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Drought is the most detrimental abiotic stress in agriculture, limiting crop growth and yield and, currently, its risk is increasing due to climate change. Thereby, ensuring food security will be one of the greatest challenges of the agriculture in the nearest future, accordingly it is essential to look for sustainable strategies to cope the negative impact of drought on crops. Inoculation of pulses with biostimulants such as rhizobium strains with high nitrogen fixation efficiency and drought-tolerance, has emerged as a promising and sustainable production strategy. However, some commercial inoculums are not effective under field conditions due to its lower effectiveness against indigenous rhizobium strains in the establishment of the symbiosis. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the ability to improve drought tolerance in common bean plants of different indigenous rhizobia strains isolated from nearby crop fields in the Basque Country either affected by drought or salinity. The plants in this trial were grown in a climatic chamber under controlled conditions and exposed to values of 30% relative soil water content at the time of harvest, which is considered a severe drought. From the nine bacteria strains evaluated, three were found to be highly efficient under drought (namely 353, A12 and A13). These strains sustained high infectiveness (nodulation capacity) and effectiveness (shoot biomass production) under drought, even surpassing the plants inoculated with the CIAT899 reference strain, as well as the chemically N-fertilized plants. The tolerance mechanisms developed by plants inoculated with 353, A12 and A13 strains were a better adjustment of the cell wall elasticity that prevents mechanical damages in the plasma membrane, a higher WUE and an avoidance of the phenological delay caused by drought, developing a greater number of flowers. These results provide the basis for the development of efficient common bean inoculants able to increase the yield of this crop under drought conditions in the Northern Spain and, thus, to be used as biostimulants. In addition, the use of these efficient nitrogen fixation bacteria strains is a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization, reducing cost and minimizing its negative impact on environment. This work was founded by Basque Government: Grupo de Investigación del Sistema Universitario Vasco IT1022-16 and T1682-22; and proyects from the Dirección de Calidad e Industrias Alimentarias. Dpto. de Desarrollo Económico e Infraestructuras (32-2016-00043; 37-2017-00047; 00049-IDA-2019-38) and Dpto. De Desarrollo Económico Sostenibilidad y Medio Ambiente (00039-IDA2021-45). A. Del-Canto was the recipient of a predoctoral fellowship granted by the Education Department of the Basque Country Government, Spain.

Isolation of microorganisms is a useful approach to gather knowledge about their genomic properties, physiology, and ecology, in addition to allowing characterization of novel taxa. We performed an extensive isolation effort on samples from seawater manipulation experiments that were carried out during the four astronomical seasons in a coastal site in the NW Mediterranean to evaluate the impact of grazing, viral mortality, resource competition and light on bacterioplankton growth. Isolates were retrieved using two growth media and their full 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to assess their identity and compute their culturability across seasons and experimental conditions. A total of 1643 isolates were obtained, which mainly affiliated to classesGammaproteobacteria(44%),Alphaproteobacteria(26%) andBacteroidia(17%). The most commonly isolated genera wereAlteromonasandLimimaricola. While isolates varied across culture media, seasons and treatments, those pertaining to classGammaproteobacteriawere the most abundant in all experiments, whileBacteroidiawas preferentially enriched in the treatments with reduced grazing. Sixty-one isolates had a similarity below 97% to cultured taxa and are thus putatively novel. Comparison of isolate sequences with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences from the same samples showed that the percentage of reads corresponding to isolates was 21.4% within the whole dataset, with dramatical increases in summer virus-reduced (71%) and diluted (47%) treatments. In fact, we were able to isolate the top-10 abundant taxa in several experiments and from the whole dataset.IMPORTANCEThe traditional observation that we can only culture 1% of bacteria for a given environment has recently been questioned on several grounds, among other reasons because it is importantly influenced by environmental conditions. We cultured a high amount of heterotrophic bacterial strains from experiments where seawater environmental conditions had been manipulated and found that decreasing grazing and viral pressure as well as rising nutrient availability are key factors increasing the success in isolating marine bacteria. Our data clearly suggests that the “1% culturability paradigm” needs to be revised and reinforces bacterial cultures as a powerful way to discover new taxa.

Traditional culture techniques usually retrieve only a small fraction of the environmental marine microbial diversity, which mainly belong to the so-called rare biosphere. However, this paradigm has not been fully tested at a broad scale, especially in the deep ocean. Here, we examined the fraction of heterotrophic bacterial communities in photic and deep ocean layers that could be recovered by culture-dependent techniques at a large scale. We compared 16S rRNA gene sequences from a collection of 2003 cultured isolates of heterotrophic marine bacteria with global 16S rRNA metabarcoding datasets (16S TAGs) covering surface, mesopelagic and bathypelagic ocean samples that included 16 of the 22 samples used for isolation. These global datasets represent 60,322 unique 16S amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Our results reveal a significantly higher proportion of isolates identical to ASVs in deeper ocean layers reaching up to a 28% of the 16S TAGs of the bathypelagic microbial communities, which included the isolation of 3 of the top 10 most abundant 16S ASVs in the global bathypelagic ocean, related to the generaSulfitobacter, Halomonas and Erythrobacter. These cultured isolates contributed differently to the prokaryotic communities across different plankton size fractions, recruiting between 38% in the free-living size fraction (0.2-0.8 μm) and up to 45% in the largest plankton size fraction (20-200 μm) in the bathypelagic ocean. Our findings support the hypothesis that sinking particles in the bathypelagic realm act as resource-rich habitats, suitable for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria with a copiotroph lifestyle that can be cultured, and that these cultivable bacteria can also thrive as free-living bacteria.

espanolEl reconocimiento de los derechos colectivos para las personas trabajadoras del servicio domestico viene dado por el articulo 2.2 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, asi como por el silencio del Decreto 1620/2011, de 14 de noviembre, por el que se regula la relacion laboral de caracter especial del servicio del hogar familiar que supone la aplicacion supletoria de la normativa laboral comun, compatible con las peculiaridades de la relacion laboral especial, como ya senalaba la legislacion anterior en el Real Decreto 1424/1985 de 1 de agosto.Esta particularidad produce que el ejercicio de derechos colectivos por estas personas sea escaso, no porque el ordenamiento juridico lo prohiba, que no lo hace, sino porque las dificultades para su ejercicio no han sido resueltas por la norma reglamentaria. EnglishThe recognition of collective rights for domestic workers is given by article 2.2 of the Workers' Statute, as well as by the silence of Decree 1620/2011, of November 14, which regulates the employment relationship of a special nature of the family home service, which implies the supplementary application of the common labor regulations, compatible with the peculiarities of the special employment relationship, as already indicated by the previous legislation in Royal Decree 1424 / 1985 of August 1. This particularity causes that the exercise of collective rights by this group is scarce, not because the legal system prohibits it, which it does not do, but because the difficulties for its exercise have not been resolved by the regulatory norm.

Debemos partir de la base en este estudio, de que las labores domésticas y de cuidado son trabajo. Se hace esta afirmación, porque como sabemos, desde las primeras manifestaciones de la prestación de este tipo de trabajo, se encuentra ligado al servilismo, y aunque desde hace años, se ha señalado la mala calidad de estos empleos, se sigue manteniendo un vínculo con la presente esclavitud, pero ahora, disfrazada con distintas normas legales. En la actualidad, los modos tradicionales de atender las necesidades del de estas actividades están en crisis debido al desequilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda, como producto de un mayor número de personas que lo requieren (por el envejecimiento de la población y el aumento de la esperanza de vida de las personas, por ejemplo) y, al mismo tiempo, debido a la menor proporción de personas en condiciones de proveerlos, principalmente por la mayor incorporación de las mujeres al mercado de trabajo. We must start from the base in this study, that housework and care are work. This statement is made, because as we know, from the first manifestations of the provision of this type of work, it is linked to servility, and although for years, the poor quality of these jobs has been pointed out, a link with the current slavery, but now, disguised with different legal norms.At present, the traditional ways of attending to the needs of these activities are in crisis due to the imbalance between supply and demand, as a result of a greater number of people who require it (due to the aging of the population and the increase in the life expectancy of people, for example) and, at the same time, due to the lower proportion of people in a position to provide them, mainly due to the greater incorporation of women into the labor marke Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Photosynthesis is a key target to improve crop production in many species including soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A challenge is that phenotyping photosynthetic traits by traditional approaches is slow and destructive. There is proof-of-concept for leaf hyperspectral reflectance as a rapid method to model photosynthetic traits. However, the crucial step of demonstrating that hyperspectral approaches can be used to advance understanding of the genetic architecture of photosynthetic traits is untested. To address this challenge, we used full-range (500–2,400 nm) leaf reflectance spectroscopy to build partial least squares regression models to estimate leaf traits, including the rate-limiting processes of photosynthesis, maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate, and maximum electron transport. In total, 11 models were produced from a diverse population of soybean sampled over multiple field seasons to estimate photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, leaf carbon and leaf nitrogen percentage, and specific leaf area (with R2 from 0.56 to 0.96 and root mean square error approximately

Changes in postharvest storage conditions due to climate change can directly affect energy usage and food supply and quality. However, no study has assessed climate change impacts on postharvest storage conditions in different climate regions over the contiguous United States (CONUS), a major agricultural producer around the world. The goal of this study is to assess the impact of climate change on cold storage conditions for the highest grossing crop for each of the nine climate regions within the CONUS. Storage degree days (SDDs) accumulate when ambient temperatures increase relative to crop storage base temperatures. Changes in SDDs and winter subperiod length were calculated for each regional crop using historical climate data and 20 downscaled global climate model projections. All regions project significant increases in SDD accumulation and decreases in winter subperiod length when compared with the historical reference period (1979–2005). Between years 2020 and 2080, Northwest and Northeast regions’ apples will be impacted most by SDD accumulation with yearly increases between 261 and 1004 SDDs. Between years 2020 and 2080, Midwest regions’ potatoes are projected to lose the most days of winter (24–39 days), and Southeast regions’ peanuts will experience the greatest decrease in winter length (17–23%). Increases in SDD accumulation and decreases in winter length will have direct implications on future food supply and storage costs. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of climate change impacts on the storage conditions for agricultural commodities over heterogenous climate conditions at national scale, providing useful information for long-term agricultural storage planning.

