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Background. First-line therapy does not always provide a high level of Helicobacter pylori eradication due to the increase of H. pylori resistance to antibiotics; therefore, it remains necessary to identify the most effective rescue treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of empirical H. pylori furazolidone-containing regimens. Materials and methods. Adult H. pylori infected patients empirically treated with furazolidone-containing eradication regimens were registered in an international, prospective, multicenter non-intervention European registry on H. pylori management (Hp-EuReg). Data were collected at AEG-REDCap e-CRF from 2013 to 2021 and the quality was reviewed. Modified intention-to-treat (mITT) effectiveness analyses were performed. Results. Overall 106 patients received empirical furazolidone-containing therapy in Russia. Furazolidone was prescribed in a sequential scheme along with amoxicillin, clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor in 68 (64%) cases, triple regimens were prescribed in 28 (26%) patients and quadruple regimens in 10 (9.4%). Treatment duration of 7 days was assigned to 2 (1.9%) patients, 10-day eradication therapy in case of 80 (75%) and 14 days in 24 (23%) patients. Furazolidone was mainly used in first- (79%) and second-line (21%) regimens. The methods used to diagnose H. pylori infection were: histology (81%), stool antigen test (64%), 13C-urea breath test (6.6%), and rapid urease test (1.9%). The mITT effectiveness of sequential therapy was 100%; 93% with the triple therapy and 75.5% with quadruple therapy. Compliance was reported in 98% of cases. Adverse events were revealed in 5.7% of patients, mostly nausea (3.8%). No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion. Furazolidone containing eradication regimens appear to be an effective and safe empirical therapy in Russia.

Aim: bring to the attention of practitioners indications for anti-Helicobacter therapy, methods and procedure for diagnostics and eradication therapy of Н. pylori infection.Key points. Chronic gastritis caused by Н. pylori infection, including asymptomatic persons, may be considered as an indication for eradication therapy of Н. pylori as etiological therapy and opportunistic screening for gastric cancer prevention. Indications, for obligatory anti-Helicobacter therapy include peptic ulcer, gastric MALT lymphoma, early gastric cancer (EGC) with endoscopic resection. H. pylori primary diagnostics methods include 13C-urea breath test, H. pylori stool antigen lab test, rapid urease test and serological method. The serological method cannot be used after anti-Helicobacter therapy.In Russia H. pylori strains' resistance to clarithromycin does not exceed 15 % in most regional studies. The first line therapy for Н. pylori infection eradication is the standard triple therapy including a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin and amoxicillin, enhanced with bismuthate tripotassium dicitrate. A classic four-component therapy based on bismuthate tripotassium dicitrate or quadrotherapy without bismuth drug products which includes PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole, may be used as alternative to the first line eradication therapy. The standard triple therapy may be prescribed for 14 days only in those regions, where it has been proven to be effective. Quadrotherapy with bismuthate tripotassium dicitrate is also used as main second line therapy in case of standard triple therapy, bismuth enhanced standard triple therapy or combined therapy failure. Another second line therapy includes PPI, levofloxacin and amoxicillin, to which a bismuth-containing drug product may be added. The third line therapy is selected individually based on previously used treatment settings.Conclusion. In each case of H. pylori infection the decision for eradication therapy should be made, which is especially relevant as eradication of H. pylori has been recognized as an effective measure for the prevention of gastric cancer.

Background and aims: Several methods are available to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Our objective was to evaluate the tests used for both the initial diagnosis and the confirmation of eradication after treatment in Europe. Methods: The European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection is an international, multicentre, prospective, non-interventional registry aiming to evaluate the management of Helicobacter pylori-infected patients in Europe. Countries with at least 100 cases registered from June 2013 to April 2021, and with a validated diagnostic method were analysed. Data were quality reviewed. Results: A total of 34,920 adult patients from 20 countries were included (mean age 51 years; 61% women). To establish the initial diagnosis, invasive tests were performed in 19,801 (71%) patients, non-invasive in 11,369 (41%), and both in 3437 (12%). The most frequent were histology (n = 11,885; 43%), a rapid urease test (n = 10,636; 38%) and an urea breath test (n = 7577; 27%). According to the age, invasive tests were indicated in 11,179 (77%) ≥50 years, and in 8603 (65%)

