Search

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intense bursts of high-energy photons (prompt emissions) caused by relativistic jets. After the emissions, multi-wavelength afterglows, from radio to very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray, last for more than a few days. In the past three years, the VHE gamma-ray photons from four GRBs (GRBs 180720B, 190114C, 190829A and 201216C) were detected by ground-based Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, such as the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). One of them, GRB 190829A, had some peculiar features of showing achromatic peaks in X-ray and optical bands at $1.4\times10^3$ s and being classified as low-luminosity GRBs. Previously, we proposed a two-component jet model, which has `narrow jet' with a small initial opening half-angle $\theta_0=0.015$ rad and large bulk Lorentz factor $\Gamma_0=350$, and `wide jet' with $\theta_0=0.1$ rad and $\Gamma_0=20$. The narrow jet explained the early X-ray and optical emissions and apparently small isotropic gamma-ray energy and peak energy in the off-axis viewing case. Furthermore, the late X-ray and radio (1.3 and 15.5 GHz) afterglows were emitted from the wide jet. Here, we calculate the VHE gamma-ray flux by the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission. The multi-wavelength afterglows of GRB 190829A including the VHE gamma-ray emission are well explained by our two-component jet model. The afterglow emissions from our two-component jet are also consistent with the observational results of GRBs 180720B, 190114C and 201216C, when the jets are viewed on-axis. Furthermore, we discuss the detectability of off-axis orphan afterglows by the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, JHEAp, in press

Aesthetic value, beauty, is a complex concept in that it has both subjective and objective aspects. However, in previous eye-tracking studies of artworks, the target associated with the gaze has often been only the latter image feature (e.g., symmetry). By contrast, recent developments in computational aesthetics (especially aesthetic classifiers) offers a path that treats these two aspects comprehensively. Along this line, we further develop eye-tracking research. We conducted computational model-based data analyses of eye-tracking behaviour, with the aim of providing more fine-grained insights into the comprehensive concept of beauty. In contrast to previous studies that focused on Western fine-artworks, our study is distinctive in that it focuses on visual art in Eastern culture, namely Japanese ukiyo-e (the well-known works of Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Hiroshige). Our empirical results showed that the gaze trajectory and movement area differed significantly between highly-rated and non-highly-rated paintings. This provides positive evidence for the relationship between aesthetic value and perceptual behaviour.

There has been a widely held view that visual representations (e.g., photographs and illustrations) do not depict negation, for example, one that can be expressed by a sentence "the train is not coming". This view is empirically challenged by analyzing the real-world visual representations of comic (manga) illustrations. In the experiment using image captioning tasks, we gave people comic illustrations and asked them to explain what they could read from them. The collected data showed that some comic illustrations could depict negation without any aid of sequences (multiple panels) or conventional devices (special symbols). This type of comic illustrations was subjected to further experiments, classifying images into those containing negation and those not containing negation. While this image classification was easy for humans, it was difficult for data-driven machines, i.e., deep learning models (CNN), to achieve the same high performance. Given the findings, we argue that some comic illustrations evoke background knowledge and thus can depict negation with purely visual elements., Comment: To appear in Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2021)

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is gastroenteritis inducible food-born pathogen. Invasion and adhesion process are essential for leading gastroenteritis in C. jejuni infection process. As against bacterial strategy for efficacy invasion and adhesion, mucosal layer play a key role in defense systems, which modulated by several ion channels and transporters mediated water flux on the intestine. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) play the main role in waterfulux in intestine, and it closely related with bacterial clearance. We previously reported that C. jejuni infection suppresses CFTR channel activity in intestinal epithelial cells, however the mechanism and importance of this suppression is unclear. This study seeks to elucidate the role of CFTR in C. jejuni-infection. Using HEK293 cells that stably express wild type and mutated CFTR, we found that CFTR attenuated C. jejuni invasion, it was not involved bacterial adhesion or intracellular survival but associated with microtubule-dependent cellular transport. Moreover we revealed that CFTR attenuated function of microtubule motor protein but not microtubule stability, which causes inhibition of C. jejuni-invasion. Meanwhile, the CFTR mutant G551D-CFTR, which has defects in channel activity, suppressed C. jejuni-invasion, whereasΔF508-CFTR, which has defects in maturation, did not suppress, suggesting that CFTR suppression of C. jejuni-invasion is related to CFTR maturation but not channel activity. Taken together, mature CFTR inhibited C. jejuni invasion by regulating microtubule-mediated pathways. We suggest that CFTR plays a critical role in cellular defenses against C. jejuni-invasion, and CFTR suppression may be an initial step in promoting cellular invasion during C. jejuni-infection.

In addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2, RAD51C,PALB2 and BRIP1 are known as breast cancer susceptibility genes. However, the mutation status of these genes in Japanese familial breast cancer cases has not yet been evaluated. To this end, we analyzed the exon sequence and genomic rearrangement of RAD51C,PALB2 and BRIP1 in 100 Japanese patients diagnosed with familial breast and ovarian cancer and without BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. We detected a large deletion from exons 6 to 9 in RAD51C, 4 novel BRIP1 missense variants containing 3 novel non‐synonymous variants, c.89A>C, c.736A>G and c.2131A>G, and a splice donor site variant c.918+2T>C. No deleterious variant of PALB2 was detected. The results of pedigree analysis showed that the proband with a large deletion on RAD51C had a family history of both breast and ovarian cancer, and the families of probands with novel BRIP1 missense variants included a male patient with breast cancer or many patients with breast cancer within the second‐degree relatives. We showed that the mutation frequency of RAD51C in Japanese familial breast cancer cases was similar to that in Western countries and that the prevalence of deleterious mutation of PALB2 was possibly lower. Furthermore, our results suggested that BRIP1 mutation frequency in Japan might differ from that in Western countries.

エーリッヒ・フロムはその著書『自由であるということ』 の中で旧約聖書における神・人・歴史観を再解釈し、人間存在における自由という概念を提起している。フロムの代表作は1941年に刊行された『自由からの逃走』であり一貫して自由ということが主題となっている。第一次世界大戦後古い君主政治から新しいデモクラシーに代わって、人々は自由を手に入れたはずなのに、またしても新しい強力な権力〈ファシズム〉に服従し始めたのは何故かという問題意識がフロムの著作には一貫して流れている。フロムは他にも様々な著作を刊行しているが、それらは基本的に『自由からの逃走』で示された議論を展開したものとして理解できる。つまり、1966年に刊行された『自由であるということ』におけるフロムの議論は、『自由からの逃走』で示された議論を、旧約聖書というユダヤ教の書物から再解釈することによって発展または変容させたものであると考えられる。この意味において、『自由であるということ』を旧約の妥当な解釈を行った著作であるか否かを議論することは有意義ではない。しかし、フロムの議論は社会心理学的な面が注目されがちであるが、フロムは宗教と精神分析に独自の接近法で考察を行っているため、フロムの自由の議論においては宗教的側面に着目することが可能である。以上のことから、本稿ではフロムの社会学的及び精神分析学的側面を認めつつも、実存論的次元を明らかとするために、人間の精神の深部に迫る宗教的側面に特に注目する。

以前，中国大連の国際色豊かな環境で働いていた。そこでの経験から，「異文化を受容するとき，そこには限界性が存在するはずだ」という考えに至った。例えば，現地の狗食の習慣に対して「狗肉を食すれば，自分のアイデンティティが崩れるのではないか」と追い詰められた。しかし，この拒否感の言語化は困難であった。そこには自然科学的根拠がなく，己の価値観からきていた忌避感しかなかったからである。そこで，この言語化し難いものを，言語化しようと試みる。異文化を受容する際，ある種の価値観─非合理的判断─に基づいた取捨選択もある。しかし，その限界を越す時には，人格を形成するアイデンティティが崩壊する危機に曝される場合もある。このような限界を，本論では「境界線」と呼ぶ。