Se is beneficial to plants’ growth and it is an essential mineral for animals and humans. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between nano-Se concentrations and plant antioxi...

9 pages, 1 figure, 3 tables, Strain ISS155T, isolated from surface Mediterranean seawater, has cells that are Gram-reaction-negative, motile, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophic, oxidase-positive, unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite, and able to grow with cellulose as the sole carbon and energy source. It is mesophilic, neutrophilic, slightly halophilic and has a requirement for sodium and magnesium ions. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence places the strain among members of Cellvibrionaceae, in the Gammaproteobacteria, with Agarilytica rhodophyticola 017T as closest relative (94.3¿% similarity). Its major cellular fatty acids are C18¿:¿1, C16¿:¿0 and C16¿:¿1; major phospholipids are phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and an unidentified lipid, and the major respiratory quinone is Q8. The genome size is 6.09 Mbp and G+C content is 45.2¿mol%. A phylogenomic analysis using UBCG merges strain ISS155T in a clade with A. rhodophyticola, Teredinibacter turnerae, Saccharophagus degradans and Agaribacterium haliotis type strain genomes, all of them possessing a varied array of carbohydrate-active enzymes and the potential for polysaccharide degradation. Average amino acid identity indexes determined against available Cellvibrionaceae type strain genomes show that strain ISS155T is related to them by values lower than 60¿%, with a maximum of 58¿% to A. rhodophyticola 017T and 57¿% to T. turnerae T7902T and S. degradans 2-40T. These results, together with the low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and differences in phenotypic profiles, indicate that strain ISS155T represents a new genus and species in Cellvibrionaceae, for which we propose the name Thalassocella blandensis gen. nov., sp. nov., and strain ISS155T (=CECT 9533T=LMG 31237T) as the type strain, Sequencing was funded by grant CTM2016-80095-C2-1-R to C.P.A. from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Additional funding was obtained by grant CTM2017-87736-R to S.G.A. from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

HighlightsCorn response to irrigation was influenced by the precipitation distribution in 2018 and 2019, and that impacted the response of CWSI as an irrigation scheduling signaling method.CWSI was sensitive to changes in soil water storage, increasing due to crop evapotranspiration and decreasing after a precipitation or irrigation event.In 2018, both seasonal CWSI and yield were not different among the irrigation treatments, while in 2019, seasonal CWSI and yield were all statistically different among the treatments evaluated.Post analysis of canopy and air temperature indicated that the temperature-time threshold (TTT) method might not appropriately signal crop water stress in a humid environment.Abstract. Irrigation scheduling based on the crop water stress index (CWSI) and temperature-time threshold (TTT) methods is promising for semi-arid and arid climates. The objective of this study was to investigate if CWSI and TTT methods could be used as irrigation signaling tools for a humid environment in the southeastern U.S. Corn canopy temperature data were collected in Alabama in 2018 and 2019 using infrared leaf temperature sensors on a fully irrigated treatment and on two limited irrigation treatments. A set of three soil water sensors installed at 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 m soil depth were used to prescribe irrigation time and amount. CWSI was sensitive to precipitation, irrigation, and plant water uptake. No statistical differences in CWSI or yield among the three irrigation levels were found in 2018 when precipitation was well distributed during the season. In contrast, during 2019 both CWSI and yield differed significantly among the three irrigation treatments. Precipitation events in 2019 were sparse compared to 2018; therefore, irrigation promoted greater differences in water availability between treatments. Inconsistencies observed in potential irrigation signaling using the TTT method with or without the inclusion of a limiting relative humidity algorithm indicate that the TTT method may not be a reliable irrigation signaling tool for humid environments. Keywords: Corn yield, Crop water stress index, Irrigation scheduling, Limiting relative humidity, Soil water depletion, Temperature-time threshold.

[ES] Según el estudio, liderada por el Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) y la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), las bacterias heterótrofas que contienen genes de degradación del mercurio (genes mer) están ampliamente distribuidas en el océano abierto, lo que tiene implicaciones importantes en el ciclo biogeoquímico del mercurio. Algunas de estas bacterias muestran una gran capacidad metabólica de degradación, incluso, de la forma más tóxica, el metilmercurio, [CAT] Segons l’estudi, liderat per l’Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) i la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), els bacteris heteròtrofs que contenen gens de degradació del mercuri (gens mer) estan àmpliament distribuïts per l’oceà obert, el que té implicacions importants en el cicle biogeoquímic del mercuri. Alguns d’aquests bacteris mostren una gran capacitat metabòlica de degradació, fins i tot, de la forma més tòxica, el metilmercuri

10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05635, Microbial reduction of inorganic divalent mercury (Hg2+) and methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation is performed by the mer operon, specifically by merA and merB genes, respectively, but little is known about the mercury tolerance capacity of marine microorganisms and its prevalence in the ocean. Here, combining culture-dependent analyses with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data, we show that marine bacteria that encode mer genes are widespread and active in the global ocean. We explored the distribution of these genes in 290 marine heterotrophic bacteria (Alteromonas and Marinobacter spp.) isolated from different oceanographic regions and depths, and assessed their tolerance to diverse concentrations of Hg2+ and MeHg. In particular, the Alteromonas sp. ISS312 strain presented the highest tolerance capacity and a degradation efficiency for MeHg of 98.2% in 24 h. Fragment recruitment analyses of Alteromonas sp. genomes (ISS312 strain and its associated reconstructed metagenome assembled genome MAG-0289) against microbial bathypelagic metagenomes confirm their prevalence in the deep ocean. Moreover, we retrieved 54 merA and 6 merB genes variants related to the Alteromonas sp. ISS312 strain from global metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from Tara Oceans. Our findings highlight the biological reductive MeHg degradation as a relevant pathway of the ocean Hg biogeochemical cycle, This study was supported by grants: MER_CLUB (863584-MER_CLUB-EMFF-BlueEconomy-2018) from the European Commission to S.G.A. and O.S. and the Marie Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2016; project-749645) to A.G.B., With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Este artículo contiene 9 páginas, 1 tabla, 1 figura., [EN] Ramon Margalef was a pioneering scientist who introduced an interdisciplinary approach to ecological studies. His studies were among the first to incorporate various concepts in the literature of aquatic ecology, covering topics such as organisms, ecosystem interactions and evolution. To bring Margalef’s approach into current scientific studies, in this review we explore his vision of aquatic ecology within four interrelated fields of study: ecological theory, microbial diversity, biogeochemical cycles and global environmental changes. Taking inspiration from his studies, we analyse current scientific challenges and propose an integrated approach, considering the unifying concept of Margalef’s Mandala with the aim of improving future studies on aquatic microbial ecology., [ES] Ramon Margalef fue un científico pionero que introdujo un enfoque interdisciplinario a los estudios ecológicos. Sus estudios fueron de los primeros en incorporar diferentes conceptos en la literatura de la ecología acuática, desde los organismos y las interacciones de los ecosistemas hasta la evolución. Para llevar el enfoque de Margalef a los estudios científicos actuales, en este articulo exploramos su visión de la ecología acuática dentro de cuatro campos de estudio interrelacionados: teoría ecológica, diversidad microbiana, ciclos biogeoquímicos y cambios ambientales globales. Inspirándonos en sus estudios pasados, analizamos en este texto los desafíos científicos actuales y proponemos un enfoque integrado considerando el concepto unificador del Mandala de Margalef con el objetivo de mejorar los estudios futuros sobre la ecología microbiana acuática, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S).