Recently, there has been an increase in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Northern Europe, North America and East Asia. However data on GERD prevalence in Russian population are very limited.To determine the prevalence of GERD among the population of Russia, the clinical spectrum of GERD symptoms, the main drugs used for GERD treatment, and the rate of their administration.The study was conducted from November 2015 to January 2017 in 8 cities of Russia. A survey of patients over the age of 18 years old visiting outpatient medical institutions for any reason, including patients without gastrointestinal complaints was carried out using a short version of the Mayo Clinic questionnaire.In total, 6132 questionnaires of patients aged 1890 years were analyzed [2456 men (40.1%) and 3676 women (59.9%), mean age 46.615.4 years]. The GERD prevalence among the interviewed patients was 34.2%. The incidence of GERD increased depending on body mass index and the age of the patients. Medications used by the patients for heartburn relief included proton pump inhibitors 59.96%, antacids 67.92%, H2-histamine receptor blockers 11.42%, alginates 18.41% of patients.The results of this study indicate a high prevalence of GERD among residents of Russian cities applying for primary health care (34.2%). In comparison with previous studies, an increase in the proportion of GERD patients taking proton pump inhibitors was noted; in most cases the regimen of their intake was in accordance with the recommendations.Обоснование. В последние годы отмечается увеличение распространенности гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни (ГЭРБ) в странах Северной Европы, Северной Америки и Восточной Азии. Данные о распространенности ГЭРБ в российской популяции весьма ограничены. Цель. Определить распространенность ГЭРБ среди населения России, клинический спектр симптомов ГЭРБ, основные лекарственные препараты, применяемые для лечения заболевания, и частоту их приема. Материалы и методы. Исследование было проведено в период с ноября 2015 по январь 2017 г. в 8 городах России. Проводилось анкетирование пациентов старше 18 лет по короткому варианту опросника клиники Мэйо, посещавших амбулаторные медицинские учреждения по любой причине, в том числе не имевших жалоб со стороны органов пищеварения. Результаты. Всего проанализировано 6132 анкеты пациентов в возрасте 1890 лет [2456 (40,1%) мужчин и 3676 (59,9%) женщин, средний возраст 46,615,4 года]. Распространенность ГЭРБ среди опрошенных пациентов составила 34,2%. Наблюдалось увеличение частоты ГЭРБ с повышением индекса массы тела и возраста пациентов. Наиболее часто для купирования изжоги и регургитации опрошенные пациенты принимали ингибиторы протонной помпы 59,96% и антациды 67,92%, реже блокаторы Н2-рецепторов гистамина 11,42%, альгинаты 18,41%. Заключение. Результаты настоящего исследования свидетельствуют о высокой распространенности ГЭРБ среди жителей городов России, обратившихся за первичной медицинской помощью (34,2%). В сравнении с ранее проведенными исследованиями отмечено увеличение доли больных ГЭРБ, получавших ингибиторы протонной помпы, при этом в большинстве случаев режим их приема соответствует рекомендациям.

Intriduction. The course and outcome of COVID-19 infection in patients with liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases remain poorly understood. The article presents a multicenter non-interventional observational program conducted by the Russian Society for the Study of the Liver.Aim. To study the relationship between COVID-19 and injuries of gastrointestinal tract and liver, to assess the effect of therapy with UDCA and Rebamipide on the course and outcome of COVID-19 infection. Materials and methods. 460 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 46% were patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Some patients received Rebamipide and UDCA at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, followed by assessment of the clinical and laboratory parameters.Results. In the study group, more severe lung injury and the course of infection were observed. The investigators detected three phenotypes of gastrointestinal tract injury: dyspeptic, diarrheal and painful. The latter was more common in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Liver injury occurred in 87% of patients with COVID-19 (of which 44% had a history of liver disease). Increased ALT and AST were more often recorded in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus and correlated with the severity of the infection. An inverse relationship was found between the albumin level and death and transfer to mechanical ventilation. At least 5-day Rebamipide therapy leads to reduction of diarrhea and abdominal pain (p < 0.00001 and p = 0.002), decrease in the levels of systemic inflammatory markers (CRP and ferritin, pConclusions. In patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, COVID-19 develops in a more severe form and symptoms of gastrointestinal tract injury may prevail in the clinical picture. The severity of liver injury correlates with the severity of COVID-19 and a poor prognosis. Rebamipide reduces diarrhea and abdominal pain. UDCA prevents or reduces liver injury in COVID-19 infection. Both drugs reduce the level of systemic inflammation markers.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is known to lead to various diseases such as gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic gastritis and malignant diseases, including MALT lymphoma and stomach cancer. To date, various factors of pathogenicity and virulence of the H. pylori bacterium have been studied. The interaction of infection with host cells leads to the induction of inflammatory responses through the release of cytokines, activation of apoptosis or proliferation, which leads to inflammation and dysfunction of the epithelial barrier. This process can facilitate the movement of H. pylori virulence factors and inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream and promote or enhance the development of a systemic inflammatory response and the possible clinical effects of H. pylori infections outside the stomach. The purpose of this review is to clarify the available data on H. pylori-associated comorbidity with diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine systems, autoimmune diseases and some other pathologies outside the digestive system.

Aim. The clinical guidelines are intended to supplement specialty decision-making for improved aid quality in patients with gastritis and duodenitis though acknowledging the latest clinical evidence and principles of evidencebased medicine.Key points. Gastritis is an inflammatory disease of stomach mucosa, with a separate definition of acute and chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is a cohort of chronic diseases uniting a typical morphology of persistent inflammatory infiltration, impaired cellular renewal with emergent intestinal metaplasia, atrophy and epithelial dysplasia of gastric mucosa. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGDS) or high-resolution OGDS with magnified or non-magnified virtual chromoendoscopy, including targeted biopsy for atrophy and intestinal metaplasia grading and neoplasia detection, are recommended to verify gastritis and duodenitis, precancer states and/or gastric mucosal changes. All chronic gastritis patients positive for H. рylori should undergo eradication therapy as aetiological and subsidiary for gastric cancer prevention. Chronic gastritis patients with symptoms of dyspepsia (epigastric pain, burning and congestion, early satiety), also combined with functional dyspepsia, are recommended proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, rebamipide and bismuth tripotassium dicitrate in symptomatic treatment. With focal restricted intestinal metaplasia, follow-up is not required in most cases, mainly when advanced atrophic gastritis is ruled out in high-quality endoscopy with biopsy. However, a familial history of gastric cancer, incomplete intestinal metaplasia and persistent H. pylori infection render endoscopy monitoring with chromoendoscopy and targeted biopsy desirable once in three years. Patients with advanced atrophic gastritis should have high-quality endoscopy every 3 years, and once in 1–2 years if complicated with a familial history of gastric cancer.Conclusion. The recommendations condense current knowledge on the aetiology and pathogenesis of gastritis and duodenitis, as well as laboratory and instrumental diagnostic techniques, main approaches to aetiological H. pylori eradication and treatment of dyspeptic states.

