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Om de pakweg vier jaar gebruiken we onze vingers en handen om te stemmen. In Nederland gebeurt dat nog altijd met een stempotlood. We stemmen dus met ons lichaam, zou je kunnen zeggen. Maar hoe verhoudt dat stemgedrag zich precies tot de geest? Het Hot Politics Lab biedt inzicht in de eigenaardige wisselwerking tussen onderbuik en verstand.

Chemical interaction and changes in local electronic structure of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu transition metals (TMs) upon formation of an $Al_{8}Co_{17}Cr_{17}Cu_{8}Fe_{17}Ni_{33}$ compositionally complex alloy (CCA) have been studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that upon CCA formation, occupancy of the Cr, Co and Ni 3d states changes and the maximum of the occupied and empty Ni 3d states density shifts away from Fermi level ($E_f$) by 0.5 and 0.6 eV, respectively, whereas the Cr 3d empty states maximum shifts towards $E_f$ by 0.3 eV, compared to the corresponding pure metals. The absence of significant charge transfer between the elements was established, pointing to the balancing of the 3d states occupancy change by involvement of delocalized 4s and 4p states into the charge redistribution. Despite the expected formation of strong Al-TMs covalent bonds, the Al role in the transformation of the TMs 3d electronic states is negligible. The work demonstrates a decisive role of Cr in the Ni local electronic structure transformation and suggests formation of directional Ni-Cr bonds with covalent character. These findings can be helpful for tuning deformation properties and phase stability of the CCA.

Long-living high-level radioactive waste from existing nuclear power reactors should be transmuted in short-living radio nuclides using fast neutrons provided by a spallation target in an accelerator driven subcritical system or by a fast nuclear reactor. The objective is to reduce the final disposal time of highlevel radioactive waste (plutonium, minor actinides) from some 106 years down to about 1000 years. Lead (Pb) and lead-bismuth (PbBi) are foreseen as spallation-target and coolant of such devices. The aim of the institute’s contribution is the development of advanced corrosion mitigation processes especially for parts under high loads like fuel claddings or pump materials in contact with liquid Pb or PbBi. Pulsed large area electron beams (GESA) are used to modify the surface of steels such that they fulfill the requirements of their surrounding environment. Corrosion test stands for exposure of specimens under relevant conditions are developed and operated. Conditioning the Pb-alloy with regard to its oxygen concentration and the transport of oxygen in PbBi are additional aspects of the work. All tasks are embedded in European and international projects and cooperations like e.g., MaTISSE, MYRTE and GEMMA.

The Department for Pulsed Power Technology is focusing on research and development of pulsed power technologies and related applications. The applications involves the electroporation of biological cells for extraction of cell contents (PEF- process), dewatering and drying of green biomass, pre-treatment of micro algae for energetic use and sustainable reduction of bacteria in contaminated effluents. Another key research topic is devoted to the development of corrosion barriers and materials for improved compatibility of structural materials in contact with liquid metal coolants. This year's report focuses primarily on the activities and results of ongoing third-party funded projects of the department.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd X-ray absorption spectroscopy was carried out to investigate local structural changes around Fe and Zn atoms of the nano-crystalline spinel ferrite ZnFe2O4 anode material at various states-of-charge during the 1st and 2nd lithiation/de-lithiation. From the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), we propose a possible structure evolution process of the ZnFe2O4 electrode during the 1st discharge and charge cycle. A mixture of metallic iron, ZnO, metallic zinc, LiZn and Li2O phases seem to be formed as the cell is firstly discharged to 0.02 V. Instead of the original ZnFe2O4 spinel phase, the metallic iron and zinc particles are re-oxidized to Fe2O3 and ZnO phases during the subsequent de-lithiation. A reversible redox reaction between Fe2O3, ZnO and lithium ions is found in the 2nd cycle. The formation of SEI layer in the initial cycles plays a major role in the irreversible capacity of the electrode. The inactive disordered ZnO formed due to the conversion reaction of ZnFe2O4 during the 1st lithiation is probably the main reason for the poor electrochemical behavior of the nano-crystalline ZnFe2O4 electrode.

