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38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 403-405, Sandwich evaporation technique (SET) process is used to make the perovskite layer. First of all, CH3NH3I (MAI) is spin-coated. Next, PbI2 is thermally evaporated. Then, MAI is evaporated at low vacuum by the SET process. In the process of the double-interdiffusion of MAI and PbI2, we adjust the reaction conditions by different pressures in the SET chamber, which can form better morphology of perovskite layer.

Outer membrane proteins are essential for Gram-negative bacteria to rapidly adapt to changes in their environment. Intricate remodelling of the outer membrane proteome is critical for bacterial pathogens to survive environmental changes, such as entry into host tissues1,​2,​3. Fimbriae (also known as pili) are appendages that extend up to 2 μm beyond the cell surface to function in adhesion for bacterial pathogens, and are critical for virulence. The best-studied examples of fimbriae are the type 1 and P fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, the major causative agent of urinary tract infections in humans. Fimbriae share a common mode of biogenesis, orchestrated by a molecular assembly platform called ‘the usher’ located in the outer membrane. Although the mechanism of pilus biogenesis is well characterized, how the usher itself is assembled at the outer membrane is unclear. Here, we report that a rapid response in usher assembly is crucially dependent on the translocation assembly module. We assayed the assembly reaction for a range of ushers and provide mechanistic insight into the β-barrel assembly pathway that enables the rapid deployment of bacterial fimbriae.

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Numerical simulations of rapid granular flows in large periodic domains have demonstrated the existence of an “inelastic microstructure” characterized by agglomerations of particles into clusters. In the present work the phenomenon of particle clustering is considered to be a manifestation of hydrodynamic instability of the equations governing the dynamics of rapid granular flows. A linear stability analysis of the simple shear flow of smooth, slightly inelastic disks is carried out utilizing the governing equations formulated by the kinetic theory. The results indicate that the rapid granular shear flows are unstable with respect to disturbances of large wavelengths for any value of the restitution coefficient. The results also demonstrate that this instability will not be exposed in numerical simulations within small periodic domains, because the range of possible disturbance wavelengths is limited by the size of the periodic domain.