The annual registration of morbidity among humans and animals, the extremely negative impact of infection on the course of pregnancy and fetal development, and the registration of outbreaks of food listeriosis accompanied by high mortality make listeriosis an extremely urgent medical and veterinary problem. The most common cause of infections is food contaminated with pathogenic bacterial species of the genus Listeria, in particular L. monocytogenes. The paper analyzes outbreaks and sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis in the world and analyzes the incidence among the population of Almaty. Identification of contingents of high epidemic risk in listeriosis among the population of Almaty. It is noted that a systematic approach, including sanitary and epidemiological control of food raw materials and finished products, a properly organized technological process, and hygienic education of the population, is of crucial importance in the prevention of listeriosis., Ежегодная регистрация заболеваемости среди людей и животных, крайне негативное влияние инфекции на течение беременности и развитие плода, а также регистрация вспышек пищевого листериоза, сопровождающихся высокой смертностью, делают листериоз чрезвычайно актуальной медицинской и ветеринарной проблемой. Наиболее частой причиной инфекций является пища, загрязненная патогенными видами бактерий рода Listeria, в частности L. monocytogenes. В статье анализируются вспышки и спорадические случаи инвазивного листериоза в мире и анализируется заболеваемость среди населения Алматы. Выявление контингентов высокого эпидемического риска по листериозу среди населения г. Алматы. Отмечается, что решающее значение в профилактике листериоза имеет системный подход, включающий санитарно-эпидемиологический контроль пищевого сырья и готовой продукции, правильно организованный технологический процесс и гигиеническое просвещение населения.

The article deals with the pedagogical importance and peculiarities of linguocultural competence and ways of forming linguocultural competence of higher education students in Karakalpakstan. The article gives students a clear explanation of the linguocultural competence and its interactions throughout its development, and improving linguocultural competence with the help of materials in the English and Karakalpak languages. In the article, empirical, qualitative, comparative, and semantic methods analyses have been used. Furthermore, interviews for the research problem were based upon fifteen questions and questionnaires were administered and interviews were conducted. The author notes that through learning national proverbs based on a comparative analysis, students will be able to learn national and foreign culture, and develop linguocultural competence as well. KEY WORDS: competence, linguocultural competence, Karakalpak language, foreign language (FL), classification, national proverbs, comparative analysis.

The presented clinical practice guidelines of the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (GSSR), diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidelines were approved by the XXIII Congress of the GSSR and the 22nd International Slavonic-Baltic Scientifi c Forum “St. Petersburg - Gastro-2020 ON-LINE” (St. Petersburg, June 11, 2020). The presented clinical practice guidelines of the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine (RSMSIM) and the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (GSSR), diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The recommendations were approved at the XV National Congress of Internal Medicine, XXIII Congress of NOGR on the basis of the 1st edition, adopted at the 22nd International Slavic- Baltic Scientific Forum “St. Petersburg - Gastro-2020 ON-LINE”.

Statins could increase the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies due to their anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of this therapeutic association in real life. This is a multicenter, prospective, non-interventional study aimed at evaluating the management of H. pylori by European gastroenterologists. Patients were registered in an e-CRF by AEG-REDCap from 2013 to 2020. The association between statin use and H. pylori eradication effectiveness was evaluated through multivariate analysis. Overall, 9988 and 705 patients received empirical and culture-guided treatment, respectively. Overall, statin use was associated with higher effectiveness in the empirical group (OR = 1.3, 95%CI = 1.1–1.5), but no association was found with first-line treatment effectiveness (N = 7738), as an exception, statin use was specifically associated with lower effectiveness of standard triple therapy (OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.59–0.99). In the rescue therapy empirical group (N = 2228), statins were associated with higher overall effectiveness (OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.4–2.6). However, sub-analyses by treatment schemes only confirmed this association for the single-capsule bismuth quadruple therapy (OR = 2.8, 95%CI = 1.3–5.7). No consistent association was found between statin use and H. pylori therapy effectiveness. Therefore, the addition of statins to the usual H. pylori treatment cannot be currently recommended to improve cure rates.

Specialized boarding art school of the Republic of Karakalpakstan Culture (from Latin cultura – cultivation, later – upbringing, education, development, veneration) is a concept that has a huge number of meanings various areas of human life. Culture is the subject of study of philosophy, cultural studies, history, art, linguistics (ethnolinguistics), political science, ethnology, psychoslogy, economics, pedagogy, etc.

This article reports on the study of enlarging lexical competence for B2 level learners who learn English as a foreign language (EFL) in Karakalpakstan. The purpose of the paper is to make a theoretical analysis by scientific researchers on the problem and to identify ways of developing the lexical competence of English learners with the help of Information Communication Technologies (ICT). The study conducted materials that analyze scholars’ opinions about teaching foreign languages via the Internet-based on modular technology. This research paper uses qualitative and descriptive analysis methods. The participants of the research were 2nd year ESP students at Nukus state pedagogical institute. In the teaching process, teachers have great emphasis on the students’ activities in search processing of new knowledge. In this paper, two research questions were taken into consideration: “What ways are pivotal to develop lexical competence of students who study English as a foreign language?”, “What are the most effective tools and techniques for improving students’ vocabulary online?” As a result, the authors responded to the research questions from the analytical point of view and gave valuable suggestions for EFL students whose mother tongue is Karakalpak. The paper concluded that teaching English for B2 level learners through the Internet and ICT is considered efficient as a source of inspiration among Karakalpak students for educational learning and enhanced trends of acquiring EFL searching educational content.