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Nano-crystalline NiFe2O4 particles were synthesized and used as active electrode material for a lithium ion battery that showed a high discharge capacity of 1534 mAh g−1 and charge capacity of 1170 mAh g−1 during the 1st cycle. X-ray absorption spectroscopy including XANES and EXAFS were used to investigate electronic and local structural changes of NiFe2O4 during the 1st lithiation and de-lithiation process. As lithium is inserted into the structure, tetrahedral site Fe3+ ions are reduced to Fe2+ and moved from tetrahedral sites to empty octahedral sites, while Ni2+ ions are unaffected. As a consequence, the matrix spinel structure collapses and transforms to an intermediate rock-salt monoxide phase. Meanwhile, the inserted Li is partially consumed by the formation of SEI and other side reactions during the conversion reaction. With further lithiation, the monoxide phase is reduced to highly disordered metallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles with a number of nearest neighbors of 6.0(8) and 8.1(4) for Fe and Ni, respectively. During subsequent de-lithiation, the metal particles are individually re-oxidized to Fe2O3 and NiO phases instead to the original NiFe2O4 spinel phase.

A detailed analysis of specimen composition, water uptake and their interrelationship in the systems La6 xWO12 amp; 948; 0.4 amp; 8804; x amp; 8804;0.8 and La6 xW1 yMyO12 amp; 948; 0 amp; 8804;y amp; 8804;0.2; M Mo, Re is presented. The three specimen series were investigated in dry and wet D2O conditions. A systematic trend in mass loss and onset temperature variation was observed in La6 xWO12 amp; 948; 0.4 amp; 8804;x amp; 8804;0.8 . Even very small amounts lt; 1 wt of secondary phases were found to notably modify the specimen s water uptake and onset temperature of mass loss. The theoretical model for vacancy concentration available was used to calculate the vacant oxygen sites starting from mass loss values determined by thermogravimetry. A discrepancy between the calculated and observed concentration of vacant oxygen sites is observed for all three systems. The effect of substitution of W by Re or Mo on the vacancy amount is explained taking into account diffraction measurements and information on the oxidation state of the substituting elements Mo and Re

© The Royal Society of Chemistry. In this study, self-prepared nanostructured CuO electrodes show no capacity decay for 40 cycles at 0.1C in Li metal cells. The reaction mechanisms of the CuO electrodes are investigated. With the help of in situ EIS, in situ XRD, TEM, XAS, SQUID, IC and GC-MS, it is found that the as-prepared CuO electrode undergoes significant phase and composition changes during the initial lithiation, with the transformation of CuO to nano-crystalline Cu. During the 1st delithiation, Cu is inhomogeneously oxidized, which yields a mixture of Cu2O, Cu2−xO and Cu. The incomplete conversion reaction during the 1st cycle is accompanied by the formation and partial decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as the side reactions. Nevertheless, from the 1st to the 5th delithiation, the oxidation state of Cu approaches +2. After an additional formation step, the transformation to Cu and back to Cu2−xO remains stable during the subsequent long-term cycling with no electrolyte decomposition products detected. The LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC-111)/CuO full cells show high capacities (655.8 ± 0.6, 618.6 ± 0.9 and 290 ± 2 mA h g−1 at 0.1, 1 and 10C, respectively), within the voltage range of 0.7-4.0 V at 20 °C and a high capacity retention (85% after 200 cycles at 1C).

This paper presents EUSpeech, a new dataset of 18,403 speeches from EU leaders (i.e., heads of government in 10 member states, EU commissioners, party leaders in the European Parliament, and ECB and IMF leaders) from 2007 to 2015. These speeches vary in sentiment, topics and ideology, allowing for fine-grained, over-time comparison of representation in the EU.