[Actualidad : CSIC] Investigadores del IDAEA, ICM, IQOG y la Universidade de Vigo tomarán muestras de agua y aire del océano Austral para analizar la contaminación antropogénica, [Notas de prensa] Investigadores del Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, el Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona, el Instituto de Química Orgánica General y la Universidade de Vigo tomarán muestras de agua y aire del Océano Austral para analizar la contaminación antropogénica. Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a entender qué efectos tienen estos contaminantes químicos en los ecosistemas antárticos, [Notes de premsa] Investigadors de l’Institut de Diagnosi Ambiental i estudis de l’Aigua, l’Institut de Ciències del Mar de Barcelona, l’Instituto de Química Orgánica General i la Universidade de Vigo prendran mostres d’aigua i aire de l’Oceà Austral per a analitzar la contaminació antropogènica. Els resultats de l’estudi ajudaran a entendre quins efectes tenen aquests contaminants químics en els ecosistemes antàrtics

En la actualidad aún seguimos notando una tendencia maternalista y servilista hacia los problemas del servicio doméstico, por lo que para mejorar las condiciones laborales y de protección social en este sector hace falta profesionalizar las actividades que realizan, así como que el gobierno se involucre a distintos niveles, para dar respuesta a esta necesidad, como podría ser la ratificación del Convenio 189 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, además de sensibilizar a la parte empleadora al respecto We are currently still noticing a maternalist and servilista trend towards domestic problems, so to improve the working conditions and social protection in this sector need to professionalise activities carried out in domestic service, as well as that the Government be involved at different levels, to respond to this need, such as the ratification of the Convention 189 of the of the ILO, as well as sensitize the employers to the connection Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Memoria de tesis doctoral presentada por Isabel Sanz Saez para obtener el título de Doctora en Microbiologia por la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), realizada bajo la dirección de la Dra. Silvia González Acinas del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) y de la Dra. Olga Sánchez Martínez de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB).-- 172 pages, 26 figures, 6 tables, supplementary material [EN] The world’s oceans sustain the life for an estimated total of 10 microbial cells. Marine bacteria are responsible for most part of the ocean respiration and are key in most biogeochemical cycles of the Earth. Accordingly, the study of the bacterial diversity present in different marine ecosystems is essential, and having access to their genomes through isolation or genomic centric studies is important to decipher their metabolic potential. Isolation of marine microorganisms is fundamental to gather information about their physiology, ecology and genomic content. To date, most of the bacterial isolation efforts have focused on the photic ocean leaving the deep ocean less explored. In this thesis, standard plating techniques allowed to create a marine culture collection of heterotrophic bacteria (MARINHET). More than 2000 isolates were retrieved from samples collected from a variety of oceanographic regions, from different depths including surface, mesopelagic and bathypelagic waters, and also covering different seasons and years. Chapter 1 describes the taxonomy, the phylogenetic diversity and the biogeography of culturable heterotrophic marine bacteria, and reveals that an important percentage of the strains (37 %) are 100 % identical in their partial 16S rRNA gene between photic and aphotic layers. In addition, we identified Alteromonas and Erythrobacter genera as the most frequently retrieved heterotrophic bacteria from the ocean in standard marine agar medium. [...] [ES] Los océanos contienen aproximadamente un total de 10 células microbianas. Las bacterias marinas son responsables de la mayor parte de la respiración que se produce en el océano y son esenciales en los ciclos biogeoquímicos de la Tierra. Estudiar la diversidad bacteriana de los ecosistemas marinos y tener acceso a los genomas mediante estudios dependientes e independientes de cultivo es importante para descifrar el potencial metabólico de las bacterias marinas. Los cultivos nos aportan información sobre la fisiología bacteriana, ecología y contenido genómico, pero la mayoría de los esfuerzos en aislar bacteria marinas provienen de la zona fótica del océano, dejando las profundidades marinas menos exploradas. En esta tesis, técnicas estándar de cultivo han permitido crear una colección marina de bacterias heterótrofas (MARINHET), compuesta por más de 2000 aislados, recuperados de varias regiones oceanográficas, de varias profundidades (superficie, mesopelágico y batipelágico), y cubriendo varias estaciones y años. El Capítulo 1 describe su taxonomía, diversidad filogenética y biogeografía y revela que un 37% de las cepas son 100% idénticas en la secuencia parcial del gen ribosomal 16S (16S rRNA) entre la zona fótica (superficie) y afótica (mesopelágico y batipelágico). Además, hemos identificado Alteromonas y Erythrobacter entre los géneros marinos heterótrofos más comunes que recuperamos en cultivo usando un medio marino estándar. [...] [CAT] Els oceans conten aproximadament un total de 10 cèl·lules microbianes. Els bacteris marins són responsables de la major part de la respiració que es produeix en l’oceà i són essencials en els cicles biogeoquímics de la Terra. Estudiar la diversitat bacteriana dels ecosistemes marins i tenir accés als genomes mitjançant estudis dependents o independents de cultiu és important per desxifrar el potencial metabòlic dels bacteris marins. El cultius ens aporten informació sobre la fisiologia bacteriana, ecologia i contingut genòmic, però la majoria dels esforços en aïllar bacteris marins provenen de la zona fòtica de l’oceà, deixant les profunditats marines menys explorades. En aquesta tesi, tècniques estàndard de cultiu han permès crear una col·lecció marina de cultius de bacteris heterotròfics (MARINHET), composada per més de 2000 aïllats, recuperats de diverses regions oceanogràfiques, de diverses profunditats (superfície, mesopelàgic i batipelàgic) i cobrint diverses estacions i anys. El Capítol 1 descriu la seva taxonomia, diversitat filogenètica i biogeografia i revela que un 37% de les soques aïllades són 100% idèntiques en el gen ribosomal 16S (16S rRNA) entre la zona fòtica (superfície) i afòtica (mesopelàgic i batipelàgic). A més, hem identificat Alteromonas i Erythrobacter entre els gèneres marins heterotròfics més comuns que recuperem en cultiu usant un medi marí estàndard. [...] During the realization of this thesis, Isabel Sanz Sáez held a Ph.D Fellowship FPU (FPU14/03590) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities and was a student of UAB’s PhD program in Microbiology

Memoria de tesis doctoral presentada por Isabel Sanz Saez para obtener el título de Doctora en Microbiologia por la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), realizada bajo la dirección de la Dra. Silvia González Acinas del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) y de la Dra. Olga Sánchez Martínez de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB).-- 172 pages, 26 figures, 6 tables, supplementary material, [EN] The world’s oceans sustain the life for an estimated total of 10 microbial cells. Marine bacteria are responsible for most part of the ocean respiration and are key in most biogeochemical cycles of the Earth. Accordingly, the study of the bacterial diversity present in different marine ecosystems is essential, and having access to their genomes through isolation or genomic centric studies is important to decipher their metabolic potential. Isolation of marine microorganisms is fundamental to gather information about their physiology, ecology and genomic content. To date, most of the bacterial isolation efforts have focused on the photic ocean leaving the deep ocean less explored. In this thesis, standard plating techniques allowed to create a marine culture collection of heterotrophic bacteria (MARINHET). More than 2000 isolates were retrieved from samples collected from a variety of oceanographic regions, from different depths including surface, mesopelagic and bathypelagic waters, and also covering different seasons and years. Chapter 1 describes the taxonomy, the phylogenetic diversity and the biogeography of culturable heterotrophic marine bacteria, and reveals that an important percentage of the strains (37 %) are 100 % identical in their partial 16S rRNA gene between photic and aphotic layers. In addition, we identified Alteromonas and Erythrobacter genera as the most frequently retrieved heterotrophic bacteria from the ocean in standard marine agar medium. [...], [ES] Los océanos contienen aproximadamente un total de 10 células microbianas. Las bacterias marinas son responsables de la mayor parte de la respiración que se produce en el océano y son esenciales en los ciclos biogeoquímicos de la Tierra. Estudiar la diversidad bacteriana de los ecosistemas marinos y tener acceso a los genomas mediante estudios dependientes e independientes de cultivo es importante para descifrar el potencial metabólico de las bacterias marinas. Los cultivos nos aportan información sobre la fisiología bacteriana, ecología y contenido genómico, pero la mayoría de los esfuerzos en aislar bacteria marinas provienen de la zona fótica del océano, dejando las profundidades marinas menos exploradas. En esta tesis, técnicas estándar de cultivo han permitido crear una colección marina de bacterias heterótrofas (MARINHET), compuesta por más de 2000 aislados, recuperados de varias regiones oceanográficas, de varias profundidades (superficie, mesopelágico y batipelágico), y cubriendo varias estaciones y años. El Capítulo 1 describe su taxonomía, diversidad filogenética y biogeografía y revela que un 37% de las cepas son 100% idénticas en la secuencia parcial del gen ribosomal 16S (16S rRNA) entre la zona fótica (superficie) y afótica (mesopelágico y batipelágico). Además, hemos identificado Alteromonas y Erythrobacter entre los géneros marinos heterótrofos más comunes que recuperamos en cultivo usando un medio marino estándar. [...], [CAT] Els oceans conten aproximadament un total de 10 cèl·lules microbianes. Els bacteris marins són responsables de la major part de la respiració que es produeix en l’oceà i són essencials en els cicles biogeoquímics de la Terra. Estudiar la diversitat bacteriana dels ecosistemes marins i tenir accés als genomes mitjançant estudis dependents o independents de cultiu és important per desxifrar el potencial metabòlic dels bacteris marins. El cultius ens aporten informació sobre la fisiologia bacteriana, ecologia i contingut genòmic, però la majoria dels esforços en aïllar bacteris marins provenen de la zona fòtica de l’oceà, deixant les profunditats marines menys explorades. En aquesta tesi, tècniques estàndard de cultiu han permès crear una col·lecció marina de cultius de bacteris heterotròfics (MARINHET), composada per més de 2000 aïllats, recuperats de diverses regions oceanogràfiques, de diverses profunditats (superfície, mesopelàgic i batipelàgic) i cobrint diverses estacions i anys. El Capítol 1 descriu la seva taxonomia, diversitat filogenètica i biogeografia i revela que un 37% de les soques aïllades són 100% idèntiques en el gen ribosomal 16S (16S rRNA) entre la zona fòtica (superfície) i afòtica (mesopelàgic i batipelàgic). A més, hem identificat Alteromonas i Erythrobacter entre els gèneres marins heterotròfics més comuns que recuperem en cultiu usant un medi marí estàndard. [...], During the realization of this thesis, Isabel Sanz Sáez held a Ph.D Fellowship FPU (FPU14/03590) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities and was a student of UAB’s PhD program in Microbiology