This article provides information on the effectiveness of improving communicative competence in the teaching process and discusses some ways to develop it. Cultural awareness promotes important ties between culture and language learning encourage teachers of foreign languages. In order to be bilingual and competitive, a non-native learner has to be bicultural. The article investigates some main aspects and principles of communication explicitly and implicitly underline the importance of cultural studies at English as a foreign language classes in the Karakalpak auditoriums. The article depicts the system of values characteristic to a nation can be introduced to learners through proverbs. The methods of descriptive, comparative and logical-semantic analyses are used in the research. The article analyzes the examples that are based on phraseological units, mainly proverbs in Karakalpak in comparison with English proverbs. Communicative competence is considered to be important in order to understand communication ethics, and to improve cultural awareness skills, to develop critical thinking as well. Also, the authors conclude that cultural codes could be a subject of practical study during English as a foreign language, along with other exercises on grammar and speaking skills that could be used by a Karakalpak ESP (English as a specific purpose) teacher. KEY WORDS: Competence, communication, proverb, idiom, culture, phraseology, teaching EFL (English as a foreign language).

This article discusses the effectiveness of the use of information and communication technologies in the educational process, use of modern innovative teaching technologies in the system of training of future specialists. The strategy of the state policy for the development of education requires a transition to digitalization technologies. In this regard, there is a need to introduce rational solutions of information and communication technologies in all areas of the economy, including education. The article presents the recommendations of domestic scientists and methodologists who studied didactics and methods for the widespread use of information and communication technologies in the educational process. One of the most effective products of information and communication technologies is the value of cognitive, informative and active components for the use of electronic content in the educational process in the process of training of future teachers. In conclusion, descriptions are given of a number of basic principles that are recommended to be guided in the development of electronic content for specific disciplines.

Aim. This observational (non-interventional) study was aimed at obtaining data on practitioners’ commitment to prescribing rifaximin- α therapy to patients with uncomplicated diverticular disease (UDD), to assess patients’ adherence to such prescriptions, as well as to assess physicians’ and patients’ satisfaction with this drug under the conditions of outpatient practice. Materials and methods . 27 research physicians in 22 research centres located in 15 Russian cities and 250 patients participated in an open, prospective multicentre observational study. The observation lasted for 6 months with an interim assessment after 3 months. Physicians’ prescription of rifaximin- α (dose, duration of administration, number of prescribed courses) was evaluated, as well as patients’ compliance expressed as the ratio of the actual number of taken pills to the number of prescribed pills during each course according to the MMAS-4 scale. Such symptoms, as abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence and tenesmus were evaluated using a 4-score scale. At the end of the study, physicians’ and patients’ satisfaction with the treatment was evaluated using a 5-score scale. Results . One fifth — 52 patients (20.8%)—had received rifaximin- α therapy prior to inclusion in the study. Most frequently, rifaximin- α therapy was prescribed monthly at a dose of 400 mg 2 times a day for 7 days. 67.6% of patients received 6 courses of treatment during the study period. The proportion of patients who received more than one course of treatment over 6 months was 97.6%. During almost all treatment courses (97.5%), patients’ compliance was more than 80%. The total score of symptom intensity decreased from 5.6 at the inclusion visit, to 2.2 points at the second visit and to 0.9 points at the end of the observation. A statistically significant (p

Introduction: The impact of consensus, prescription choices and efficacy trends on clinical practice over time has not been studied in depth.Aims & Methods: International multicenter prospective non-intervention-al registry aimed to evaluate the decisions and outcomes of H. pyloriman-agement by European gastroenterologists. All infected adult patients were systematically registered at AEG-REDCap e-CRF from 2013 to December 2021. Variables included: previous eradication attempts, prescribed treatment, adverse events, and outcomes. Modified intention- to-treat (mITT) and time trend analyses were performed. Data were subject to quality review.Results: So far 49, 739 patients from 29 European countries have been in-cluded, and 35, 203 (71%) were first-line empirical prescriptions. Overall, the most common prescribed treatments in the 2013-21 period were triple therapies ; however, a shift in antibiotic regimens was identi-fied. Triple therapies decreased from over 50% of prescription in 2013/15 to less than 25% in 2020/21 ; likewise, non-bismuth concomitant therapy use decreased from 21% in 2013/14 to 13% in 2020/21, while three-in-one single- capsuleincreased from 0- 1% in 2014/2015 to 17% in 2020/21. An increase in the average duration of treatments from 9.8 days in 2013 to 13 days in 2021 was identified, as well as the daily high- dose of PPIs increasing from 16% in 2013 to 50% in 2021. Detailed description of most common treatments is shown in Table 1. Re-garding the effectiveness of each specific treatment, no trend was identi-fied (data now shown) ; however, there was a 10% overall improvement in first-line mITT overall effectiveness from 2013 to 2021. Conclusion: European gastroenterological practice is constantly adapting to the newest published evidence and recommendations (reducing the use of triple therapies and increasing both the duration of treatment and the dose of PPIs), with a subsequent progressive improvement in overall effectiveness.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: After a first Helicobacter pylori eradication attempt, approximately 20% of patients will remain infected. The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of second-line empiric treatment in Europe. METHODS: This international, multicenter, prospective, noninterventional registry aimed to evaluate the decisions and outcomes of H pylori management by European gastroenterologists. All infected adult cases with a previous eradication treatment attempt were registered with the Spanish Association of Gastroenterology-Research Electronic Data Capture until February 2021. Patients allergic to penicillin and those who received susceptibility-guided therapy were excluded. Data monitoring was performed to ensure data quality. RESULTS: Overall, 5055 patients received empiric second-line treatment. Triple therapy with amoxicillin and levofloxacin was prescribed most commonly (33%). The overall effectiveness was 82% by modified intention-to-treat analysis and 83% in the per-protocol population. After failure of first-line clarithromycin-containing treatment, optimal eradication (>90%) was obtained with moxifloxacin-containing triple therapy or levofloxacin-containing quadruple therapy (with bismuth). In patients receiving triple therapy containing levofloxacin or moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin-bismuth quadruple treatment, cure rates were optimized with 14-day regimens using high doses of proton pump inhibitors. However, 3-in-1 single capsule or levofloxacin-bismuth quadruple therapy produced reliable eradication rates regardless of proton pump inhibitor dose, duration of therapy, or previous first-line treatment. The overall incidence of adverse events was 28%, and most (85%) were mild. Three patients developed serious adverse events (0.3%) requiring hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Empiric second-line regimens including 14-day quinolone triple therapies, 14-day levofloxacin-bismuth quadruple therapy, 14-day tetracycline-bismuth classic quadruple therapy, and 10-day bismuth quadruple therapy (as a single capsule) provided optimal effectiveness. However, many other second-line treatments evaluated reported low eradication rates. ClincialTrials.gov number: NCT02328131.