What are the psychological roots of support for populist parties or outfits such as the Tea Party, the Dutch Freedom Party or Germany’s Die Linke? Populist parties have as common denominator that they employ an anti-establishment message, which they combine with some ‘host’ ideology. Building on the congruency model of political preference we expect that a voter’s personality should match with the message and position of her party. We theorize that a low score on the personality trait Agreeableness matches with the anti-establishment message and should predict voting for populist parties. We find evidence for this hypothesis in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. The relationship between low Agreeableness and voting for populist parties is robust controlling for other personality traits, authoritarianism, socio-demographic characteristics and ideology. Thus, explanations of the success of populism should take personality traits into account.

Following Hirschman, voters who are discontent with the party they voted for have two options: exit the party and vote for another or stay loyal. The inclination to exit or stay loyal is rooted in the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. We test our argument in two panel studies in Denmark and the United Kingdom. We find that citizens open to experience are more likely to switch parties since they are more likely to think about alternatives and take risks. Extroverts identify and commit themselves to organizations and stay loyal in Denmark, but we do not confirm this pattern in the United Kingdom. Our findings demonstrate that electoral volatility is, at least partly, rooted in personality.

The behaviour of protective oxide layers on P122 and its welds and of ODS steel is examined under conditions of fluctuating temperatures and oxygen concentrations to simulate hot spot and loss of oxygen control. P122 steel (12Cr) and its welded joints are exposed to LBE at 550circC for 4000h with oxygen concentrations changing between 10-6 and 10-8wt% every 800h. It is found that like in case of constant oxygen concentration of 10-6wt% a protective spinel layer was maintained on P122 and also on its welded joint. Experiments with fluctuating temperatures from 550circC to 650circC and back every 800h yield satisfying corrosion protection up to 4800h only for the GESA treated ODS steel in LBE with 10-6wt%. Original ODS steel in LBE with 10-6 and 10-8wt% oxygen showed local strong dissolution attack after 4800h in agreement with the behaviour of ODS in LBE with a constant temperature of 650circC. GESA treated ODS steel does not form stable protective alumina layers under condition of fluctuating temperatures in LBE with 10-8wt% oxygen., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)

This is the fourth report on the compatibility of structural and fuel cladding materials that has to be investigated for a possible advanced heavy metal cooled reactor system. The first three reports considered the behavior of 316FR, P122 and ODS steels during 800, 2,000, 5,000 and 10,000 h in stagnant LBE between 500 and 650 degrees centigrade containing 10 sup-6 wt% of oxygen. This report describes experiments of 800, 2,000 and 5,000 h duration in liquid Pb-Bi containing 10 sup-4 and 10 sup-8 wt% of oxygen for 316FR, P122 and ODS steels at 550 and 650 degrees centigrade. 1. No significant dissolution attack occurred on 316FR and P122 steels at 550 degrees centigrade with 10 sup-4 wt% oxygen in LBE. They have Protective oxide layers at the surface, like in the experiments with 10 sup-6 wt% oxygen. At the high oxygen concentration (10 sup-4 wt%) thick oxide multilayers develop on 316FR instead of thin spinel layers at 10 sup-6 wt%, in both experiments LBE is enclosed in the oxide layer. With 10 sup-8 at% oxygen in LBE, however, there is no protective scale formation but strong dissolution attack (up to 120 um) occurs at the 316FR specimen.At the P122 only very little dissolution attack (, 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)

This is the third report on the compatibility of structural and fuel cladding materials that has to be investigated for a possible advanced heavy metal cooled reactor system.The first two reports considered the behavior of 316 FR, P122 and ODS steels during 800, 2,000 and 5,000 h in stagnant LBE at 500 - 650circC containing 10-6 wt% of oxygen. This report describes the results of all experiments including that of 10,000 h duration. Martensitic steels perform well at 500 and 550circC up to the maximal exposure time of 10,000 h, while austenites fail after 5,000 h. At temperatures of 600circC and 650circC all of the steels fail the earlier the higher the temperature is. Steels with Al - alloying at the surface by the GESA process withstand corrosion up to the maximal exposure time at all of the applied temperatures if it is ensured that the Al - concentration at the surface is in between 8 - 15 wt%., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)

This chapter examines the impact of intra-party institutions, electoral and office performance on party leader survival. On the performance side, we find that losing elections and losing government office significantly diminish a leader’s chances to remain in his or her job. Interestingly, there is evidence that suggests that, for both performance indicators, the negative impact of losing is larger than the positive impact of winning. In addition, we demonstrate that inclusive mechanisms of leadership selection and de-selection (i.e. membership votes) reduce the average tenure of party leaders. We also test whether the impact of electoral and office performance varies across selection and de-selection mechanisms, yet we find no evidence that this is the case.

