best accuracy among all compared methods. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to study age estimation and gender recognition from a baby’s face image, which is complementary to existing adult gender and age estimation methods and can shed some light on exploring baby face analysis.

Gummy stem blight (GSB), caused by Didymella bryoniae, is one of the most devastating diseases that severely reduces cucumber production. Developing resistant varieties would be an effective strategy to control GSB. Although several GSB-resistant QTLs have been reported, causal genes for GSB resistance have not yet been identified in cucumber. A novel loci gsb3.1 for seedling GSB resistance from the “PI 183967” genotype was previously identified in a 1.7-Mb interval on chromosome 3. In this study, we developed a residual heterozygous line-derived strategy from Recombinant Inbred Lines to perform fine mapping, and with this approach, the gsb3.1 locus was narrowed to a 38 kb interval. There were six predicted genes at the gsb3.1 locus, four of which differed in expression in the GSB-resistant compared to the susceptible lines after fungal inoculation. These candidate genes (Csa3G020050, Csa3G020060, Csa3G020090, and Csa3G020590) within the gsb3.1 locus could be helpful for the genetic study of GSB resistance and marker-assisted selection in cucumber. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the resistant gsb3.1 allele may uniquely exist in the wild species present in the Indian group, and that nucleotide diversity was significantly reduced in cultivated accessions. Therefore, the gsb3.1 allele could be introgressed into existing commercial cultivars and combined with other resistance QTLs to provide broad-spectrum and robust GSB resistance in cucumber.

Salt stress seriously restricts plant growth and development, affects yield and quality, and thus becomes an urgent problem to be solved in cucumber stress resistance breeding. Mining salt tolerance genes and exploring the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance could accelerate the breeding of cucumber germplasm with excellent salt stress tolerance. In this study, 220 cucumber core accessions were used for Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and the identification of salt tolerance genes. The salinity injury index that was collected in two years showed significant differences among the core germplasm. A total of seven loci that were associated with salt tolerance in cucumber seedlings were repeatedly detected, which were located on Chr.2 (

The stem diameter, an important agronomic trait, affects cucumber growth and yield. However, no genes responsible for cucumber stem diameter have been identified yet. In this study, the stem diameter of 88 cucumber core germplasms were measured in spring 2020, autumn 2020 and autumn 2021, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out based on the gene sequence and stem diameter of core germplasms. A total of eight loci (

The complete mitochondrial genome of

Gummy stem blight (GSB) is a serious fungal disease caused by Didymella bryoniae, that affects cucumber yield and quality worldwide. However, no GSB resistant genes have been identified in cucumber cultivars. In this study, the wild cucumber accession ‘PI 183967’ was used as a source of resistance to GSB in adult stems. An F2 population was mapped using resistant line ‘LM116’ and susceptible line ‘LM34’ derived from a cross between ‘PI 183967’ and ‘931’. By developing InDel and SNP markers, the gsb-s6.2 QTL on Chr. 6 was fine-mapped to a 34 kb interval harboring six genes. Gene Expression analysis after inoculation showed that two candidate genes (Csa6G046210 and Csa6G046240) were induced and differentially expressed between the resistant and susceptible parents, and may be involved in disease defense. Sequence alignment showed that Csa6G046210 encodes a Multiple myeloma tumor-associated protein, and it harbored two nonsynonymous SNPs and one InDel in the third and the fourth exons, and two InDels in the TATA-box of the basal promoter region. Csa6G046240 encodes a MYB transcription factor with six variants in the AP2/ERF and MYB motifs in the promoter. These two candidate genes lay the foundation for revealing the mechanism to GSB resistance, and may be useful for marker-assisted selection in cucumber disease-resistant breeding.

There are few studies of cucumber roots at the seedling stage infected by Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans (Pal). We used growth chamber assays to determine the infection of cucumber seedling roots by Pal following artificial substrate inoculation. Symptoms on cucumber roots, leaves, and stems were observed over time. We used real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) to obtain accurate numbers of Pal copies in infected roots, and then statistically assessed the dynamics of Pal copies in roots, stems, and leaves. Results indicated that Pal not only caused root decay, but also damaged the whole plant. Following root infection, the bacteria were transmitted through stems to the leaves. Cucumber seedlings in a moist planting substrate showed lodging, leaf chlorosis and wilt, and rotted roots. This study provides evidence that in moist substrate, Pal can infect cucumber roots and be transmitted throughout the host plant. In addition, the results also provide a foundation for further research on the transmission and proliferation of Pal in cucumber plants under field conditions.

Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode, which is one of the dimensionally stable anode (DSA) electrodes, offers high specific conductivity, excellent electrocatalytic performance, and great chemical stability. For these reasons, Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode has been extensively studied in the fields of wastewater treatment. This review covers essential research work about the advanced oxidation technology and related DSA electrodes. It gives an overview of preparation methods of SnO2 electrodes, including sol-gel method, dip-coating method, electrodeposition method, chemical vapor deposition method, thermal decomposition method, magnetron sputtering method, and hydrothermal method. To extend service life and improve electrocatalytic efficiency, the review provides comprehensive details about the modification technologies of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode, such as doping modification, composite modification, and structural modification. In addition, the review discusses common problems in industrial applications of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode and highlights the promising outlook of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode.

Drug resistance and tumor recurrence are major challenges in cancer treatment. Cancer cells often display centrosome amplification. To maintain survival, cancer cells achieve bipolar division by clustering supernumerary centrosomes. Targeting centrosome clustering is therefore considered a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the regulatory mechanisms of centrosome clustering remain unclear. Here we report that KIFC1, a centrosome clustering regulator, is positively associated with tumor recurrence. Under DNA damaging treatments, the ATM and ATR kinases phosphorylate KIFC1 at Ser26 to selectively maintain the survival of cancer cells with amplified centrosomes via centrosome clustering, leading to drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Inhibition of KIFC1 phosphorylation represses centrosome clustering and tumor recurrence. This study identified KIFC1 as a prognostic tumor recurrence marker, and revealed that tumors can acquire therapeutic resistance and recurrence via triggering centrosome clustering under DNA damage stresses, suggesting that blocking KIFC1 phosphorylation may open a new vista for cancer therapy., Centrosome clustering is a promising therapeutic target in cancer but how it is regulated remains unclear. Here, the authors show that in response to DNA damage, ATM/ATR stabilize the centrosome clustering regulator KIFC1 leading to increased clustering efficiency and tumour recurrence.

The methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) has been generally recognized as a nuclear protein bearing oncogenic properties. We find predominantly cytoplasmic METTL3 expression inversely correlates with node metastasis in human cancers. It remains unclear if nuclear METTL3 is functionally distinct from cytosolic METTL3 in driving tumorigenesis and, if any, how tumor cells sense oncogenic insults to coordinate METTL3 functions within these intracellular compartments. Here, we report an acetylation-dependent regulation of METTL3 localization that impacts on metastatic dissemination. We identify an IL-6-dependent positive feedback axis to facilitate nuclear METTL3 functions, eliciting breast cancer metastasis. IL-6, whose mRNA transcript is subjected to METTL3-mediated m6A modification, promotes METTL3 deacetylation and nuclear translocation, thereby inducing global m6A abundance. This deacetylation-mediated nuclear shift of METTL3 can be counterbalanced by SIRT1 inhibition, a process that is further enforced by aspirin treatment, leading to ablated lung metastasis via impaired m6A methylation. Intriguingly, acetylation-mimetic METTL3 mutant reconstitution results in enhanced translation and compromised metastatic potential. Our study identifies an acetylation-dependent regulatory mechanism determining the subcellular localization of METTL3, which may provide mechanistic clues for developing therapeutic strategies to combat breast cancer metastasis.

Precise regulation of ion transport through nanoscale pores will profoundly impact diverse fields from separation to energy conversion but is still challenging to achieve in artificial ion channels. Herein, inspired by the exquisite ion selectivity of biological Na

In this study, Ti/SnO2-Sb2Ox-TiO2 electrodes were produced using a sol-enhanced electrodeposition technique from methanesulfonate electrolytes. The surface microstructures of Ti/SnO2-Sb2Ox-TiO2 were observed, and their phase constituents were determined. The surface features were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Linear sweep voltammetry and degradation tests were also conducted to determine the degradation performance. The results show that the addition of TiO2 sol affects the microstructures of Ti/SnO2-Sb2Ox-TiO2 electrodes, while a uniform coating surface can be obtained at a proper sol concentration in electrolytes. Adding TiO2 sol also causes deep oxidation of Sb and generates more adsorbed oxygen on the electrode surface. The favorable surface features and the well-dispersed TiO2 in the coatings of 10 mL/L TiO2 modified Ti/SnO2-Sb2Ox-TiO2 electrodes award them the best electrocatalytic performance, and their uniform coating surface prolongs the electrode service life.

A series of Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes were prepared by direct current electrodeposition. The changes of catalytic properties of Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes prepared at different current densities were studied. The surface morphology and catalytic performance of Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oxygen evolution potentials of the electrodes were measured by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) at the same time. The results show that the increase of the current density can improve the polarization and the electrolysis reaction of water, changing the surface morphology of Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes. When the current density increases to 30 mA/cm2, the porous structure is formed on the electrode surface, which provides more active sites for the Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrode surface and improves the catalytic ability of the electrode greatly. However, when the current density continues to increase, the catalytic ability of the electrode will decrease. This is because the excessively high current density will lead to the loose structure of the electrode surface, which is not conducive to the improvement of the catalytic efficiency of Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes.

