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The research focuses on the phenomenon of formation and subsequent transformation of the social institution of science and the corporate unity of academia in the regional aspect in relation to the eastern regions of Russia during Stalin’s era. The most important principle of the study was the adaptation to the goals of the historic and scientific analysis of the basic concept of social mobilization, which includes such backbone elements as doctrinal imperatives, state priorities, campaign nature, centralized and administrative-distributive mechanism of resource allocation for scientific research, control over scientific teams and groups of scholars that combined incentives and preferences with obligation and compulsion. It has been established that Stalin’s era featured two divergent trends that influenced the transformation of the domestic social institution of science: the first resulted in the possibilities of self-development of science as a system of knowledge, and the second acted as a derivative of priorities and needs of government institutions for the scientific and technical support of strategic projects. In the 1930s, a mechanism of coordination of intra-scientific and state interests and needs was formed and consolidated on the basis of embedding and development of mobilization practices in scientific activity (the formation and reinforcement of hierarchy, directivity, norms and practices of conflict consolidation, motivational mechanisms of academic work, etc.).

BACKGROUND Pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and pial/dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare but life-threatening complications that can lead to congestive heart failure and hemorrhagic stroke in newborns and pediatric patients. The pronounced shunting in these conditions is associated with early complications and necessitates aggressive surgical management. Here, the authors describe endovascular treatment of an atypical cerebral pial AVF in a newborn. OBSERVATIONS This AVF formed direct communication between a major cerebral artery (basilar artery) and a large draining vein (dilated deep cerebral vein). The authors performed earlier subtotal embolization of the AVF using 0.020-inch coils, which led to progressive thrombosis of the fistula with restoration of normal arterial blood flow. The patient was discharged 18 days after surgery, examination at 1.5 and 6 months showed magnetic resonance imaging signs of blood flow absence through the fistula and satisfactory condition of the infant without physical and mental developmental delay. LESSONS Subtotal coiling of a high-flow pial AVF in a newborn can result in a good clinical outcome.

The latest papers on the activities of the protective bodies of the Stalin era demonstrates a gap between the scale and depth of the study of the institutional aspects of the system itself, with a major focus on objects, the target groups of repression, and the degree of development of activity (behavioural practices of the corps of specific implementers of the state’s repressive policy). Thus, while the circle of initiators and the upper and middle links of the punitive system are part of scholarly research, the numerous nomenclature workers of the lower level and direct executors of directives remain outside analysis. The above is also true about the personnel of penitentiary institutions. During early Stalinism, the establishment of the largest segment of the system of isolation and forced labor (i. e., the special peasant settlements) required strict deadlines and the recruitment of commandants. Being a part of the GULAG apparatus, the commandant corps, whose basic functions were similar to those of camp workers (supervision, punishment, and organisation of industrial and everyday internal activities), occupied lower positions in the hierarchy of protective organisations. They had limited opportunities for promotion, tighter control over their activities by the local party nomenclature, and a multitude of conflicts with the latter. Based on the available sources and literature, the author reconstructs the basic aspects of the activity, everyday life, and nomenclature of the commandant corps of special settlements in Western Siberia. In addition to specific historical methods, the work refers to concepts developed by R. K. Merton and M. Foucault (functionality, disciplinarity, deviant behaviour) and the use of a database containing brief biographies of commandant office employees. These help us to identify the conditions, incentives, and motivation of their activities, and the typology of normative and deviant behaviour. It is concluded that the commandant corps was both an embodiment and a hostage of the Stalinist management model, in which the line between norm and deviance was blurred. The functioning of the special settlements system was ensured by high mobility, personnel “dropout”, and the ability of commandants to adapt their activities in extreme conditions.

Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy, cisplatin (DDP) specifically, is the main strategy for treating lung cancer (LC). However, currently, there is a lack of predictive drug-resistance markers, and there is increased interest in the development of a reliable and sensitive panels of markers for DDP chemotherapy-effectiveness prediction. MicroRNAs represent a perspective pool of markers for chemotherapy effectiveness. Objectives: Data on miRNAs associated with LC DDP chemotherapy response are summarized and analyzed. Materials and methods: A comprehensive review of the data in the literature and an analysis of bioinformatics resources were performed. The gene targets of miRNAs, as well as their reciprocal relationships with miRNAs, were studied using several databases. Results and Discussion: The complex analysis of bioinformatics resources and the literature indicated that the expressions of 12 miRNAs have a high predictive potential for LC DDP chemotherapy responses. The obtained information was discussed from the point of view of the main mechanisms of LC chemoresistance. Conclusions: An overview of the published data and bioinformatics resources, with respect to the predictive microRNA markers of chemotherapy response, is presented in this review. The selected microRNAs and gene panel have a high potential for predicting LC DDP sensitiveness or DDP resistance as well as for the development of a DDP co-therapy.

