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© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Consumption of caffeine, a non-selective adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans and mitigates both amyloid and Tau burden in transgenic mouse models. However, the impact of selective A2AR blockade on the progressive development of AD-related lesions and associated memory impairments has not been investigated. In the present study, we removed the gene encoding A2AR from THY-Tau22 mice and analysed the subsequent effects on both pathological (Tau phosphorylation and aggregation, neuro-inflammation) and functional impairments (spatial learning and memory, hippocampal plasticity, neurotransmitter profile). We found that deleting A2ARs protect from Tau pathology-induced deficits in terms of spatial memory and hippocampal long-term depression. These effects were concomitant with a normalization of the hippocampal glutamate/gamma-amino butyric acid ratio, together with a global reduction in neuro-inflammatory markers and a decrease in Tau hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, oral therapy using a specific A2AR antagonist (MSX-3) significantly improved memory and reduced Tau hyperphosphorylation in THY-Tau22 mice. By showing that A2AR genetic or pharmacological blockade improves the pathological phenotype in a Tau transgenic mouse model, the present data highlight A2A receptors as important molecular targets to consider against AD and Tauopathies., This work was supported by grants from France Alzheimer (to DB) and LECMA/Alzheimer Forschung Initiative (to DB and CEM). DB and LVL got a Égide/Pessoa program EU exchange grant. Our laboratory is also supported by the LabEx (excellence laboratory) DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer’s disease), Inserm, CNRS, Université Lille 2, Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine, Région Nord/Pas-de-Calais, FEDER, DN2M, ANR (ADONTAGE and ADORATAU, to DB) and FUI MEDIALZ. We thank the animal facility of IMPRT-IFR114 and M Besegher, I Brion, D Cappe, R Dehaynin, J Devassine, Y Lepage, C Meunier and D Taillieu for transgenic mouse production and animal care, as well as M Basquin, D Demeyer, S Eddarkaoui, H Obriot and M Schneider for support. CL holds a doctoral grant from Lille 2 University, and SB from Région Nord Pas de Calais and CHRU de Lille. VF holds a grant from Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Inserm. EF holds a post-doctoral grant from Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais (DN2M). LVL is an Investigator FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal).

The environmental issues caused by fossil fuels for transportation are numerous: greenhouse gas emissions are enhancing global warming, city smog, ozone and noise are causing major health problems, acid rain impacts our ecosystems, etc. Strong research efforts have therefore been performed towards alternative fuels and drive trains and hydrogen is still one of the most promising - but at the same time controversial - possibilities. The environmental impact of hydrogen - used in a fuel cell (FCEV) or internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) - depends strongly on the production pathway for hydrogen and should therefore be evaluated on a well-to-wheel basis. In this paper, the Ecoscore methodology is used to assess the environmental impact of H 2-ICE and fuel cell vehicles on a well-to-wheel basis. The Ecoscore is an environmental indicator for vehicles taking into account the impact on global warming, air quality depletion (divided into impact on human health and ecosystems) and noise. The Ecoscores of two FCEV and one H 2-ICEV are calculated for different hydrogen production pathways (electrolysis and Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)), as well as for different methods of hydrogen storage (compression and liquefaction) and distribution (pipeline and truck). The highest Ecoscores - and thus best results - are obtained for vehicles using hydrogen from electrolysis produced with 100 % renewable energy, followed by SMR and then electrolysis using the Belgian electricity mix. Compression appears to be better than liquefaction to store hydrogen due to the high energy use for the liquefaction process, and this compressed hydrogen should be transported through pipelines in stead of by trucks to obtain the best environmental performance.

Besides its airborne operations, the landside accessibility of an airport also induces a burden on the environment. In this paper, the current environmental situation of the passenger and employee transport to and from Brussels Airport is analyzed. The different landside access modes to the airport are inventoried and their shares of traffic and emissions are illustrated. To reduce CO 2 and other emissions, a cluster of measures (consisting of a transition towards hybrid and battery electric vehicles, a modal shift away from internal combustion engine passenger cars and some accompanying political interventions) needs to take place. An estimation of the current CO 2 emissions related to the landside accessibility of the airport is performed and a set of potential improvements, including the introduction of hybrid and battery electric vehicles, are described. It appears that, especially when they are combined, the suggested measures can save over 30% percent of the CO 2 emissions due to the landside mobility of the airport.

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