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This study borrows and extends probabilistic language models from natural language processing to discover the syntactic properties of tonal harmony. Language models come in many shapes and sizes, but their central purpose is always the same: to predict the next event in a sequence of letters, words, notes, or chords. However, few studies employing such models have evaluated the most state-of-the-art architectures using a large-scale corpus of Western tonal music, instead preferring to use relatively small datasets containing chord annotations from contemporary genres like jazz, pop, and rock. Using symbolic representations of prominent instrumental genres from the common-practice period, this study applies a flexible, data-driven encoding scheme to (1) evaluate Finite Context (or n-gram) models and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) in a chord prediction task; (2) compare predictive accuracy from the best-performing models for chord onsets from each of the selected datasets; and (3) explain differences between the two model architectures in a regression analysis. We find that Finite Context models using the Prediction by Partial Match (PPM) algorithm outperform RNNs, particularly for the piano datasets, with the regression model suggesting that RNNs struggle with particularly rare chord types., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables. To appear in Proceedings of the 19th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR), Paris, France

String-based (or viewpoint) models of tonal harmony often struggle with data sparsity in pattern discovery and prediction tasks, particularly when modeling composite events like triads and seventh chords, since the number of distinct n-note combinations in polyphonic textures is potentially enormous. To address this problem, this study examines the efficacy of skip-grams in music research, an alternative viewpoint method developed in corpus linguistics and natural language processing that includes sub-sequences of n events (or n-grams) in a frequency distribution if their constituent members occur within a certain number of skips. Using a corpus consisting of four datasets of Western classical music in symbolic form, we found that including skip-grams reduces data sparsity in n-gram distributions by (1) minimizing the proportion of n-grams with negligible counts, and (2) increasing the coverage of contiguous n-grams in a test corpus. What is more, skip-grams significantly outperformed contiguous n-grams in discovering conventional closing progressions (called cadences)., 7 pages, 5 figures. To appear in Proceedings of the 18th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR), Suzhou, China

A better understanding of case management practices is required to improve inpatient pediatric care in resource-limited settings. Here we utilize data from a unique health facility-based surveillance system at six Ugandan hospitals to evaluate the quality

© 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(6):495-500, 2014. We developed an interactive exercise to teach students how to draw the structures of the 20 standard amino acids and to identify the one-letter abbreviations by modifying the familiar game of "Hangman." Amino acid structures were used to represent single letters throughout the game. To provide additional practice in identifying structures, hints to the answers were written in "amino acid sentences" for the students to translate. Students were required to draw the structure of the corresponding letter they wished to guess on a whiteboard. Each student received a reference sheet of the structures and abbreviations, but was required to draw from memory when guessing a letter. Preassessments and postassessments revealed a drastic improvement in the students' ability to recognize and draw structures from memory. This activity provides a fun, educational game to play in biochemistry discussion sections or during long incubations in biochemistry laboratories.

International audience; We have developed two hands-on observing programs for teachers in Arizona, Arkansas, and Ohio. STORI and ORION have created standards-driven and inquiry-based investigations for developing significant understanding of Space Science content.

International audience; As an outgrowth of my professional development efforts in Arizona and teaching General Education classes at The UA with its share of future elementary and middle school teachers, it was clear that there was a need for both pre-service and in-service teacher training in inquiry-based science. The two programs described below are the result of this effort. ORION (Organizing Research, Inquiry, and Observing Nights) and STORI (The Summer Triangle: Observing, Research and Inquiry) are multi-state efforts to bring both science inquiry as well as Space Science content into upper elementary and middle school classrooms in Arizona, Ohio, and Arkansas. ORION is a 2-year project, supported by a NASA IDEAS grant and STORI is an expansion of ORION supported by a grant from the University of Arkansas. In 2004 and 2005 we trained over 50 teachers. The programs have created standards-driven, inquiry-based investigations for developing significant understanding of Space Science content extending across the curriculum. Teachers are given reflecting telescopes that they assemble, align, and learn how to use for nighttime observations. They are expected to take these telescopes back to their classrooms and use them with students, as well as sharing their experiences with other teachers. The impetus for ORION and STORI is the recently-released Arizona, Ohio, and Arkansas science standards, emphasizing scientific inquiry as well as science content. ORION provides an innovative approach developed from the premise that regular and systemic observations of the day and night sky are an important component in the pursuit of personal observations, questions, and inquiry for constructing standards-based understandings. The central purpose guiding the implementation and evaluation of ORION and STORI is to infuse regular sky watching by students into the curriculum in ways that lead to student inquiry into Space Sciences questions developed by students themselves.

Full length cDNA clones encoding the mouse Fc gamma RI were isolated by using redundant oligonucleotide probes based on previously determined amino acid sequence of protein bound to an IgG2a antibody column. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones indicates that mouse Fc gamma RI is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is composed of three disulfide bonded extracellular Ig binding domains unlike Fc gamma RII of man and mouse. These extracellular domains contain five potential sites of N-linked glycosylation; three sites in the first domain and one in each of the second and third domains. In addition a transmembrane region is present followed by a cytoplasmic tail of 84 amino acids. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the first two extracellular domains of Fc gamma RI indicate that these are highly homologous to the extracellular domains of Fc gamma RII; the third domain is different and shows a lower level of homology to other FcR domains but is clearly related to the Ig super-family. Transfected cells expressing Fc gamma RI were shown to bind immune complexes of rabbit IgG; and monomeric IgG2a bound to transiently transfected cells with an affinity of approximately 5 x 10(7) M-1, i.e. the receptor was of high affinity and therefore was by definition Fc gamma RI. Northern analysis demonstrated that Fc gamma RI mRNA could be detected in the Fc gamma RI+ myeloid cell lines WEH1 3B and J774. Finally, Southern analysis indicated that Fc gamma RI is likely to be encoded by a single copy gene of approximately 9 kb.