Campylobacter jejuni causes foodborne disease associated with abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea. These symptoms are induced by bacterial adherence and invasion of host epithelial cells. C. jejuni infection can occur with a low infective dose, suggesting that C. jejuni may have evolved strategies to cope with the bacterial clearance system in the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosa layer is the first line of defense against bacteria. Mucus conditions are maintained by water and anion (especially Cl-) movement. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is the main Cl- channel transporting Cl- to the lumen. Mutations in CFTR result in dehydrated secreted mucus and bacterial accumulation in the lungs, and recent studies suggest that closely related pathogenic bacteria also may survive in the intestine. However, the relationship between C. jejuni infection and CFTR has been little studied. Here, we used an 125I- efflux assay and measurement of short-circuit current to measure Cl- secretion in C. jejuni-infected T-84 human intestinal epithelial cells. The basic state of Cl- secretion was unchanged by C. jejuni infection, but CFTR activator was observed to induce Cl- secretion suppressed in C. jejuniinfected T-84 cells. The suppression of activated Cl- secretion was bacterial dose-dependent and duration-dependent. A similar result was observed during infection with other C. jejuni strains. The mechanism of suppression may occur by affecting water movement or mucus condition in the intestinal tract. A failure of mucus barrier function may promote bacterial adhesion or invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells, thereby causing bacterial preservation in the host intestinal tract.

高等学校学習指導要領総則編，第３章「教育課程の編成及び実施」ではキャリア教育について言及している．教育課程の編成や実施に際しては就業体験の機会の確保が重要な位置づけになるが，各教科，科目の授業のなかでもキャリア教育を念頭においた内容構成が可能である．本稿では，男女共同参画の重要性を学ぶことを目的に，高等学校公民（現代社会）と地理歴史（日本史Ｂ）の授業で活用できる教材を開発した．「男女共同参画社会今昔Ｑすごろく」は，平成18年度の特色ある大学教育支援プログラムとして採択された「ゲーミング・シミュレーション型授業の構築」（代表：教育文化学部教授・井門正美）の方法論に基づいて作成したゲームである．ゲームではあるが，仮想の要素はひとつもなく，ゲームを楽しみながら現代社会および日本史の基礎知識が習得できるような内容になっている．, This paper introduces the teaching material which developed for the purpose of studying about importance of gender equality in Japanese high school education curriculum, civics and Japanese history. The material was developed on the basis of the teaching methodology of “gaming simulations", which had been adopted under the “Support Program for University Education with Distinctive Feature”. The material is unique in that it enables students to learn the basic knowledge of gender equality, while enjoying the “SUGOROKU” game.

学校緊急支援のためのマニュアルとキットを作成するために、学校緊急支援についての要望について秋田県内すべての教育委員会、高等学校、中学校、小学校といくつかの幼稚園・保育園に対して、自作の質問紙による調査を行った。結果、527人(回収率51.7%)から回答を得た。回答者は、教頭、養護教諭が多かった。学校緊急支援については、75.9%の回答者が知っていた。学校緊急支援を必要とする事案は多様であるが、回答者は、「校内(敷地内)」「自殺」「死傷」という事案で多く必要性を感じていた。必要とする人材は、複数の臨床心理士、教育委員会職員などであり、2～3日から1週間程度の支援を望んでいた。希望する支援内容は、カウンセリング、心理的ダメージの評価、子供への接し方についての専門的アドバイスなどであった。, For the purpose of making a School Crisis Intervention (SCI) manual and a kit, data on needs for SCI for school teachers were collected from all educational boards, high schools, junior high schools, elementary schools and some nursery schools in Akita prefecture through the use of a self‑evaluating questionnaire. As a result, we received data from 527 school teachers, a return rate of 51.7%. They were mainly from assistant principals and Yogo‑Teachers (nurse‑teachers.) 75.9% of them were familiar with SCI but said they needed SCI guidance in various situations especially situations such as "in school (on campus)," "suicide," "deaths or injuries." Regarding the human resources for SCI, they would need some assistance from clinical psychologists and members of the board of education from a few days up to a week. They also would expect counseling, assessment of psychological damage and advice from specialist dealing with such affected children., 6, KJ00008279840, 研究報告

Campylobacter jejuni invasion is closely related to C. jejuni pathogenicity. The intestinal epithelium contains polarized epithelial cells that form tight junctions (TJs) to provide a physical barrier against bacterial invasion. Previous studies indicated that C. jejuni invasion of non-polarized cells involves several cellular features, including lipid rafts. However, the dynamics of C. jejuni invasion of polarized epithelial cells are not fully understood. Here we investigated the interaction between C. jejuni invasion and TJ formation to characterize the mechanism of C. jejuni invasion in polarized epithelial cells. In contrast to non-polarized epithelial cells, C. jejuni invasion was not affected by depletion of lipid rafts in polarized epithelial cells. However, depletion of lipid rafts significantly decreased C. jejuni invasion in TJ disrupted cells or basolateral infection and repair of cellular TJs suppressed lipid raft-mediated C. jejuni invasion in polarized epithelial cells. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-a treatment that induce TJ disruption promote C. jejuni invasion and lipid rafts depletion significantly reduced C. jejuni invasion in TNF-a treated cells. These data demonstrated that TJs prevent C. jejuni invasion from the lateral side of epithelial cells, where they play a main part in bacterial invasion and suggest that C. jejuni invasion could be increased in inflammatory condition. Therefore, maintenance of TJs integrity should be considered important in the development of novel therapies for C. jejuni infection.