Introduction: Management of Helicobacter pylori infection (H. pylori) re-quires co- treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the use of an- tibiotics to achieve successful eradicationAims & Methods: To evaluate the role of PPIs in the eradication of H. py-lori, based on the “European Registry onHelicobacter pylori Management” (Hp- EuReg).The Hp-EuReg is a multicentre, prospective, non-interventional, registry assessing decisions and outcomes of H. pylori management by European gastroenterologists in routine clinical practice. Countries recruiting more than 1, 000 patients were included. Effectiveness was assessed by modi- fied intention-to-treat (mITT). Data were quality reviewed.Results: Overall, 22, 078 patients from 5 countries were analysed. Optimal (»90%) first-line mITT effectiveness was achieved with the following treatments: 14-day clarithromycin- amoxicillin- bismuth quadruple therapy, and 14- day metronidazole-tetracycline-bismuth quadruple therapy, both inde-pendently of the PPI dose prescribed ; in all 10- or 14-day therapies with high-dose PPIs (except with standard 10-day triple therapy) ; in 10-day se-quential and 10- day quadruple clarithromycin-amoxicillin- bismuth, and 10-day quadruple metronidazole- tetracycline- bismuth with standard-dose PPIs. None of the 7-day therapies achieved optimal cure rates re-gardless of the PPI dose used. The PPI dose was significantly associated with the effectiveness of: 10- or 14- day standard triple and quadruple con-comitant therapies, and 10-day quadruple sequential and metronidazole-tetracycline-bismuth therapies. Table 1 details the mITT effectiveness by duration and PPI dose used.Conclusion: In first-lineH. pylori treatment, ≥90% effectiveness is obtained with standard-dose PPIs in 10-day sequential and 10- or 14-day bismuth quadruple therapies and with high-dose PPIs in all 10- or 14-day therapies except with standard 10-day triple therapy.

Introduction: Introduction: Randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses, primarily from Asian countries, have reported good effectiveness with high-dose dual therapy (HDDT, i.e., PPIs plus high amoxicillin doses) when prescribed for H. pylorifirst-line or rescue treatment. However, combining amoxicillin with PPIs in the 1990s in several European countries yielded suboptimal results. The objective was to analyse the effectiveness, com-pliance and safety of HDDTin the European real clinical practice.Aims & Methods: Methods: International, multicenter, prospective non- interventional Registry aimed at evaluating the decisions and outcomes of H. pylori management by European gastroenterologists. All infected adult cases treated with HDDT were registered at AEG- REDCap e-CRF up to June 2021. Patients receiving HDDT (amoxicillin 1, 000 mg three times a day plus a PPI), with or without bismuth, in any treatment line and for at least 10 days, were selected for inclusion.Results: Sixty patients received HDDT (98% compliance), 19 of them as first-line and 41 as rescue treatment (2nd–6th line). Overall HDDT effec- tiveness was 52% (per-protocol) and 51% (modified intention-to- treat, mITT). First-line and rescue treatment lines were similarly effective. Cure rates were lower when patients had previously received metronidazole (mITT 32% vs. 70%, p

This study reveals the issues of integrating systems into reading instruction in order to improve the reading comprehension skills of struggling EFL students. It is required of a teacher for the quality of education and experience. In this article we considered the most important and useful information about developing reading skills in teaching English language. In order to assess the effectiveness of systems and activities in improving reading comprehension skills in EFL contexts, an experimental study was carried out. The findings indicate clearly that there was a significant difference between experimental groups. It can be then generalized that systems and applications in general provide a motivating learning environment for teaching reading which has its positive implications on improving the reading skills of students.