Soybean (Glycine max L.) future response to elevated [CO] has been shown to differ when inoculated with B. japonicum strains isolated at ambient or elevated [CO]. Plants, inoculated with three Bradyrhizobium strains isolated at different [CO], were grown in chambers at current and elevated [CO] (400 vs. 700 ppm). Together with nodule and leaf metabolomic profile, characterization of nodule N-fixation and exchange between organs were tested through N-labeling analysis. Soybeans inoculated with SFJ14-36 strain (isolated at elevated [CO]) showed a strong metabolic imbalance, at nodule and leaf levels when grown at ambient [CO], probably due to an insufficient supply of N by nodules, as shown by N-labeling. In nodules, due to shortage of photoassimilate, C may be diverted to aspartic acid instead of malate in order to improve the efficiency of the C source sustaining N-fixation. In leaves, photorespiration and respiration were boosted at ambient [CO] in plants inoculated with this strain. Additionally, free phytol, antioxidants, and fatty acid content could be indicate induced senescence due to oxidative stress and lack of nitrogen. Therefore, plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strain isolated at elevated [CO] may have lost their capacity to form effective symbiosis at ambient [CO] and that was translated at whole plant level through metabolic impairment., This work was financially supported by the following grants: GRUPO Gobierno Vasco IT1022-16 and projects 32-2016-00043, 37-2017-00047, and 000049-IDA2019-38 from the Economic Development and Infrastructures Department of the Basque Country, Spain. DS was a recipient of a Ph.D. grant supported by the Public University of Navarra. AS-S was partially supported by a postdoctoral fellowship granted by the Education, and Linguistic Policy Department of the Basque Country, Spain and the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station and the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture. Technical support by Azucena González, Phytotron Service, SGIker (UPV/EHU) is gratefully acknowledged.

3 pages,1 figure, [EN] Mercury (Hg) poses a recognized global environmental problem with worrisome environmental and public health impacts (UNEP 2019). While natural sources of Hg such as volcanic eruptions, geothermal activity and weathering of Hg-rich rocks in the earth’s crust have always existed, in the last century human activities such as artisanal and small-scale gold mining, coal combustion, production of non-ferrous metals, cement production and disposal of wastes containing Hg have outpaced natural sources. Around 80% of the Hg emitted to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic source is deposited in the ocean, resulting in a tripling of Hg concentrations in surface marine waters compared with pre-industrial levels. The World Health Organization has placed Hg among the top 10 chemicals of major public health concern. Spain is one of the 130 signatories of a global treaty, the Minamata Convention, that seeks to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of Hg and came into force in August 2017. Some of the convention’s proposed actions include a phase-out and phase-down of Hg use in a number of products and industrial processes, a ban on new Hg mines and the phase-out of existing ones, monitoring of Hg air emissions and releases to land and water, and regulation of the informal sector of artisanal and small-scale gold mining. The EU has also established environmental policies for monitoring and modelling global Hg distribution such as the Global Mercury Observation System. Understanding the global Hg biogeochemical cycle of the oceans is key for predicting Hg levels in aquatic food webs and evaluating the impact of reduction strategies on human exposure. […], [ES] El mercurio (Hg) plantea un problema ambiental reconocido a nivel mundial con preocupantes impactos ambientales y de salud pública (UNEP 2019). Si bien siempre han existido fuentes naturales de Hg como erupciones volcánicas, actividad geotérmica y meteorización de rocas ricas en Hg en la corteza terrestre, en el siglo pasado las actividades humanas como la minería de oro artesanal y en pequeña escala, la combustión de carbón, la producción de metales no-ferrosos, la producción de cemento y la eliminación de desechos que contienen Hg han superado a las fuentes naturales. Alrededor del 80% del Hg emitido a la atmósfera de fuentes naturales y antropogénicas se deposita en el océano, lo que ha resultado en una triplicación de las concentraciones de Hg en las aguas marinas superficiales en comparación con los niveles preindustriales. Por ello, la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha colocado al Hg entre las 10 principales sustancias químicas de mayor preocupación para la salud pública. España es uno de los 130 signatarios de un tratado global, el Convenio de Minamata, que busca proteger la salud humana y el medio ambiente de los efectos adversos del Hg y que entró en vigor en agosto del 2017. Algunas de las acciones propuestas del convenio incluyen una eliminación del uso de Hg en una serie de productos y procesos industriales, la prohibición de nuevas minas de Hg y la eliminación de las existentes, el monitoreo de las emisiones de Hg al aire y las liberaciones a la tierra y el agua, y la regulación del sector informal de minería de oro artesanal y en pequeña escala. En este contexto, la Unión Europea ha establecido políticas ambientales para monitorear y modelar la distribución global de Hg, un ejemplo es el Sistema Global de Observación de Mercurio. Comprender el ciclo biogeoquímico global del Hg en los océanos es clave para predecir los niveles de Hg en las redes alimentarias acuáticas y evaluar el impacto de las estrategias de reducción en la exposición humana. […], [CAT] El mercuri (Hg) planteja un problema ambiental reconegut a nivell mundial amb preocupants impactes ambientals i de salut pública (UNEP 2019). Si bé sempre han existit fonts naturals de Hg com les erupcions volcàniques, l’activitat geotèrmica i la meteorització de roques riques en Hg en l’escorça terrestre, en el segle passat les activitats humanes com la mineria d’or artesanal i en petita escala, la combustió de carbó, la producció de metalls no-ferrosos, la producció de ciment i l’eliminació de deixalles que contenen Hg han superat a les fonts naturals. Al voltant del 80% del Hg emès a l’atmosfera de fonts naturals i antropogèniques es diposita a l’oceà, la qual cosa ha resultat en una triplicació de les concentracions de Hg en les aigües marines superficials en comparació amb els nivells preindustrials. Per això, l’Organització Mundial de la Salut ha col·locat al Hg entre les 10 principals substàncies químiques de major preocupació per a la salut pública. Espanya és un dels 130 signataris d’un tractat global, el Conveni de Minamata, que busca protegir la salut humana i el medi ambient dels efectes adversos del Hg i que va entrar en vigor a l’agost del 2017. Algunes de les accions proposades del conveni inclouen l’eliminació de l’ús de Hg en una sèrie de productes i processos industrials, la prohibició de noves mines de Hg i l’eliminació de les existents, el monitoratge de les emissions de Hg a l’aire i els alliberaments a la terra i l’aigua, i la regulació del sector informal de mineria d’or artesanal i en petita escala. En aquest context, la Unió Europea ha establert polítiques ambientals per a monitorar i modelar la distribució global de Hg, un exemple és el Sistema Global d’Observació de Mercuri. Comprendre el cicle biogeoquímic global del Hg als oceans és clau per a predir els nivells de Hg en les xarxes alimentàries aquàtiques i avaluar l’impacte de les estratègies de reducció en l’exposició humana. […]

Leaf-level gas exchange data support the mechanistic understanding of plant fluxes of carbon and water. These fluxes inform our understanding of ecosystem function, are an important constraint on parameterization of terrestrial biosphere models, are necessary to understand the response of plants to global environmental change, and are integral to efforts to improve crop production. Collection of these data using gas analyzers can be both technically challenging and time consuming, and individual studies generally focus on a small range of species, restricted time periods, or limited geographic regions. The high value of these data is exemplified by the many publications that reuse and synthesize gas exchange data, however the lack of metadata and data reporting conventions make full and efficient use of these data difficult. Here we propose a reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata to provide guidance to data contributors on how to store data in repositories to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format specifies data table variable naming and unit conventions, as well as metadata characterizing experimental conditions and protocols. For common data types that were the focus of this initial version of the reporting format, i.e., survey measurements, dark respiration, carbon dioxide and light response curves, and parameters derived from those measurements, we took a further step of defining required additional data and metadata that would maximize the potential reuse of those data types. To aid data contributors and the development of data ingest tools by data repositories we provided a translation table comparing the outputs of common gas exchange instruments. Extensive consultation with data collectors, data users, instrument manufacturers, and data scientists was undertaken in order to ensure that the reporting format met community needs. The reporting format presented here is intended to form a foundation for future development that will incorporate additional data types and variables as gas exchange systems and measurement approaches advance in the future. The reporting format is published in the U.S. Department of Energy's ESS-DIVE data repository, with documentation and future development efforts being maintained in a version control system. publishedVersion

By 2050 future global food demand is projected to require a doubling of agricultural output, and climate change will exacerbate this challenge by intensifying the exposure of field crops to abiotic stress conditions, including rising temperature, increased drought, and increased CO2 concentration ([CO2]). One of the keys to improving crop yield under different stresses is studying is photosynthesis. Photosynthetic parameters, such as the maximum rate of carboxylation of RuBP (Vc,max), and the maximum rate of electron transport driving RuBP regeneration (Jmax) vary in response to climate conditions and have been identified as a target for improvement. However, the techniques used to measure these physiological parameters are very time consuming, ranging from 30 to 70 min per measurement and require specialized personnel. Therefore, breeding or genetic mapping for these traits under these conditions is prohibitively time-consuming. Spatial and temporal variation in plant photosynthesis can be estimated using remote sensing-derived spectral vegetation indices. Spectral estimates of green vegetation biomass and vigor, including vegetation indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), are widely used to estimate vegetation productivity across spatial and temporal scales but are unable to provide assessments of specific photosynthetic parameters. For that reason, hyperspectral remote sensing shows promise for predicting photosynthetic capacity based on more detailed leaf optical properties. In this study, we developed and assessed estimates of Vcmax and Jmax through four different advanced regression models: PLS, BR, ARDR, and LASSO based on leaf reflectance metrics measured with an ASD FieldSpec4 Hi-RES of different crops under different environmental conditions such as (1) different varieties of soybean under high [CO2] and high temperature, (2) different varieties of peanut under drought stress and (3) 20 varieties of cotton diverse origin and grown under field conditions. Both phenotypic variability and varying levels of stress were employed with each crop to ensure adequate ranges of responses. Model sensitivities were assessed for each crop and treatment separately and in combination in order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of each model in all the different conditions. For the combination of three species, all the models suggest a robust prediction of Vcmax around R2:0.67 and the same for the Jmax R2: 0.55.