This article considers the sphere of labour and social labour relations in the postrevolutionary Soviet Union, which always occupied an important place among the priorities of the Bolshevik regime. The author analyses the reasons, tendencies, and results of how labour law gradually became a doctrinal instrument of the Bolshevik authorities aimed at the elimination of differences between wage labour and compulsory labour, and also between compulsory labour and forced labour. The analysis is performed with reference to documents and materials of the leading official weekly of the RSFSR People’s Commissariat for Justice, the Yezhenedelnik sovetskoy yustitsii (Eng. The Weekly of Soviet Justice), known as Sovetskaya Yustitsiya (Eng. Soviet Justice) from the 1930s. It is demonstrated that state policy was a combination of doctrinal propositions on liberated labour and pragmatic decisions regarding the compulsory character of labour, labour mobilisation, etc. The etatisation of the sphere in question was carried out in stages, i. e. the universal labour duty after the end of the Civil War was substituted by the Labour Code of 1922, which regulated wage labour. Together with this, the forced labour sector still existed and was constantly expanding. One part of it (prisons, colonies) was regulated by the Correctional Labour Code, while the other (camps) was no longer part of the Labor Code or the Correctional Labour Code. Forced labour that did not involve imprisonment was a special correctional measure, a lenient punishment that lasted no more than a year. In the 1930s, over 4 million people were sentenced to this kind of punishment, and between 1940 and 1955, 11 million people were sentenced to forced labour for absenteeism. Such a practice became an everyday element of the labour potential of the country and symbolised the symbiosis of compulsory and forced labour during the early Soviet era., Рассматриваются сфера труда и формировавшиеся на этой основе социально-трудовые отношения в постреволюционном советском обществе, которые всегда занимали важное положение среди государственных приоритетов большевистского режима. Целью исследования стал анализ причин, тенденций и результатов того, как трудовое право становилось инструментом доктринальных установок большевистского руководства, нацеленных на поступательное стирание граней между трудом наемным и обязательным и трудом обязательным и принудительным. Источниковая основа представлена документами и материалами ведущего ведомственного издания Наркомата юстиции РСФСР того периода – «Еженедельника советской юстиции», с начала 1930-х гг. переименованного в журнал «Советская юстиция». Показано, что государственная политика представляла собой противоречивый симбиоз доктринальных положений об «освобожденном труде» и прагматических решений об обязательности труда, трудовых мобилизаций и т. д. Этатизация данной сферы прошла несколько стадий, когда на смену директивности всеобщей трудовой повинности после окончания Гражданской войны пришла практика законодательного регулирования в форме Кодекса законов о труде 1922 г., объектом действия которого выступал труд по найму. В то же время сохранялся и имел постоянную тенденцию к расширению и дифференциации сегмент принудительного труда, часть которого (тюрьмы, колонии) регулировалась Исправительно-трудовым кодексом, тогда как другая (лагерная) была выведена из сферы действия не только КЗоТ, но и ИТК. Среди форм применения труда как меры уголовного наказания специфическое место занимал принудительный труд без нахождения под стражей как «мягкая» репрессия с кратким, до года сроком наказания. Массовое масштабное применение этой репрессивной меры в 1930-е гг. коснулось 4 млн чел., а с 1940 по 1955 г. за прогулы осуждению подверглись 11 млн чел. «Принудчики» стали обыденным элементом трудового потенциала страны и, по сути, символом симбиоза труда, обязательного и принудительного в раннесоветскую эпоху.

The author analyzes A History of Russia: A World-Systems Analysis, a textbook by B. Yu. Kagarliczkij and V. N. Sergeev. It is noted that in their interpretation of Russian history, the authors of the book rely on academician Mikhail Pokrovsky’s concept that prevailed in Soviet historiography until the 1930s. The textbook recognizes all the principles of the concept including the constitutive role of commercial capital in the historical processes of the country. Referring to the pattern put forward by M. N. Pokrovsky, the authors consider the main processes of Russian history, such as the introduction of serfdom, Peter I’s reforms, and the modernization of the country in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. However, the world-systems analysis used by the authors is quite often merely declarative and is not substantiated by factual material. Nor does the book take into account the geopolitical context of the establishment and development of the Saint Petersburg empire; additionally, it ignores the problem connected with the preservation and consolidation of the state’s independence, and the military-defense factor. The description of the Soviet period is even more schematic as it quite often overlooks the influence of intersystem factors., Анализируется учебное пособие Б. Ю. Кагарлицкого и В. Н. Сергеева «История России: Миросистемный анализ». Отмечается, что в своей интерпретации отечественной истории авторы руководствуются концепцией академика Михаила Покровского, которая господствовала в советской историографии до середины 1930-х гг. В книге признаются все основные постулаты этой концепции, включая определяющую роль торгового капитала в отечественном историческом процессе. В соответствии со схемой М. Н. Покровского в учебном пособии рассматриваются такие важнейшие процессы российской истории, как утверждение крепостного права, реформы Петра Великого, модернизация страны во второй половине XIX – начале XX в. Однако применяемая авторами методология «миросистемного анализа» нередко носит декларативный характер, не подкрепляется соответствующим фактическим материалом. В книге недостаточно учитывается геополитический контекст в процессе становления и развития Петербургской империи, игнорируются проблема сохранения и укрепления государственной независимости, военно-оборонительный фактор. Еще более схематический характер, зачастую без учета действия внутрисистемных факторов, носит изложение событий советского периода.

Several new correlation-regression models of weight calculation for small-scale aircraft gas turbine engines are proposed for their conceptual design stage. A comparison of the obtained weight models with each other and with the Kuz’michev model is carried out. Based on the obtained results, conclusions about the feasibility and scope of their application are drawn. New correlation-regression models differ from each other in the number of input parameters, as well as in the accuracy of forecasting the weight. In the course of the work, a database of main data and thermodynamic parameters of turbofan engines (TFE) is created consisting of 92 small-scale TFEs with thrust less than 50 kN. Based on the collected statistics, formulas were obtained that allow calculating the weight at the initial stage of engine design. The error in calculating the weight by these models is in range from 10% to 30%.