Way for applying tantalum coating with a given structure to the surface of an alloy with a shape memory effect NiTi to increase the biocompatibility of implants from this alloy is presented. The coating was synthesized by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. The changes sequence of the structural-phase states depending on the thickness of the coating, that is, the rate of its deposition, has been established. It is shown that at a low magnetron power, ∼14 W in present study, a single-phase α-Ta coating with a bcc structure and a high degree of perfection of the crystal lattice is successfully synthesized on the titanium nickelide surface.

BACKGROUND: Managing Helicobacter pylori infection requires constant decision making, and each decision is open to possible errors. AIM: The aim was to evaluate common mistakes in the eradication of H. pylori, based on the "European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management". METHODS: European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management is an international multicentre prospective noninterventional registry evaluating the decisions and outcomes of H. pylori management by European gastroenterologists in routine clinical practice. RESULTS: Countries recruiting more than 1000 patients were included (26,340 patients). The most common mistakes (percentages) were: (1) To use the standard triple therapy where it is ineffective (46%). (2) To prescribe eradication therapy for only 7 to 10 days (69%). (3) To use a low dose of proton pump inhibitors (48%). (4) In patients allergic to penicillin, to prescribe always a triple therapy with clarithromycin and metronidazole (38%). (5) To repeat certain antibiotics after eradication failure (>15%). (6) Failing to consider the importance of compliance with treatment (2%). (7) Not to check the eradication success (6%). Time-trend analyses showed progressive greater compliance with current clinical guidelines. CONCLUSION: The management of H. pylori infection by some European gastroenterologists is heterogeneous, frequently suboptimal and discrepant with current recommendations. Clinical practice is constantly adapting to updated recommendations, although this shift is delayed and slow.

Der Artikel definiert den Begriff des Sprichworts, der sich mit seinen Funktionen und seiner Klassifizierung befasst. Der Artikel gibt Aufschluss über die Entwicklung von Sprichwörtern auf der Grundlage linguokulturologischer, vergleichender und deskriptiver Methodenanalysen. Außerdem werden einige Sprichwörter in den Sprachen Englisch und Karakalpak mittels linguokulturologischer Analyse verglichen. In dem Artikel wurden Arbeiten von Wissenschaftlern analysiert, die Sprichwörter studiert haben. Der Autor stellt fest, dass das Studium von Sprichwörtern als eine der effektivsten Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der sprachlichen Kompetenz von Schülern gilt. Sprichwörter drücken Erfahrungen der Nationen aus und spiegeln ihre Geschichte, Lebensweise, Kultur und Entwicklung wider. In dem Artikel analysiert der Autor die Arbeiten und Theorien der Forscher, die die Paremiologie der Englischen, Russischen, Usbekischen und Karakalpakischen Sprachen studiert haben

Background & Aims Due to the poor eradication rates of standard triple therapy, the addition of bismuth salts has been proposed for first-line eradication of Helicobacter pylori. We assessed the effectiveness and safety of the combination of bismuth and the standard, clarithromycin-containing triple therapy in eradication of H pylori infection, using data from a large multi-center registry. Methods We performed an interim analysis of data from the European Registry on H pylori Management, a prospective trial registering clinical data and outcomes from infected patients from 27 countries in Europe since 2013. We extracted data on 1141 treatment-naive patients who received first-line treatment with bismuth salts (240 mg) and a proton pump inhibitor (57% received esomeprazole, 18% received omeprazole, 11% received pantoprazole, and 14% received rabeprazole), amoxicillin (1 g), and clarithromycin (500 mg), all taken twice daily. Results Intention to treat and per-protocol rates of eradication were 88% and 94%, respectively. Intention to treat eradication increased to 93% in patients who received 14-day treatments. Adverse events occurred in 36% of patients; 76% of these events were mild, with a mean duration of 6 days. In multivariate analysis, eradication was associated with treatment compliance (odds ratio [OR], 13.0), a double dose (equivalent to 40 mg omeprazole) of proton pump inhibitor (OR, 4.7), and 14-day duration of treatment (OR, 2.0). Conclusions In an analysis of data from a large multi-center registry, we found the addition of bismuth to 14-day standard triple therapy with clarithromycin and amoxicillin to eradicate H pylori infection in more than 90% of patients, based on intention to treat analysis, with an acceptable safety profile and level of adherence. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT02328131 .

В статье на материале фразеологических единиц, отобранных методом сплошной выборки из фразеологических словарей русского и казахского языков, рассматриваются структурно-семантические типы фразеологизмов, содержащих компонент «женщина/әйел». Автор приходит к выводу, что фразеологические единицы в обоих языках называют исторически сложившиеся психологические типы женщин и их социальные роли. В казахском языке преобладают фразеологизмы, называющие женщин по внешнему виду и по важнейшей социальные роли – быть женой и матерью, в русском языке отражены в основном психологические типы женщин.

