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Objective: The coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Cov-2 was a new strain that had generated a pandemic that was spreading due to an increase in cases and fatalities. Coronavirus causes respiratory and intestinal infections in animals and humans and accounted for the highest number of fatalities during the pandemic research. Numerous research focused on developing supplementary therapy that alleviates the symptoms and addresses comorbidities. Methods: In the present study, we examined the outcomes of an in silico investigation to develop a novel oral medication against the SARS coronavirus. In this investigation, chemicals from Carica papaya leaves, which have been suggested as an herbal remedy for main protease (Mpro) inhibitor of SARS-Coronavirus-2, were subjected to an integrated virtual screening. The chosen substances were then subjected to pharmacological and toxicological screening. Finally, the screening was carried out by docking the chosen compound against the protein target of SARS-Coronavirus-2 using Biovia and PyRx. Results: Docking studies identified myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, and thiamine as effective therapeutic agents against Mpro of SARS-Coronavirus-2. Conclusion: It is worthwhile to suggest C. papaya leaves for additional in vitro research against SARS-Coronavirus-2 at both the molecular and cellular levels.

The data deposited includes transcripts of six interviews with three chief police officers and three very senior leaders from other institutions in the wider policing landscape. Interviewees’ legitimating accounts based on a moral duty to use power to protect people, particularly the most vulnerable, are assessed. It is argued that the emphasis on protecting the vulnerable is new and reflects wider societal concerns, but it is also a response to a perceived need for a revised prioritisation system to cope with changed demands and previous police failings. Chief officers’ interpretations of vulnerability changed between 2016 and 2021, from predominantly strand-based understandings (located in the type of offender, offence, or victim), to stances that are more neutral about the nature of the threat, and which tend to accept the universality of vulnerability. But the ambiguity of the discourse of vulnerability, confusion about what it means, and its emotional content, may continue to be convenient for chief officers in asserting a privileged standpoint when advancing and legitimating their preferences for the use of police power and resources.

Marketing research is a relatively neglected field in Australia; and we can't afford to let it remain neglected. The situation confronting so many of our individual industries is far from bright; the beef, the dairy, the egg and the wheat industries (just to mention examples) all have major marketing problems to contend with. Even the wool industry cannot ignore the need for marketing research over a broad field in order to hold its position. From the national viewpoint market research is of vital importance in assisting us to earn more from the export of agricultural commodities which appears to be the core of the problem of maintaining the growth and development of the Australian economy.

Marketing research is a relatively neglected field in Australia; and we can't afford to let it remain neglected. The situation confronting so many of our individual industries is far from bright; the beef, the dairy, the egg and the wheat industries (just to mention examples) all have major marketing problems to contend with. Even the wool industry cannot ignore the need for marketing research over a broad field in order to hold its position. From the national viewpoint market research is of vital importance in assisting us to earn more from the export of agricultural commodities which appears to be the core of the problem of maintaining the growth and development of the Australian economy.

The work in this thesis involved the study of the n-butene isomerization reactions over titanium dioxide (rutile), the oxides of the other metals in the first transition series, magnesium oxide and tin oxide. Over rutile, it was found that double-bond migration was more predominant than cis-trans isomerization. The isomerization reactions of but-l-ene were unaffected by the presence of deuterium, but, in the presence of heavy water, the reactions were poisoned and deuterium atoms were incorporated into the product butene molecules by an exchange process. Evidence was found that suggested that double-bond migration took place on basic sites (probably produced by the removal of water during the outgassing process) via a carbanion mechanism, whilst cis-trans isomerization occurred by means of a carbonium ion mechanism on a smaller number of acidic sites (probably associated with residual hydroxyl groups on the surface of the oxide). An activity pattern was found over the oxides of the metals in the first transition series which resembled those found for H₂-D₂ exchange, ethylene hydrogenation and the reactions of cyclohexene. Maximum activity was found for Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃O₄ and ZnO, whilst MnO and CuO were the least active catalysts. The results were discussed in terms of the d-electron and crystal field theories of metal oxide catalysis. A correlation was found between the acidity and basicity of the metal oxides and the nature of the isomerization reactions. Magnesium oxide was found to be the most active of all the oxides studied. An almost complete conversion of but-l-ene to cis-but-2-ene occurred within a few minutes over 0.01 g samples at -68°C. It was suggested that double-bond migration occurred on basic sites via a carbanion mechanism, and there was a possibility that a base-catalysed chain reaction was present. Cis-trans isomerization was slower and was thought to occur by a carbonium ion mechanism on acidic sites. It was found that but-l-ene and cis-but-2-ene underwent very different reactions over tin oxide. The reactions of but-l-ene involved rapid exchange with hydrogen from the catalyst, oxidative dehydrogenation to butadiene and irreversible isomerization to the but-2-enes. It was suggested that the 1-methylallyl radical might be a common intermediate in these processes. Cis-but-2-ene, on the other hand, reacted to give trans-but-2-ene as the only product, and did not exchange with hydrogen from the catalyst. A carbonium ion mechanism was put forward to explain the reaction of this butene.