Does changing the leader improve a party’s electoral performance? And does it matter who for electoral performance who selects the leader? We hypothesize that in parties with inclusive selectorates leadership change is beneficial because the competition for the leadership is more open, receives more media attention and provides the means for the new leader to demonstrate her qualities. At the same time, a contest for the leadership position highlights party disunity which may reduce electoral support for the party. Also the effect of leadership change may disappear over time because media attention fades away after the election or because it takes time for the leader to make her mark. Our results demonstrate that after parties changed their leader they enjoy a short-term bump in support measured by opinion polls, especially in parties with an inclusive selectorate. However, parties that changed leader do not do better at the next election.

Capabilities of the KMC-2 beamline at BESSY for spatially resolved X-ray measurements with micro- and nanometer resolution have been reviewed. A combination of experimental methods of X-ray fluorescence analysis and extended X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy with X-ray standing waves technique was applied for the depth profiling ofSi/W/Si layers with sub-nanometer resolution. The investigated layers were placed into the waveguide structure formed by two Au films to increase sensitivity and accuracy of the measurements. In-depth resolution on the order of I nm for the structure measurements has been obtained. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

The Time Differential Perturbed Angular (TDPAC) measurements of nuclear quadrupole interactions (NQIs) at Ta-181 ion probe in the polycrystalline intermetallic alloy gamma-Ni3Al doped with 0.2 at. % Hf were performed in the temperature range 78-1230K, in order to determine the lattice location of Hf atoms in the ordered gamma-Ni3Al structure. The two NQIs obtained are discussed within the present L1(2) cubic structure and a tetragonal distortion of L1(2) to another two DO22 and L6(0) type structures. The first low frequency NQI at the site of the Ta-181 ion-probe after substitution of aluminum for hafnium in DO22 at ambient temperature, is v(Q1)(300 K) = 39(1) MHz with eta(1) = 0. The corresponding high frequency value on the second crystallographic site in L6(0), is v(Q2)(300 K) = 204(14) MHz with eta(2) = 0.47(11). These two NQIs have different temperature behavior. The presence of both DO22 and L6(0) tetragonal distortions of the parent cubic L1(2) lattice, detected after adding 0.2 at. % Hf, are with modulations to the lattice constant (a) with a ratio (c/a), 2.04 and 0.87, respectively. Ab initio calculations of electronic and structural properties and hyperfine parameters at the Ta-181 ion probe of the gamma-Ni3Al-0.2 at. % Hf alloy were performed using the full potential augmented plane wave plus local-orbital (APW+lo) method as implemented in the WIEN2k code. The accuracy of the calculations and comparison with the experimental results enabled us to identify the observed hyperfine interactions and to infer the EFG sign that cannot be measured in conventional TDPAC measurements. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