The multicenter prospective observational study initiated by the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG) is conducted in 27 countries in Europe. The data from the Russian part of the European registry for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection (European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection, protocol: "Hp-EuReg") allows us to analyze the real clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and compare it with international recommendations.A comparative analysis of the data entered in the register by the Russian research centers "Hp-EuReg", in the period from 2013 to 2018, was conducted.Invasive diagnostic methods prevail for the primary diagnosis of H. pylori [histology - 20.3% (in 2013 year) - 43.9% (in 2018 year), rapid urease test - 31.7% and 47.8% respectively]. The most popular mode of eradication therapy is a 10-day triple therapy (62.8-76.2%), the effectiveness of which does not exceed 79% (per protocol). Invasive tests (histology) are the leading method for control the effectiveness of therapy, however, there is a tendency towards a wider use of non-invasive methods (H. pylori stool antigen - from 17% in 2013 to 29.3% in 2018 and urea breath test from 6.9 to 18.3%, respectively). Serological test to control the effectiveness of eradication is still used from 8.2% (2013) to 6.1% (2018). Eradication therapy was not performed in 28% of patients throughout the entire observation period.In Russia, despite approved domestic and international recommendations, deviations in clinical practice persist, both during eradication therapy and in monitoring the effectiveness of eradication therapy.от имени научного комитета и исследователей Hp-EuReg Наблюдательное многоцентровое проспективное исследование, инициированное Европейской группой по изучению Helicobacter pylori и микробиоты (EHMSG), проводится в 27 странах Европы. Данные российской части Европейского регистра ведения инфекции Helicobacter pylori (European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection, протокол: «Hp-EuReg») позволяют проанализировать реальную клиническую практику диагностики и лечения H. pylori и сопоставить ее с международными рекомендациями. Материалы и методы. Проведен сравнительный анализ данных, внесенных в регистр российскими центрами исследования «Hp-EuReg» в период с 2013 г. по февраль 2018 г. Результаты и обсуждение. Для первичной диагностики H. pylori доминируют инвазивные методы: гистологическое исследование (20,3% в 2013 г. и 43,9% в 2018 г.) и быстрый уреазный тест (31,7 и 47,8% соответственно). Наиболее часто назначаемым режимом эрадикации является 10-дневная тройная терапия (62,8-76,2%), эффективность которой per protocol не превышает 79%. Ведущим методом контроля эффективности остаются инвазивные тесты (гистологическое исследование), однако намечается тенденция к росту применения неинвазивных методов: моноклонального теста на антиген H. pylori в кале (с 17% в 2013 г. до 29,3% в 2018 г.) и уреазного дыхательного теста (с 6,9 до 18,3% соответственно). Серологический тест с целью контроля эрадикации продолжают использовать от 8,2% в 2013 г. до 6,1% в 2018 г. Не проводился контроль у 28% больных. Выводы. В России сохраняются значимые отклонения клинической практики от отечественных и международных рекомендаций, как при проведении эрадикационной терапии, так и на этапе контроля ее эффективности.

On behalf of the scientific Committee and researchers Hp-EuReg European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection («Hp-EuReg») - a multicenter prospective observational study initiated by the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group, conducted in 27 European countries in order to evaluate the real clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and its comparison with international recommendations. Materials and methods. The analysis of 2360 patients entered in the register by the Russian centres of «Hp-EuReg» in 2013-2017, who were underwent 1st line eradication therapy. Results. The most common methods of primary diagnosis of H. pylori are histological (37.7%), rapid urease test (29.2%) and serology (29.7%). The duration of eradication therapy in 9.4% of cases was 7 days, in 65.3% - 10 days, and in 25.3% - 14 days. To control the effectiveness of treatment, H. pylori antigen in feces (31.3%), urea breath test (23.4%) and histological method (23.3%) were used. In 3.6% cases was used serology by mistake. In 17.3% of patients control was not carried out. The effectiveness of triple therapy with a PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin (per protocol) was 67.6%, with 7-day course, 81.1% at 10-day and 86.7% at 14-day course. Еradication rate of triple therapy with addition of bismuth (per protocol) reached 90,6% in the group receiving 10-day scheme and 93.6% in the group receiving the 14-day treatment. Conclusion. Significant deviations of clinical practice from expert recommendations, most pronounced at the stage of monitoring the effectiveness of therapy, were noted. The suboptimal efficacy of triple therapy is shown.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of ionizing radiation on pests of grain and its products. The task is to develop a method for the control of pests of products of grain origin, such as Sitophilus granarius L. and Tribolium confusum Duv. before storing them. According to the literature, the features of sterilizing and lethal effects on insects of ionizing radiation in various doses have been studied and the disinsection process has been developed in an industrial installation. Irradiation of insects with gamma rays or accelerated electrons in certain doses causes their sexual sterilization. Sterile males, mating with fertile females, lead the latter to sterility. This phenomenon provides partial protection of the radiation-disinfected grain from re-colonization by insects during the life of the sterile population. The advantages of radiation processing of agricultural products over chemical ones are lower cost, no danger of contamination of products, high performance technology with continuous irradiation on the stream. At the same time, we took into account the effects of radiation treatment on the biological indicators of the remaining living pests (weevils and mealworm) of stocks after treatment. In all the variants, the number of insects remaining in live after 14 days after irradiation was 30.5-54.3%, and after 20 days - 26.9-39.7%, in the control90-100%, respectively. According to our data, it was determined that during radiation treatment with the indicated doses, the duration of the life cycle of beetles and their fecundity are reduced. The treatment at the electron accelerator ILU-10 with selected doses proved to be effective for the destruction of the weevils (Sitophilus granarius L.) and the mealworm (Tribolium confusum Duv.) in the products under study.