BackgroundIsolation of marine microorganisms is fundamental to gather information about their physiology, ecology and genomic content. To date, most of the bacterial isolation efforts have focused on the photic ocean leaving the deep ocean less explored. We have created a marine culture collection of heterotrophic bacteria (MARINHET) using a standard marine medium comprising a total of 1561 bacterial strains, and covering a variety of oceanographic regions from different seasons and years, from 2009 to 2015. Specifically, our marine collection includes isolates from both photic (817) and aphotic layers (744), including the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ, 362) and the bathypelagic (382), from the North Western Mediterranean Sea, the North and South Atlantic Ocean, the Indian, the Pacific, and the Arctic Oceans. With this study, we describe the taxonomy, the phylogenetic diversity and the biogeography of a fraction of the marine culturable microorganisms to enhance our knowledge about which heterotrophic marine isolates are recurrently retrieved across oceans and along all the water column. ResultsThe partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of all isolates revealed that they mainly affiliate with the classes Alphaproteobacteria (35.9%), Gammaproteobacteria (38.6%), and phylum Bacteroidetes (16.5%). In addition, Alteromonas and Erythrobacter genera were found the most common heterotrophic bacteria in the ocean growing in solid agar medium. When comparing photic, OMZ, and bathypelagic isolates sequences, a 37% of them were 100% identical. This percentage increased up to 59% when the comparison was restricted between photic and aphotic sequences (OMZ and bathypelagic together) indicating the ubiquity of some bacterial isolates along the water column. Finally, we isolated three strains related with the genus Mesonia sp. that may represent new species since their whole 16S rRNA gene shared less than 95% sequence similarity with any other culture representative. ConclusionsOverall, this study highlights the relevance of culture dependent studies, with focus on marine isolated bacteria from different oceanographic regions and depths, to provide a more comprehensive view of marine microbial diversity.

Photosynthesis is the major process leading to primary production in the Biosphere. There is a total of 7000bn tons of CO in the atmosphere and photosynthesis fixes more than 100bn tons annually. The CO assimilated by the photosynthetic apparatus is the basis of crop production and, therefore, of animal and human food. This has led to a renewed interest in photosynthesis as a target to increase plant production and there is now increasing evidence showing that the strategy of improving photosynthetic traits can increase plant yield. However, photosynthesis and the photosynthetic apparatus are both conditioned by environmental variables such as water availability, temperature, [CO], salinity, and ozone. The “omics” revolution has allowed a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating stress responses including the identification of genes and proteins involved in the regulation, acclimation, and adaptation of processes that impact photosynthesis. The development of novel non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping techniques has been important to monitor crop photosynthetic responses to changing environmental conditions. This wealth of data is being incorporated into new modeling algorithms to predict plant growth and development under specific environmental constraints. This review gives a multi-perspective description of the impact of changing environmental conditions on photosynthetic performance and consequently plant growth by briefly highlighting how major technological advances including omics, high-throughput photosynthetic measurements, metabolic engineering, and whole plant photosynthetic modeling have helped to improve our understanding of how the photosynthetic machinery can be modified by different abiotic stresses and thus impact crop production., This work was supported by IRUEC project funded by EIG CONCERT-Japan 3rd Joint Call on “Food Crops and Biomass Production Technologies” under the Strategic International Research Cooperative Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Spanish Innovation and Universities Ministry (Acciones de programación conjunta Internacional, PCIN-2017-007), and by the ANR-14-CE19-0015 grant REGUL3P. A Grant for Promotion of KAAB Projects (Niigata University) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology-Japan is also acknowledged.

Stomata are pores in the epidermal tissue of plants formed by specialized cells called occlusive cells or guard cells. Analyzing the number and behavior of stomata is a task carried out by studying microscopic images, and that can serve, among other things, to better manage crops in agriculture. However, quantifying the number of stomata in an image is an expensive process since a stomata image might contain dozens of stomata. Therefore, it is interesting to automate such a detection process. This problem can be framed in the context of object detection, a task widely studied in computer vision. Currently, the best approaches to tackle object detection problems are based on deep learning techniques. Although these techniques are very successful, they might be difficult to use. In this work, we face this problem, specifically for the detection of stomata, by building a Jupyter notebook in Google Colaboratory that allows biologists to automatically detect stomata in their images.

El presente estudio trata de describir el impacto de los estudios llevados a cabo en torno a las didácticas de inclusión social para personas con autismo en el espacio del museo. Se procura exponer el cambio de mirada surgido en las instituciones museísticas desde hace algunos años, donde el punto central se sitúa en el visitante, insistimos en la importancia de que esa mirada abarque todo tipo de visitantes. Por lo que en el análisis descriptivo nos centramos en el tipo de didácticas que se dedican a las personas con TEA en los museos. En este sentido, la actual investigación se dirige a localizar y analizar la producción científica sobre este tema a través del análisis de indicadores bibliométricos en red durante la última década. Para lo que realizamos un análisis de indicadores de alto impacto en torno a las personas con TEA y la inclusión en museos, desde varios puntos de vista como el ocio, la accesibilidad universal o el diseño para todos. Se efectúan búsquedas en las bases de datos especializadas a través de Internet: Web of Science y Scopus. Llevamos a cabo una metodología de carácter mixto gracias a un análisis de contenido y un análisis de carácter estadístico-descriptivo (SPSSS), utilizando el gestor de referencias bibliográficas Mendeley. Los resultados permiten conocer la panorámica de la inclusión de las personas con TEA en los museos a través de su evolución científica, así como las posibilidades de continuidad para la investigación en un futuro., Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, Máster en Arteterapia y Educación Artística para la Inclusión Social

16 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01884-7, Isolation of marine microorganisms is fundamental to gather information about their physiology, ecology and genomic content. To date, most of the bacterial isolation efforts have focused on the photic ocean leaving the deep ocean less explored. We have created a marine culture collection of heterotrophic bacteria (MARINHET) using a standard marine medium comprising a total of 1561 bacterial strains, and covering a variety of oceanographic regions from different seasons and years, from 2009 to 2015. Specifically, our marine collection contains isolates from both photic (817) and aphotic layers (744), including the mesopelagic (362) and the bathypelagic (382), from the North Western Mediterranean Sea, the North and South Atlantic Ocean, the Indian, the Pacific, and the Arctic Oceans. We described the taxonomy, the phylogenetic diversity and the biogeography of a fraction of the marine culturable microorganisms to enhance our knowledge about which heterotrophic marine isolates are recurrently retrieved across oceans and along different depths, Projects Arctic Tipping Points (ATP, contract #226248), in the FP7 program of the European Union, and DOREMI (CTM2012–34294), from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, allowed the collection of samples from the Arctic and NW Mediterranean Sea, respectively. Research, including laboratory experiments and analyses, was mainly funded by grant BIOSENSOMICS “Convocatoria 2015 de ayudas Fundación BBVA a investigadores y creadores culturales” and, MAGGY, Plan Nacional I + D + I 2017 (CTM2017–87736-R), awarded to S.G.A. Analyses were also possible thank to the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through baseline funding to C.M.D. and a subaward agreement OSR-2014-CC-1973-02 between KAUST and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Additional funding for analyses and interpretation of the data was provided by projects REMEI (ref. CTM2015–70340-R) and MIAU-S3 (ref. RTI2018-101025-B-I00) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

