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Additional file 1: Table S1. Longitudinal changes in ocular biological parameters stratified by sex and age. Table S2. Comparison of baseline data between the rapid progression and stable progression groups.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. An example of significant artifact (SSI = 35). The yellow arrow shows the location of artifact (a). An example with SSI = 69 (b) was provided for comparison.

Additional file 2: Table S1. ROC analysis of microvascular parameters and retinal thickness of diabetic patients with normal and decreased BCVA.

Additional file 3: Table S1. Demographics and top 10 variables of training and validation groups of three validation times using Pentacam HR model and UHR-OCT model to discriminate subclinical KC group from normal group.

Radiation-associated toxicities due to sophisticated ocular anatomy and shape variability of organs at risk (OARs) are major concerns during external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) of patients with intraocular cancer. A novel two-step image registration strategy between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and computed tomography (CT) images was proposed and validated to precisely localize the target in the EBRT of patients with intraocular cancer. Specifically, multiple features from OCT and CT images were extracted automatically, then spatial transformation based on thin-plate spline function was performed iteratively to achieve feature alignment between the CT and OCT images. Finally, an exclusive OR (XOR) algorithm was applied for precise 3D registration using a 3D-mesh model generated from OCT and CT volumes. The accuracy of the proposed novel registration strategy was validated and tested in a schematic-eye phantom with an artificially introduced tumor and in ten patients with confirmed primary and/or secondary intraocular cancer. There was an average registration error and computational time of 0.21 ± 0.05° and 259 ± 5 s, together with an average Dice similarity coefficient and Hausdorff distance of 88.4 ± 0.65 and 0.89 ± 0.09, respectively. The preliminary experimental results demonstrated that the proposed novel strategy to overcome current limitations on eye modeling and to localize precisely the tumor target during EBRT of intraocular cancer is promising.

To visualize the precorneal tear film (PCTF) in dry eye patients using ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT).A custom-built UHR-OCT with ultrahigh resolution (~3 μm) was used to image the PCTF at the vertical meridian. Eighteen right eyes of 18 previously diagnosed dry eye patients (9 men and 9 women, age, 47.8±20.7 years) with aqueous tear deficiency were studied. Images were taken during normal and delayed blinking. The visualized PCTF was measured directly. An indirect calculation was used to obtain the thickness in cases where the PCTF could not be visualized.During normal blinking, the PCTF was visualized in 5 of 18 eyes (27.8%) with an average PCTF thickness of 5.8 μm (SD, 1.3 μm). During delayed blinking, the PCTF was visualized in 11 eyes (61.1%) with a significantly increased average thickness of 7.3 μm (SD, 0.9 μm; P0.05). The percent increase of the visualized PCTF thickness was higher during delayed blinking compared with normal blinking (χ test, P0.05). The averaged PCTF was 4.4 μm during normal blinking, and the PCTF thickness was significantly increased to 6.6 μm (SD, 2.9 μm; P0.05) during delayed blinking.We report the first visualization of PCTF in vivo in dry eye patients with UHR-OCT. Precorneal tear film can be directly visualized in some eyes during both normal and delayed blinking, and it seemed thicker during delayed blinking compared with normal blinking.