嚥下造影検査後に生じる消化器合併症および消化管内のバリウム残留について検討した．2008 年10 月から2009 年3 月，9 月から10 月に当院にて嚥下造影を施行した入院患者121 名のうち，4 日後に腹部単純X線を撮影しえた33 例を対象とした．消化器症状は33 例中6 例(18.2 ％)に認めた．内訳は下痢3 例，嘔吐2 例，腹部膨満感1 例であった．そのうち，嚥下造影との関連が疑われるものは2 例であり，嚥下造影後の消化器合併症は6.1 ％と推定された．2 例のうち1 例は全身状態不良例であり嘔吐後に肺炎を併発した．合併症発現と有意に関連する因子は認めなかった．腹部単純X線でのバリウムの残留は25 例(75.8 ％)に認めた．残留群では非残留群よりバリウム摂取量が有意に多かった．残留と消化器合併症発現との関連は認められなかった．嚥下造影は全身状態不良例での施行には注意を要するが，その他の症例では安全に施行可能である．

This paper develops a Capability Matrix for analyzing capabilities of developingcountry firms that participate in global and national value chains. This is a genericframework to capture firm-level knowledge accumulation in the context of globaland local industrial constellations, by integrating key elements of the global valuechain (GVC) and technological capabilities (TC) approaches. The framework canvisually portray characteristics of firms’ capabilities, and highlight a relativelyoverlooked factor in the GVC approach: local firms’ endogenous learning efforts invarieties of relationship with lead firms.

This paper develops a Capability Matrix for analyzing capabilities of developingcountry firms that participate in global and national value chains. This is a genericframework to capture firm-level knowledge accumulation in the context of globaland local industrial constellations, by integrating key elements of the global valuechain (GVC) and technological capabilities (TC) approaches. The framework canvisually portray characteristics of firms’ capabilities, and highlight a relativelyoverlooked factor in the GVC approach: local firms’ endogenous learning efforts invarieties of relationship with lead firms.

This paper discusses the diversity of industrial development among Asian countries that emerges through an investigation of the motorcycle industry despite its uniform industrial attributes. The paper then explores factors that generate diversity, focusing attention on the differences in knowledge-based assets accumulated in each country. It finds that diversity is brought about through the differences in domestic industrial resources and the capabilities of local firms. The analysis underscores each country’s intrinsic logic in industrial development, contrary to the current trend of stressing assimilation through the global production networks of multinational corporations.

This paper discusses the diversity of industrial development among Asian countries that emerges through an investigation of the motorcycle industry despite its uniform industrial attributes. The paper then explores factors that generate diversity, focusing attention on the differences in knowledge-based assets accumulated in each country. It finds that diversity is brought about through the differences in domestic industrial resources and the capabilities of local firms. The analysis underscores each country’s intrinsic logic in industrial development, contrary to the current trend of stressing assimilation through the global production networks of multinational corporations.

article

Research in psychology about reasoning has often been restricted to relatively inexpressive statements involving quantifiers (e.g. syllogisms). This is limited to situations that typically do not arise in practical settings, like ontology engineering. In order to provide an analysis of inference, we focus on reasoning tasks presented in external graphic representations where statements correspond to those involving multiple quantifiers and unary and binary relations. Our experiment measured participants’ performance when reasoning with two notations. The first notation used topological constraints to convey information via node-link diagrams (i.e. graphs). The second used topological and spatial constraints to convey information (Euler diagrams with additional graph-like syntax). We found that topo-spatial representations were more effective for inferences than topological representations alone. Reasoning with statements involving multiple quantifiers was harder than reasoning with single quantifiers in topological representations, but not in topo-spatial representations. These findings are compared to those in sentential reasoning tasks.