10 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, Strain ISS653T, isolated from Atlantic seawater, is a yellow pigmented, non-motile, Gram-reaction-negative rod-shaped bacterium, strictly aerobic and chemoorganotrophic, slightly halophilic (1–15 % NaCl) and mesophilic (4–37 °C), oxidase- and catalase-positive and proteolytic. Its major cellular fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH; the major identified phospholipid is phosphatidylethanolamine and the major respiratory quinone is MK6. Genome size is 4.28 Mbp and DNA G+C content is 34.9 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity places the strain among members of the family Flavobacteriaceae, with the type strains of Mesonia phycicola (93.2 %), Salegentibacter mishustinae (93.1 %) and Mesonia mobilis (92.9 %) as closest relatives. Average amino acid identity (AAI) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) indices show highest values with M. mobilis (81 % AAI; 78.9 % ANI), M. phycicola (76 % AAI; 76.3 % ANI), Mesonia maritima (72 % AAI, 74.9 % ANI), Mesonia hippocampi (64 % AAI, 70.8 % ANI) and Mesonia algae (68 % AAI; 72.2 % ANI). Phylogenomic analysis using the Up-to-date-Bacterial Core Gene set (UBCG) merges strain ISS653T in a clade with species of the genus Mesonia. We conclude that strain ISS653T represents a novel species of the genus Mesonia for which we propose the name Mesonia oceanica sp. nov., and strain ISS653T (=CECT 9532T=LMG 31236T) as the type strain. A second strain of the species, ISS1889 (=CECT 30008) was isolated from Pacific Ocean seawater. Data obtained throughout the Tara oceans expedition indicate that the species is more abundant in the mesopelagic dark ocean than in the photic layer and it is more frequent in the South Pacific, Indian and North Atlantic oceans, Sequencing was funded by grant CTM2016-80095-C2-1-R to C.P.A. from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Additional funding was obtained by grant CTM2017-87736-R to S.G.A. from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Other parts of this work received no specific grant from any funding agency, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Iniciaré este trabajo analizando de forma general, las políticas públicas de igualdad para la normalización de la protección antidiscriminatoria por razón de sexo en el ámbito de la Seguridad Social, para luego detenerme en el complemento por maternidad, que consiste en un suplemento porcentual de las pensiones de jubilación, incapacidad permanente o viudedad que se conceden a las mujeres, como estrategia y mecanismo corrector destinado a compensar, de forma particular, la mayor dedicación al trabajo no retribuido de los cuidados por su parte, que las dificulta en muchos casos, a desarrollar sus propias carreras laborales, lo que se traduce en percibir pensiones insuficientes. Y, para terminar, aunque el propio precepto de la LGSS incorpora una justificación para dicha medida, “la contribución demográfica”, su naturaleza jurídica de acción positiva, dirigida exclusivamente a la mujer, exige añadir los posibles rasgos discriminatorios de dicha medida en este análisis., I will begin this work by looking in general, at public equality policies for the normalization of gender anti-discrimination protection in the field of Social Security, and then stop at the maternity supplement, which consists of a percentage supplement to the retirement pensions, permanent disability or widowhood granted to women, as a strategy and corrective mechanism aimed at compensating, in particular, for the increased dedication to unpaid work of care their part, which makes it difficult in many cases to develop their own careers, which results in receiving insufficient pensions. And, in conclusion, although the LGSS’s own provision incorporates a justification for such a measure, “the demographic contribution”, its legal nature of positive action, aimed exclusively at women, requires adding the possible discriminatory traits of measure in this analysis., 1. POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE IGUALDAD EN LA NORMALIZACIÓN DE LA PROTECCIÓN ANTIDISCRIMINATORIA POR RAZÓN DE SEXO EN EL ÁMBITO DE LA SEGURIDAD SOCIAL. 1.1. La diferencia de trato por razón del sexo mediante las acciones positivas. 1.2. Acciones positivas falsamente protectoras de la mujer. 2. CUESTIONES PRELIMINARES DE LA BRECHA DE GÉNERO EN LA SEGURIDAD SOCIAL. 2.1. El complemento por maternidad desde la perspectiva de género. 2.2. Posibles rasgos discriminatorios del complemento de maternidad. 2.2.1. El complemento de pensión controvertido. 3. REFLEXIONES FINALES. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.

Al igual que ocurre con el resto de las personas trabajadoras, las trabajadoras de esta relación laboral especial del trabajo doméstico están expuestas a ciertos riesgos laborales propios de la actividad que desempeñan. En este artículo se analiza de forma crítica la esfera subjetiva de la exclusión expresa de la Ley de Prevención en la relación laboral especial de servicio del hogar familiar.

Este recurso forma parte de la iniciativa "El Oceano en casa - L'Oceà a casa" del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), un blog que recopila contenidos y recursos, variados y prácticos, para que los más pequeños y pequeñas de la casa descubran los secretos del Océano desde casa. Se desarrolló entre el 27 de marzo y el 17 de abril de 2020, durante el confinamiento por la crisis COVID-19, [ES] En esta entrada del blog “El Océano en Casa” se introduce a las bacterias y virus marinos y la importancia de los microorganismos en el océano. [...] ¿Estáis preparados para sumergiros en el Océano? 3, 2, 1… ¡Al agua! Hoy, por ser el primer día, hablaremos de aquello que más aparece estos días en la televisión, radio, periódicos… de los virus. También hablaremos de las bacterias. Antes de comenzar, ¿crees que en el Océano hay virus? ¿Y bacterias? Para poder responder a nuestra pregunta, lo primero que hay que preguntarse es… ¿Qué es un virus?¿Y una bacteria? [...], [CAT] Esteu preparats per submergir-vos en l’Oceà? 3, 2, 1… A l’aigua! Avui, per ser el primer dia, parlarem d’allò que més apareix aquests dies a la televisió, ràdio, diaris… dels virus. També parlarem dels bacteris. Abans de començar, creus que a l’Oceà hi ha virus? I bacteris? Per poder respondre a la nostra pregunta, el primer que cal preguntar-se és… Què és un virus? I un bacteri? . [...]

Photosynthesis is the major process leading to primary production in the Biosphere. There is a total of 7000bn tons of CO in the atmosphere and photosynthesis fixes more than 100bn tons annually. The CO assimilated by the photosynthetic apparatus is the basis of crop production and, therefore, of animal and human food. This has led to a renewed interest in photosynthesis as a target to increase plant production and there is now increasing evidence showing that the strategy of improving photosynthetic traits can increase plant yield. However, photosynthesis and the photosynthetic apparatus are both conditioned by environmental variables such as water availability, temperature, [CO], salinity, and ozone. The “omics” revolution has allowed a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating stress responses including the identification of genes and proteins involved in the regulation, acclimation, and adaptation of processes that impact photosynthesis. The development of novel non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping techniques has been important to monitor crop photosynthetic responses to changing environmental conditions. This wealth of data is being incorporated into new modeling algorithms to predict plant growth and development under specific environmental constraints. This review gives a multi-perspective description of the impact of changing environmental conditions on photosynthetic performance and consequently plant growth by briefly highlighting how major technological advances including omics, high-throughput photosynthetic measurements, metabolic engineering, and whole plant photosynthetic modeling have helped to improve our understanding of how the photosynthetic machinery can be modified by different abiotic stresses and thus impact crop production. This work was supported by IRUEC project funded by EIG CONCERT-Japan 3rd Joint Call on “Food Crops and Biomass Production Technologies” under the Strategic International Research Cooperative Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Spanish Innovation and Universities Ministry (Acciones de programación conjunta Internacional, PCIN-2017-007), and by the ANR-14-CE19-0015 grant REGUL3P. A Grant for Promotion of KAAB Projects (Niigata University) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology-Japan is also acknowledged.

Soybean is a crop of agronomic importance that requires adequate watering during its growth to achieve high production. In this study, we determined physiological, photochemical and metabolic differences in five soybean varieties selected from the parental lines of a nested association mapping population during mild drought. These varieties have been described as high yielding (NE3001, HY1; LD01‐5907, HY2) or drought tolerant (PI518751; HYD1; PI398881, HYD2). Nevertheless, there has been little research on the physiological traits that sustain their high productivity under water‐limited conditions. The results indicate that high‐yielding varieties under drought cope with the shortage of water by enhancing their photoprotective defences and invest in growth and productivity, linked to a higher intrinsic water use efficiency. This is the case of the variety N‐3001 (HY1), with a tolerance strategy involving a faster transition into the reproductive stage to avoid the drought period. The present study highlights the role of the physiological and biochemical adjustments of various soybean varieties to cope with water‐limited conditions. Moreover, the obtained results underscore the fact that the high phenotypic plasticity among soybean phenotypes should be exploited to compensate for the low genetic variability of this species when selecting plant productivity in constrained environments., This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER funds (AGL2014‐52396) and from the Basque Government (UPV/EHU‐GV IT‐1018‐16; IT‐932‐16). J.B. is a holder of a PhD fellowship from the Public University of Navarre. R.E. received a Juan de la Cierva‐incorporación grant (IJCI‐2014‐21452).

Carbon isotope ratio (δC) has been used as a proxy for water use efficiency (WUE) in several crops. We compared δC of soybean [ (L.) Merr.] tissues sampled at bloom with δC of mature seed (MS). Twenty Maturity Group IV accessions with contrasting δC values were evaluated in three environments. Genotype and environment effects on δC were significant for the uppermost mature trifoliolate leaf, center leaflets from main stems, whole shoot, and MS, but there were no significant genotype by environment interactions, indicating that genotype rankings were similar among environments. Repeatability of δC among tissues ranged from 0.79 to 0.94, and MS δC values were significantly correlated with δC from other tissues ( ≥ 0.69). For genotypes of similar maturity, MS δC may be used as a selection tool for WUE, simplifying the use of δC for high-throughput phenotyping.

The atmospheric [CO2 ] in which crops grow today is greater than at any point in their domestication history and represents an opportunity for positive effects on seed yield that can counteract the negative effects of greater heat and drought this century. In order to maximize yields under future atmospheric [CO2 ], we need to identify and study crop cultivars that respond most favorably to elevated [CO2 ] and understand the mechanisms contributing to their responsiveness. Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is a widely grown oilseed crop and shows genetic variation in response to elevated [CO2 ]. However, few studies have studied the physiological basis for this variation. Here, we examined canopy light interception, photosynthesis, respiration and radiation use efficiency along with yield and yield parameters in two cultivars of soybean (Loda and HS93-4118) previously reported to have similar seed yield at ambient [CO2 ], but contrasting responses to elevated [CO2 ]. Seed yield increased by 26% at elevated [CO2 ] (600 μmol/mol) in the responsive cultivar Loda, but only by 11% in HS93-4118. Canopy light interception and leaf area index were greater in HS93-4118 in ambient [CO2 ], but increased more in response to elevated [CO2 ] in Loda. Radiation use efficiency and harvest index were also greater in Loda than HS93-4118 at both ambient and elevated [CO2 ]. Daily C assimilation was greater at elevated [CO2 ] in both cultivars, while stomatal conductance was lower. Electron transport capacity was also greater in Loda than HS93-4118, but there was no difference in the response of photosynthetic traits to elevated [CO2 ] in the two cultivars. Overall, this greater understanding of leaf- and canopy-level photosynthetic traits provides a strong conceptual basis for modeling genotypic variation in response to elevated [CO2 ].