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Besides other application fields, light-weight Al-(Mg, Si) (6XXX series) alloys are of substantial importance in automotive industries where they are used for the production of car body panels. The material gains its strength by precipitation of metastable Mg-Si-based phases. Though the general precipitation sequence of these phases is well studied [1,2], there remains an effect which is not fully understood up to now. Strengthening upon annealing, e.g. during paint baking of car body sheets, strongly depends on the storage duration at room temperature of the semi-finished parts [3,4]. It is commonly accepted that the early stages of precipitate growth are important for the understanding of this peculiar behaviour. During these stages, electron diffraction patterns of Al-(Mg, Si) alloys show diffuse features (Figure 1 (a) and (b)) which can be traced back to originate from β'' Mg5Si6 precipitates [5-7]. In this paper, we use energy-filtered electron diffraction to determine dimensions of the β'' Mg5Si6 precipitates along their a, b and c-axes as a function of ageing time and alloy composition. In our contribution, we first derive that there is an optimal zone axis - - from the view point of practicability. We show that diffraction patterns along this direction allow us to determine precipitate sizes along the b-direction independent of the extension along the a- and c-axes. Sample material is obtained from Al-0.6wt%Mg-0.8wt%Si (type F) and Al-0.4wt%Mg-0.4wt%Si (type H) alloys made by Hydro Aluminium (Bonn, Germany) that have been solution heat treated for one hour at 540°C, ice water quenched and subsequently artificially aged for various durations at 180°C. Samples for transmission electron microscopy have been prepared by electropolishing of thinly cut sections. Experiments were carried out in a Zeiss LIBRA 200 operated at 200 kV using the in-column omega filter for zero-loss filtered electron diffraction. Recording was on imaging plates (made by Fuji company) which were read out in a scanner of type Ditabis Micron. Scanning resolution was about 7·10-3 nm-1/pixel. Suitable parts of the recorded patterns are fitted by use of the kinematic diffraction theory (Figure 2). Assuming independent log-normal distributions for each precipitate dimension, the development of expectation value and its standard deviation is studied as function of ageing time (Figure 3).

Einleitung: Zur Behandlung hepatozellulärer Karzinomrezidive nach initialer chirurgischer Therapie ist bislang kein Standardverfahren etabliert. Die Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) oder die wiederholte Resektion repräsentieren therapeutische Alternativen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden beide[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 127. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

Einleitung: Die Ösophagusperforation kann unterschiedliche Ursachen haben und stellt stets eine lebensbedrohliche Situation dar, die schneller Diagnostik und Therapie bedarf. Operative und konservative Verfahren kommen hier in Betracht. Wir präsentieren hier die Erfahrungen unserer Behandlungsstrategie.[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 126. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

Einleitung: Trotz vieler Vorteile, welche die laparoskopische gegenüber der konventionellen Chirurgie aufweist, haben verschiedene Studien gezeigt, daß es durch das CO2-Pneumoperitoneum zu nachteiligen lokalen und systemischen Effekten kommt. Neben hämodynamischen Alterationen führt[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 126. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

Einleitung: Moderne offene Hochfeld-MRTs ermöglichen die Navigation chirurgischer Interventionen in nahezu Echtzeit bei sehr hohem Weichteilkontrast. Ziel unserer Arbeit ist es innovative nicht ferromagnetische Instrumente und Kamerasysteme für minimalinvasive Lebereingriffe im oMRT zu verwenden[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 126. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

Einleitung: Laparoskopische Leberresektionen werden primär an spezialisierten Zentren mit ausgiebiger Expertise in minimalinvasiver und hepatobiliärer Chirurgie durchgeführt. Trotz zunehmend komplexerer Eingriffe konnte jedoch bisher kein ideales Dissektionsinstrument identifiziert werden.[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 126. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

This report summarises the results of the SMART Specific Support Action financed within the Sixth European Framework Programme and aimed at the mapping of future materials research topics and excellent research groups located throughout Europe. Members of the SMART consortium were the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) from Great Britain, the Liten Laboratory of the French CEA, the UACH Institute of the Slovakian Academy of Science, the German Fraunhofer INT Institute (FhG-INT) and the German Project Management Jülich (Projektträger Jülich, PtJ) at the Research Centre Jülich (Forschungszentrum Jülich, FZJ). In the SMART concept, forecast and foresight processes were carried out in parallel. While the analyses of published foresight studies led to identification of the three focus areas for the roadmapping workshops, in the forecast process an initial literature screening was carried out, which was followed by interviewing of experts, and workshops. Thus the information presented in this report is based on experts' opinions but it does not necessarily reflect those of the SMART members or the views of the EC. As far as possible, relevant papers have been cited and references for the sources have been given. On behalf of the SMART partners I would like to thank all experts, (over 300 of whom were interviewed and almost 100 of whom participated in the workshops), for their strong support of this project. We would also like to thank the European Commission for their continuous support during the carrying out of this EU-funded action. Gerd Schumacher, Project Management Jülich, Germany Coordinator of the SMART Project.

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