Using a non-replicated plot design, we experimentally assessed the effects of a locally produced biological pesticide on the abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity of beneficial insects in four forage crops (alfalfa, soybeans, corn, and triticale) in southeastern Kazakhstan. 2-way ANOV tests detected no effect of the biological pesticide treatment on the abundance (N) of either predators or pollinators. However, there were significant differences in pollinator and predator abundances among crops. Pairwise t-tests between the experiment and control plots for each crop detected no significant differences in predator or pollinator Shannon diversity index values (H). Paired t-tests revealed significant differences in diversity index values for both predator and pollinator functional groups among crops within each treatment (experiment, control). Corn and triticale plots had notably similar predator abundance (N), species richness (S) and Shannon diversity index (H) values. Corn, alfalfa and soy-triticale differed in pollinator Shannon H, N and S values, suggesting each contained a distinct pollinator assemblage. A trial rapid assessment for differences using a point-based system for indicator species showed only small difference among crops and between treatment and control plots. This method may be more applicable in situations sampling disturbance needs to be minimized and a rapid but less thorough assessment is required.

Цель. Ретроспективный анализ карт патоморфологических исследований (протоколов) пациентов с врожденными пороками сердца и сосудов (ВПС) с целью оценки влияния коморбидности при ВПС. Материал и методы. В качестве материала проанализировано 295 патоморфологических исследований (аутопсий) пациентов с ВПС и истории болезни пациентов за период 2011 по 2019 гг. Всем пациентам проведен комплекс клинико-лабораторных и гистологических исследований. Cогласно анамнезу cреди анализируемых пациентов было 37 (12,5) недоношенных детей к сроку гестации и маловесных новорожденных, 258 (87,5) доношенных к сроку гестации. Результаты. Структура экстракардиальной патологии у умерших пациентов была следующей: у 140 (47,5) соматическая патология (инфекции, заболевания крови, органов дыхания и другие) у 113 (38,3) множественные врожденные пороки развития (МВПР) у 28 (9,5) генетические и наследственные синдромы, у 12 (4,1) острая хирургическая патология. Достоверно часто встречались среди сопутствующей патологии: МВПР (95 доверительный интервал (ДИ) 32,644), внутриутробные инфекции (ВУИ) (95 ДИ 13,822,8), различные заболевания легких (95 ДИ 1,55,9). Прооперированы 173 пациента (операции на открытом сердце в 114 (65,9) случаях, закрытые операции в 29 (16,8), в 30 (17,3) операции на желудочно-кишечном тракте (ЖКТ), центральной нервной системе (ЦНС) и диафрагме). В 2 случаях пациентам были проведены одновременно операции и на сердце, и на органах ЖКТ и легких, ЦНС (лапаротомия, трепанация черепа, коррекция пороков диафрагмы). В структуре исследуемых пациентов проведен сравнительный анализ оценки базовой шкалы Аристотеля и коморбидности при ВПС. Заключение. Наличие сопутствующих заболеваний у пациентов оказывает значимое влияние на течение основного заболевания, исход, развитие осложнений. Комплексный анализ течения и осложнений в детской кардиохирургии и кардиологии необходим для улучшения качества лечения. Наряду с базовой оценочной шкалой Аристотеля сложности процедур в детской кардиохирургии продолжается поиск современных шкал прогнозирования развития осложнений и летальности. Диагностика ассоциированных внесердечных врожденных дефектов и экстракардиальной патологии имеет важность для клинической практики в определении сроков и этапов операции на сердце или других органах, профилактики осложнений, прогнозирования клинического состояния пациента в катамнезе. Оценка рисков у пациента с ВПС до операции должна проводиться с помощью шкалы Аристотеля и с обязательным включением значимости коморбидной патологии.

European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection («Hp-EuReg») - a multicenter prospective observational study initiated by the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group, conducted in 27 European countries in order to evaluate the real clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and its comparison with international recommendations.The analysis of 2360 patients entered in the register by the Russian centres of «Hp-EuReg» in 2013-2017, who were underwent 1st line eradication therapy.The most common methods of primary diagnosis of H. pylori are histological (37.7%), rapid urease test (29.2%) and serology (29.7%). The duration of eradication therapy in 9.4% of cases was 7 days, in 65.3% - 10 days, and in 25.3% - 14 days. To control the effec- tiveness of treatment, H. pylori antigen in feces (31.3%), urea breath test (23.4%) and histological method (23.3%) were used. In 3.6% cases was used serology by mistake. In 17.3% of patients control was not carried out. The effectiveness of triple therapy with a PPI, amoxicillin, clar- ithromycin (per protocol) was 67.6%, with 7-day course, 81.1% at 10-day and 86.7% at 14-day course. Eradication rate of triple therapy with addition of bismuth (per protocol) reached 90,6% in the group receiving 10-day scheme and 93.6% in the group receiving the 14-day treatment.Significant deviations of clinical practice from expert recommendations, most pronounced at the stage of monitoring the effectiveness of therapy, were noted. The suboptimal efficacy of triple therapy is shown.

Currently, there is a need to study the genetic diversity of H.pylori in patients with variety of acid-related dis- eases to develop new strategies for the treatment of patients with H.pylori to predict high efficiency of treatment.To assess the effectiveness of schemes of eradication therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis and concom- itant H.pylori infection.The study included 108 patients with H.pylori infection: 63 patients had chronic pancreatitis and were concomitant with H.pylori-infection and 45 patients were without chronic pancreatitis and had H.pylori infection with a chronic gastritis. All patients were determined by factors of pathogenicity of H.pylori by immunoblotting. After forming the group randomized patients received eradication therapy scheme I and the scheme I with inclusion of bismuth tripotassium dicitrate.The effectiveness of H.pylori eradication therapy is dependent on the genetic component of H.pylori. In the presence of H.pylori pathogenicity factors p33, p30, p26, p19, p17 in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment the scheme of eradication therapy I line drugs bismuth tri dicitrate should be included.