International audience

35 pages, 18 figures, 1 table, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.008.-- Raw reads of Tara Oceans are deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA). In particular, newly released 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding reads are available under the number ENA: PRJEB9737. ENA references for the metagenomics reads corresponding to the size fraction < 0.22 μm (for prokaryotic viruses) analyzed in this study are included in Gregory et al. (2019); see their Table S3. ENA references for the metagenomics reads corresponding to the size fraction 0.22-1.6/3 μm (for prokaryotes and giruses) correspond to Salazar et al. (2019) (see https://zenodo.org/record/3473199). Imaging datasets from the nets are available through the collaborative web application and repository EcoTaxa (Picheral et al., 2017) under the address https://ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr/prj/412 for regent data, within the 3 projects https://ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr/prj/397, https://ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr/prj/398, https://ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr/prj/395 for bongo data, and within the 2 projects https://ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr/prj/377 and https://ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr/prj/378 for WP2 data. A table with Shannon values and multiple samples identifiers, plus a table with flow cytometry data split in six groups are available (https://doi.org/10.17632/p9r9wttjkm.1). Contextual data from the Tara Oceans expedition, including those that are newly released from the Arctic Ocean, are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875582, The ocean is home to myriad small planktonic organisms that underpin the functioning of marine ecosystems. However, their spatial patterns of diversity and the underlying drivers remain poorly known, precluding projections of their responses to global changes. Here we investigate the latitudinal gradients and global predictors of plankton diversity across archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and major virus clades using both molecular and imaging data from Tara Oceans. We show a decline of diversity for most planktonic groups toward the poles, mainly driven by decreasing ocean temperatures. Projections into the future suggest that severe warming of the surface ocean by the end of the 21st century could lead to tropicalization of the diversity of most planktonic groups in temperate and polar regions. These changes may have multiple consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and services and are expected to be particularly significant in key areas for carbon sequestration, fisheries, and marine conservation, Tara Oceans (which includes both the Tara Oceans and Tara Oceans Polar Circle expeditions) would not exist without the leadership of the Tara Ocean Foundation and the continuous support of 23 institutes (https://oceans.taraexpeditions.org/). We further thank the commitment of the following sponsors: CNRS (in particular Groupement de Recherche GDR3280 and the Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution FR2022/Tara Oceans-GOSEE), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genoscope/CEA, the French Ministry of Research, and the French Government “Investissements d’Avenir” programs OCEANOMICS (ANR-11-BTBR-0008), FRANCE GENOMIQUE (ANR-10-INBS-09-08), MEMO LIFE (ANR-10-LABX-54), the PSL∗ Research University (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), as well as EMBRC-France (ANR-10-INBS-02). Funding for the collection and processing of the Tara Oceans data set was provided by NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program under grants NNX11AQ14G, NNX09AU43G, NNX13AE58G, and NNX15AC08G (to the University of Maine); the Canada Excellence research chair on remote sensing of Canada’s new Arctic frontier; and the Canada Foundation for Innovation. We also thank agnès b. and Etienne Bourgois, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, the Veolia Foundation, Region Bretagne, Lorient Agglomeration, Serge Ferrari, Worldcourier, and KAUST for support and commitment. The global sampling effort was enabled by countless scientists and crew who sampled aboard the Tara from 2009–2013, and we thank MERCATOR-CORIOLIS and ACRI-ST for providing daily satellite data during the expeditions. We are also grateful to the countries who graciously granted sampling permission. We thank Stephanie Henson for providing ocean carbon export data and are also grateful to the other researchers who kindly made their data available. We thank Juan J. Pierella-Karlusich for advice regarding single-copy genes. C.d.V. and N.H. thank the Roscoff Bioinformatics platform ABiMS (http://abims.sb-roscoff.fr) for providing computational resources. C.B. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant agreement 835067) as well as the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study at Harvard University for a scholar’s fellowship during the 2016-2017 academic year. M.B.S. thanks the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (award 3790) and the National Science Foundation (awards OCE#1536989 and OCE#1829831) as well as the Ohio Supercomputer for computational support. S.G.A. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2017-87736-R), and J.M.G. is grateful for project RT2018-101025-B-100. F.L. thanks the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) as well as the EMBRC platform PIQv for image analysis. M.C.B., D.S., and J.R. received financial support from the French Facility for Global Environment (FFEM) as part of the “Ocean Plankton, Climate and Development” project. M.C.B. also received financial support from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES 99999.000487/2016-03)

Nowadays, there is a significant gap in the knowledge of the diversity and patterns for marine heterotrophic culturable microorganisms. In addition, most of the bacterial isolation efforts have focused on the photic ocean leaving the deep ocean less explored. We have isolated 1561 bacterial strains covering both photic (817) and aphotic layers (744) including isolates from the oxygen minimum zone (362) and the bathypelagic (382) from a variety of oceanographic regions including the North Western Mediterranean Sea, the North and South Atlantic Oceans, the Indian, the Pacific, and the Arctic Oceans. The partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of all isolates revealed that they mainly affiliate with the classesAlphaproteobacteria(35.9%) andGammaproteobacteria(38.6%), as well as, phylumBacteroidetes(16.5%). The generaAlteromonasandErythrobacterwere the most widespread heterotrophic bacteria in the ocean able to grow on solid agar media. When comparing the sequences of all isolates, 37% of them were 100% identical. In fact, we found that 59% of the total aphotic isolates were 100% identical to photic isolates, indicating the ubiquity of some bacterial isolates along the water column. Unweighted UniFrac distances did not show significant differences among stations regardless of their geographic distance or depth, reflecting the wide dispersion of the culturable bacterial assemblage. This isolates collection provides an overview of the distribution patterns of cosmopolitan marine culturable heterotrophic bacteria.

14th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant (ICMGP 2019), 8-13 September 2019, Krakow, Poland.-- 1 page, Microbes are important drivers of biogeochemical processes determining the fate of mercury (Hg) in the aquatic systems. In particular, they have a relevant role on formation and degradation of methylmercury (MeHg) but also on the reduction of inorganic divalent Hg (HgII) to elemental Hg0. The recent discovery of the gene cluster involved in MeHg formation (hgcA/hgcB) has improved the knowledge on identity and metabolic features of the microbial community performing this process. Yet, little is known about the diversity and expression of the organisms involved in MeHg demethylation and HgII reduction, which are carried out by the merB and merA genes, respectively. Here, we explore the temperate global deep ocean metagenomes and metatranscriptomes of the Malapasina 2010 circumnavigation from two different plankton size fractions (0.2-0.8 μm and 0.8-20 μm), commonly referred to the life-style of free-living and particle–attached microorganisms, respectively. By using multiple-specific hidden markov models (HMM), here we show the biogeography and expression patterns of merA and merB genes. Analysing the metagenomes, we observed that the abundance patterns of merA and merB responded to the life-style of the organisms, with higher abundance in the particle-attached size fraction, as well as to the oceanographic basin. Interestingly, the metatranscriptomes revealed that expression patterns of merA and merB genes differed with their corresponding abundances. For example, merA and merB expression patterns in the Canary Islands basin were significantly lower in particle-attached compared to the free-living fraction. Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas (Gammaproteobacteria) were important contributors to both the abundance and expression of merA and merB at a global scale. This study represents the first global deep ocean analysis of the merAB genes and transcripts and reveals the main players involved in the divalent-Hg reduction and MeHg degradation in the marine Hg biogeochemical cycle

En la actualidad aún seguimos notando una tendencia maternalista y servilista hacia los problemas del servicio doméstico, por lo que para mejorar las condiciones laborales y de protección social en este sector hace falta profesionalizar las actividades que realizan, así como que el gobierno se involucre a distintos niveles, para dar respuesta a esta necesidad, como podría ser la ratificación del Convenio 189 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, además de sensibilizar a la parte empleadora al respecto, We are currently still noticing a maternalist and servilista trend towards domestic problems, so to improve the working conditions and social protection in this sector need to professionalise activities carried out in domestic service, as well as that the Government be involved at different levels, to respond to this need, such as the ratification of the Convention 189 of the of the ILO, as well as sensitize the employers to the connection, Universidad Pablo de Olavide

En su quinta edición, el Informe “El Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social en España 2018” le ofrece una síntesis, que por concreta no es menos rigurosa, de los principales hitos por los que ha transitado el iuslaboralismo a lo largo del último año. En concreto, en las páginas que siguen, los expertos integrantes de la Sección Juvenil de la Asociación Española de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social (AEDTSS) analizan para usted, en primer lugar, las principales resoluciones europeas y nacionales en materia de igualad y no discriminación, acoso en sus más diversas manifestaciones, liberad religiosa y libertad de expresión. Asimismo, se abordan también las cuestiones relativas al empleo y la contratación, casi monopolizadas por el impacto de las plataformas y las consecuencias del caso de Diego. En materia de vicisitudes, sin perder importancia el despido colectivo, observará un cierto auge de los casos relativos a sucesión empresarial, movilidad funcional y empleo público. En el ámbito del derecho colectivo, además de analizarse el IV AENC, encontrará un estudio pormenorizado de las principales resoluciones en materia de libertad sindical, representación unitaria y ultraactividad. La sección relativa a conciliación y corresponsabilidad incluye este año como novedad un apartado relativo a violencia de género, al hilo de los avances normativos derivados del Real Decreto-ley 9/2018. Los epígrafes concernientes a la protección social y la prevención de riesgos laborales crecen de forma significativa en esta edición, lo que ha permitido abordar la evolución jurisprudencial para buena parte de las prestaciones y riesgos previstos en la Ley. Por último, las expertas del apartado de derecho procesal se han encargado de revisar a fondo los casos más significativos en el marco de las modalidades procesales especiales, con especial hincapié en el ámbito concursal. También han abordado la jurisprudencia constitucional más reciente sobre el de recurso de reposición. En suma, tienen ante usted un trabajo científico consolidado en el tiempo y sólido en cuanto al contenido, fiel reflejo de, a pesar del difícil contexto, el buen hacer de la joven doctrina iuslaboralista española. The fifth edition of the report, "Labour and Social Security Law in Spain in 2018" analyses the key issues in the changing scenario of Labour Law and Social Security during last year. Elaborated by the Young Scholars’ Section of the Spanish Association of Labour and Social Security Law focuses on the following thematic blocks: non-specific fundamental rights; employment contracts and employment; issues related to employment relationship; collective rights; equality and co-responsibility; occupational risks prevention; and procedural law. In conclusion, you may find here a concrete but detailed analysis of the the main legal and case law novelties of Spanish Social Law.

