Search

Table S1. Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids and child neurodevelopment indices from 12 to 30 months. (DOCX 20 kb)

Supplemental Material, JBD853379_supplemental_table_1 for The association of prenatal folate and vitamin B12 levels with postnatal neurodevelopment varies by maternal MTHFR 677C>T genotype by Giovanna Gatica-Domínguez, Stephen J Rothenberg, Luisa Torres-Sánchez, Lourdes Schnaas, Aryeh D Stein, Rebecca J Schmidt and Lizbeth López-Carrillo in International Journal of Behavioral Development

The stratified scatterplots show how the effect of Pb on Mental and Motor Composite Score is modified by the number of minor alleles at the two top SNPs. In particular, we can see how both scores appear to fall as Pb increases for subjects with no minor alleles (black symbols), but scores appear to rise as Pb increases for subjects with one minor alleles (blue symbols). This trend occurs for both SNPs and both outcomes, showing the significant interaction effect between the two SNPs and Pb concentration. (DOCX 169 kb)

Q-Q plots of GWIS. (DOCX 9 mb)

Manhattan plots displaying genetic effects from genome-wide association of meta-analysis on mental or motor composite scores. (DOCX 5 mb)

Manhattan plots displaying genetic effects from genome-wide association of meta-analysis on mental or motor composite scores. (DOCX 5 mb)

Spatial and temporal expression trajectories of top genes associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. (DOCX 1 mb)

The stratified scatterplots show how the effect of Pb on Mental and Motor Composite Score is modified by the number of minor alleles at the two top SNPs. In particular, we can see how both scores appear to fall as Pb increases for subjects with no minor alleles (black symbols), but scores appear to rise as Pb increases for subjects with one minor alleles (blue symbols). This trend occurs for both SNPs and both outcomes, showing the significant interaction effect between the two SNPs and Pb concentration. (DOCX 169 kb)

Spatial and temporal expression trajectories of top genes associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. (DOCX 1 mb)

Self-regulation is one of the most important processes during infant development. The aim of this paper is to present an up-date review of the processes that integrate emotional and cognitive regulation to anlagen of selfregulation in the first year of life, its neuroanatomic basis, and its relationship with possible behavioral outcomes. Self-regulation involves intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms whose antecedents begin during gestation and in birth are revealed as autonomic inhibition that accompanies sensorial-motor maturation which in turn favors attention. Later on, inhibition with cognitive features that allows the infant to establish adaptive strategies and strengthen its emotional and cognitive regulation will appear. All of the afore mentioned mechanisms promote inhibition that comprises the first and incipient manifestations of executive functions and effortful control, processes that are of primary importance for the development of self-regulation. The anatomical structures involvedin self-regulation development are the brain stem, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. Research leading to the establishment of biomarkers that allow precocious identification of alterations in the afore mentioned systems from the neonatal stage on is lacking. Self-regulation anlagen during the first year of life could be an early marker of future behavioral and cognitive alterations. Nevertheless self-regulation should not be considered the only causal factor. Knowledge of the development of self-regulation could contribute to establish the foundations for preventive and intervention programs at an early age, Uno de los procesos más importantes en el desarrollo del niño es la autorregulación. El objetivo del artículo es realizar una revisión actualizada sobre los procesos que se integran durante el desarrollo de la autorregulación, sus bases neuroanatómicas y su vinculación con posibles desenlaces conductuales.La autorregulación involucra procesos intrínsecos y extrínsecos en un marco socioeconómico y sociocultural, cuyos antecedentes inician durante la gestación y en el nacimiento se manifiestan en una inhibición autonómica que acompaña la maduración sensorio-motora y favorece la atención. Posteriormente, aparece una inhibición con rasgos cognitivos que permite al bebé establecer estrategias adaptativas y fortalecer su regulación emocional y cognitiva, esto promueve una inhibición que constituye las primeras e incipientes manifestaciones de las funciones ejecutivas y del esfuerzo de control, procesos primordiales para el desarrollo de la autorregulación. Las estructuras neuroanatómicas involucradas en el desarrollo de la autorregulación son tallo cerebral, sistema límbico y corteza prefrontal. Falta investigación encaminada a establecer biomarcadores que permitan identificar precozmente alteraciones en dichos sistemas desde la etapa neonatal. Los esbozos de la autorregulación en el primer año de vida apuntan a ser un marcador temprano de futuras alteraciones conductuales y cognitivas, aunque la autorregulación no debe considerarse el factor causal único. Los conocimientos del desarrollo de la autorregulación podrán contribuir a establecer los fundamentos de programas de prevención e intervención en edades tempranas.

Background: Recent studies have reported an inverse association between fluoride exposure and IQ in children, but few had individual measures of exposure, measures of exposure during early life or ...

To examine longitudinal associations of prenatal, infancy, and early childhood lead exposure during sensitive periods with height and body mass index (BMI).A total of 773 participants were recruited between 1994 and 2005 in Mexico City. Lead exposure history categories were constructed for the prenatal period (maternal patellar lead concentration) and for infancy and childhood (mean child blood lead concentration at birth to 24 months and 30-48 months, respectively). Linear regression models were used to study lead exposure history with height and BMI at 48 months.Mean height at age 48 months was significantly lower in children with a blood lead level exceeding the median during infancy (-0.84 cm; 95% CI, -1.42 to -0.25) than in children with a level below the median. Prenatal lead exposure was not associated with height at 48 months. Results for attained BMI generally trended in the same direction as for height.Our findings suggest an effect of lead exposure early in life on height attainment at 48 months, with the exposure window of greatest sensitivity in infancy.

Maternal folate nutritional status and prenatal lead exposure can influence fetal development and subsequent health. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is important for folate metabolism, and 2 common polymorphisms, C677T and A1298C, reduce enzymatic activity; C677T is present at high penetrance in Mexican populations.The objective of this study was to examine potential links between maternal and child MTHFR polymorphisms and child neurodevelopment in a lead-exposed population.Data regarding MTHFR polymorphisms C677T and A1298C, peri- and postnatal lead measures, and Bayley Mental Development Index at 24 mo of age (MDI-24) scores were available for 255 mother-child pairs who participated in the ELEMENT (Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants) study during 1994-1995.In covariate-adjusted regression models, maternal MTHFR 677 genotype predicted MDI-24 scores, in which each copy of the maternal MTHFR 677T variant allele was associated with lower MDI-24 scores (beta = -3.52; 95% CI: -6.12, -0.93; P = 0.004). Maternal MTHFR haplotype also predicted MDI-24 scores (mean +/- SE: 93.3 +/- 1.2 for 677C-1298A compared with 89.9 +/- 0.8 for 677T-1298A; P0.05). MDI-24 scores were not associated with maternal MTHFR 1298 genotype or child MTHFR genotypes. We did not observe significant MTHFR genotype x lead interactions with respect to any of the subject biomarkers of lead exposure.The maternal MTHFR 677T allele is an independent predictor of poorer child neurodevelopment at 24 mo. These results suggest that maternal genetic variations in folate metabolism during pregnancy may program offspring neurodevelopment trajectories. Further research is warranted to determine the generalizability of these results across other populations.

LD structures of chromosome 8 locus containing gene UNC5D. (DOCX 3 mb)

LD structures of chromosome 8 locus containing gene UNC5D. (DOCX 3 mb)