Background Recently, the combination of deep learning and time-lapse imaging provides an objective, standard and scientific solution for embryo selection. However, the reported studies were based on blastocyst formation or clinical pregnancy as the end point. To the best of our knowledge, there is no predictive model that uses the outcome of live birth as the predictive end point. Can a deep learning model predict the probability of live birth from time-lapse system? Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the time-lapse data and live birth outcomes of embryos samples from January 2018 to November 2019. We used the SGD optimizer with an initial learning rate of 0.025 and cosine learning rate reduction strategy. The network is randomly initialized and trained for 200 epochs from scratch. The model is quantitively evaluated over a hold-out test and a 5-fold cross-validation by the average area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The deep learning model was able to predict live birth outcomes from time-lapse images with an AUC of 0.968 in 5-fold stratified cross-validation. Conclusions This research reported a deep learning model that predicts the live birth outcome of a single blastocyst transfer. This efficient model for predicting the outcome of live births can automatically analyze the time-lapse images of the patient’s embryos without the need for manual embryo annotation and evaluation, and then give a live birth prediction score for each embryo, and sort the embryos by the predicted value.

To intelligently analyze and understand video content, a key step is to accurately perceive the motion of the interested objects in videos. To this end, the task of object tracking, which aims to determine the position and status of the interested object in consecutive video frames, is very important, and has received great research interest in the last decade. Although numerous algorithms have been proposed for object tracking in RGB videos, most of them may fail to track the object when the information from the RGB video is not reliable (e.g. in dim environment or large illumination change). To address this issue, with the popularity of dual-camera systems for capturing RGB and infrared videos, this paper presents a feature representation and fusion model to combine the feature representation of the object in RGB and infrared modalities for object tracking. Specifically, this proposed model is able to (1) perform feature representation of objects in different modalities by employing the robustness of sparse representation, and (2) combine the representation by exploiting the modality correlation. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The effects of heat treatment on the properties of electrodeposited Co–P–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings were systematically investigated. The TiO2 nanoparticles-reinforced Co–P–TiO2 nanocomposites wer...

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the major important oil crops worldwide and is largely cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), where long and strong solar-radiation is well-known. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed’s response to light stress are largely unknown. In the present study, the color of rapeseed seedlings changed from green to purple under high light (HL) stress conditions. Therefore, changes in anthocyanin metabolism and the transcriptome of rapeseed seedlings cultured under normal light (NL) and HL conditions were analyzed to dissect how rapeseed responds to HL at the molecular level. Results indicated that the contents of anthocyanins, especially glucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin, which were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), increased by 9.6-, 4.2-, and 59.7-fold in rapeseed seedlings exposed to HL conditions, respectively. Next, RNA-sequencing analysis identified 7390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4393 up-regulated and 2997 down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, many genes related to the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway were enriched. For example, genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase (BnDFR) and anthocyanin synthase (BnANS) were especially induced by HL conditions, which was also confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. In addition, two PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION 2 (BnPAP2) and GLABRA3 (BnGL3) genes encoding MYB-type and bHLH-type transcription factors, respectively, whose expression was also up-regulated by HL stress, were found to be associated with the changes in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Many genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA)-biosynthetic pathway were also up-regulated under HL conditions. This finding, which is in agreement with the well-known positive regulatory role of JA in anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggests that the JA may also play a key role in the responses of rapeseed seedlings to HL. Collectively, these data indicate that anthocyanin biosynthesis-related and JA biosynthesis-related pathways mediate HL responses in rapeseed. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights into the mechanisms involved in the response of rapeseed to HL stress, and the identified key genes may potentially be used to improve HL tolerance of rapeseed cultivars through genetic engineering or breeding strategies.

A novel tyrosine hyperoxidation enabling selective peptide cleavage is reported. The scission of the N-terminal amide bond of tyrosine was achieved with Dess-Martin periodinane under mild conditions, generating a C-terminal peptide fragment bearing the unprecedented hyperoxidized tyrosine motif, 4,5,6,7-tetraoxo-1

Scalable fabrication of monolayer graphene membrane on porous supports is key to realizing practical applications of atomically thin membranes, but it is technologically challenging. Here, we demonstrate a facile and versatile electrospinning approach to realize nanoporous graphene membranes on different polymeric supports with high porosity for efficient diffusion- and pressure-driven separations. The conductive graphene works as an excellent receptor for deposition of highly porous nanofibers during electrospinning, thereby enabling direct attachment of graphene to the support. A universal “binder” additive is shown to enhance adhesion between the graphene layer and polymeric supports, resulting in high graphene coverage on nanofibers made from different polymers. After defect sealing and oxygen plasma treatment, the resulting nanoporous membranes demonstrate record-high performances in dialysis and organic solvent nanofiltration, with a pure ethanol permeance of 156.8 liters m