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Retroviruses replicate by means of reverse transcription, utilizing an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, in conjunction with integrase. Their elements have been found in humans, animals, fungi, plants, and bacteria alike. For millions of years, these elements are continuing to integrate into the eukaryotic genomes and affecting these organisms to date. Specifically, endogenous retroviruses have been shown to comprise a large portion of vertebrate genomes. Studies have shown that these microscopic viral elements within the genome are influencing gene expression and in turn evolution, by affecting adjacent gene expression patterns. In the medical field, these retroviruses can present illnesses for many, such as those living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Human T Cell Lymphotropic Viruses. With modern advances in bioinformatics, genomics, and drug design, retroviruses are being understood much better. A multitude of new discoveries is advancing the scientific communities to mitigate, prevent, and hopefully cure serious medical ailments caused by retroviruses.

A new and efficient protocol for the synthesis of aryloxyacetonitriles based on arylboronic acids with 2-bromoacetonitrile has been developed using eco-friendly hydrogen peroxide as oxidant under metal-free conditions. This method is compatible with arylboronic acid attached sensitive substituent and obtains desired product in moderate to good yield.

A new and efficient protocol for the P, O chelate Pd(II)/AgNO3 cocatalyzed oxidative homocoupling reaction of aromatic terminal alkynes in the synthesis of symmetrical 1,4-disubstituted-1,3-diynes was described in aqueous media under ambient atmosphere. The results showed that both NEt3 and THF/H2O (in 4:1 proportion) played crucial roles in the reaction. In contrast, this protocol employs a low palladium(II) complex loading and AgNO3 as cocatalyst to obtain the homocoupled products in moderate to good yields.

A new and efficient [(PhCH2O)2P(CH3)2CHNCH(CH3)2]2PdCl2/CuI-co-catalyzed coupling-cyclization reactions of 2-iodophenol with terminal alkynes is described. Different 2-substitued benzo[b]furan derivatives are obtained in good to excellent yields. This protocol employs a relatively low palladium(II) catalyst loading in water under air conditions.

A new and efficient Pd(II)/AgNO3-cocatalyzed homocoupling of aromatic terminal alkynes is described. Various symmetrical 1,4-disubstituted-1,3-diynes are obtained in good to excellent yields. This protocol employs a loading with relatively low palladium(II) in aqueous media under aerobic conditions.

The normal bacterial floras in intestinal tract of ring-necked pheasant were investigated. Eight age groups were chosen. Samples of intestines were diluted in 10 fold series and incubated on different selective media. After incubation, aimed bacterial colonies were counted then the number of CFU/g of gut inclusions was evaluated. The data were analyzed in statistics. The physiological values of eight main normal bacterial floras were obtained. The eubiosis of normal bacterial floras in intestinal tract of ring-necked pheasant was established from its age of 10 days old to 30 days old. The dominant bacterial floras were bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and bacteroideceae.