En su quinta edición, el Informe “El Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social en España 2018” le ofrece una síntesis, que por concreta no es menos rigurosa, de los principales hitos por los que ha transitado el iuslaboralismo a lo largo del último año. En concreto, en las páginas que siguen, los expertos integrantes de la Sección Juvenil de la Asociación Española de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social (AEDTSS) analizan para usted, en primer lugar, las principales resoluciones europeas y nacionales en materia de igualad y no discriminación, acoso en sus más diversas manifestaciones, liberad religiosa y libertad de expresión. Asimismo, se abordan también las cuestiones relativas al empleo y la contratación, casi monopolizadas por el impacto de las plataformas y las consecuencias del caso de Diego. En materia de vicisitudes, sin perder importancia el despido colectivo, observará un cierto auge de los casos relativos a sucesión empresarial, movilidad funcional y empleo público. En el ámbito del derecho colectivo, además de analizarse el IV AENC, encontrará un estudio pormenorizado de las principales resoluciones en materia de libertad sindical, representación unitaria y ultraactividad. La sección relativa a conciliación y corresponsabilidad incluye este año como novedad un apartado relativo a violencia de género, al hilo de los avances normativos derivados del Real Decreto-ley 9/2018. Los epígrafes concernientes a la protección social y la prevención de riesgos laborales crecen de forma significativa en esta edición, lo que ha permitido abordar la evolución jurisprudencial para buena parte de las prestaciones y riesgos previstos en la Ley. Por último, las expertas del apartado de derecho procesal se han encargado de revisar a fondo los casos más significativos en el marco de las modalidades procesales especiales, con especial hincapié en el ámbito concursal. También han abordado la jurisprudencia constitucional más reciente sobre el de recurso de reposición. En suma, tienen ante usted un trabajo científico consolidado en el tiempo y sólido en cuanto al contenido, fiel reflejo de, a pesar del difícil contexto, el buen hacer de la joven doctrina iuslaboralista española.

1st Iberian Ecological Society Meeting (2019); XIV Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre (AEET), Ecology: an integrative science in the Anthropocene, 4-7 February 2019, Barcelona, Spain, Bacterial transformation of inorganic-mercury (HgII) and methylmercury (MeHg) is performed by the mer operon and is known to beharboured in diverse marine bacterial taxa. However, little is known about the tolerance capacity and phenotypic characterizationof marine bacteria displaying merA (volatilizes HgII to Hg0) or merAB (volatilizes HgII to Hg0 and degrade MeHg to HgII) genes. Inthis study, we performed a functional screening of these genes in 306 marine bacterial cultures from Alteromonas sp. and Mari-nobacter sp. since they have the mer operon and present a broad geographical distribution covering different depths and latitudinalgradients. Our PCR functional screening identified 24.5% of the isolates presenting the merA and only 9.2% presenting both merABgenes. Additionally, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for HgCl2 and MeHg was determined for a total of 103 PCR positivestrains. Strain ISS312 presented the highest tolerance, with a MIC of 70uM and 10uM for HgCl2 and MeHg, respectively. This strain,affiliated to Alteromonas mediterranea DE, presented a 10h longer lag-phase and a slower growth rate when growing with MeHg,but reached a similar concentration (cells/ml) compared to the control. Additionally, it was able to degrade 5uM of MeHg in 24h. In-terestingly, inclusion bodies (IB) were observed inside cells and TEM-EDX analysis pointed out to poly-P as their probable nature. Insummary, our functional screening analyses helped to understand the capacity of marine bacteria to detoxify MeHg and to proposeAlteromonas sp. ISS312 as a potential candidate to be used in bioremediation experiments

Over the past 10 years, it has been demonstrated in the literature that legume responses to elevated [CO2], whether positive, negative, or null, are in part dependent on the Rhizobium species and genotypes that establish symbiosis with the plant. However, all the strains used in these past experiments were isolated in field conditions at ambient [CO2]. We studied for first time the fitness response of soybean inoculated with a Rhizobium strain that has been previously isolated from nodules of plants grown at elevated [CO2] in field conditions at a FACE site. In experiments developed in controlled growth chambers, and in the field under ambient [CO2], the plants inoculated with the strain isolated at elevated [CO2] showed similar response as plants without inoculation. We hypothesize that deficient nodulation may be associated with a change in root exudates caused by the change in [CO2]. This study showed that the strains isolated in nodules at elevated [CO2] are not capable of properly nodulating soybean plants grown at ambient [CO2] and that the origin of strains do not ensure the performance of plants under the same conditions. However, more research is needed in order to understand how changes in environmental conditions can affect the symbiotic relationship and ultimately how we can improve plant fitness in a changeable world., A. Sanz-Sáez was the recipient of a post-doctoral fellowship granted by the Education, Linguistic Policy, and Education Department of the Basque Country, Spain. This research was financially supported by the following grant: GRUPO GobiernoVasco-IT1022-16.

The ocean is home to myriad small planktonic organisms that underpin the functioning of marine ecosystems. However, their spatial patterns of diversity and the underlying drivers remain poorly known, precluding projections of their responses to global changes. Here we investigate the latitudinal gradients and global predictors of plankton diversity across archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and major virus clades using both molecular and imaging data from Tara Oceans. We show a decline of diversity for most planktonic groups toward the poles, mainly driven by decreasing ocean temperatures. Projections into the future suggest that severe warming of the surface ocean by the end of the 21st century could lead to tropicalization of the diversity of most planktonic groups in temperate and polar regions. These changes may have multiple consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and services and are expected to be particularly significant in key areas for carbon sequestration, fisheries, and marine conservation.

9 pages, The main goal of the present study was to enhance the rhizobacterium potential in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system planted with Phragmites australis, through environmentally friendly biological approaches. The bioinoculation of antagonist bacteria has been used to promote higher rhizosphere competence and improve pathogenic bacteria removal from wastewater. The experiment was performed both with single and sequential bioinoculation. The results showed that strain PFH1 played an active role in pathogenic bacteria removal, remarkably improving inactivation kinetics of the pathogenic tested bacterium Salmonella typhi in the plant rhizosphere. The single bioinoculation of selected bacteria into the rhizosphere of P. australis improved the kinetics of S. typhi inactivation by approximately 1 U-Log10 (N/N0) (N is the number of viable cultured bacteria at time t, N0 is the number of viable and cultivable bacteria at time t0) compared to the control. By a series of multi-bioinoculations, the enhancement of pathogenic bacteria reduction compared to the inhibition rate in the pilot-scale control was of 2 U-Log10(N/N0). These findings suggested that this strain represents a promising candidate to enhance water purification in constructed wetlands

Wheat grain represents an important source of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and minerals. Durum wheat is used mainly for the preparation of pasta, and in some Mediterranean areas is used for bread making. The atmospheric CO2 concentration influences wheat growth, yield and quality. The present work focuses on kernel quality under conditions of elevated [CO2] and subjected, or not, to water stress. The experiments were conducted with the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties cvv. Blanqueta, which is a historical Spanish landrace, and cvv. Sula, which is a modern variety. Sula demonstrated greater kernel weight (KW), insoluble protein (IP) content and amylose content, and also featured better potential test weight (TW) under projected future elevated [CO2] and drought conditions. Blanqueta exposed to drought conditions showed the highest 13C isotopic composition (δ13C) values indicating that, as a consequence of their higher biomass, they were subjected to a more severe stress. Under control conditions of ambient [CO2], the protein concentrations of both varieties were similar. This work provides data about the genetic diversity between a currently cultivated wheat cultivar derived from traditional breeding and another cultivated some decades ago., The authors would like to thank Messrs. Amadeo Urdiain and Hector Santesteban for technical support with managing the greenhouse. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2016-79868-R). JLA, acknowledges the Support from ICREA Academia, Government of Catalonia, Spain.

The ocean is home to myriad small planktonic organisms that underpin the functioning of marine ecosystems. However, their spatial patterns of diversity and the underlying drivers remain poorly known, precluding projections of their responses to global changes. Here we investigate the latitudinal gradients and global predictors of plankton diversity across archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and major virus clades using both molecular and imaging data from Tara Oceans. We show a decline of diversity for most planktonic groups toward the poles, mainly driven by decreasing ocean temperatures. Projections into the future suggest that severe warming of the surface ocean by the end of the 21st century could lead to tropicalization of the diversity of most planktonic groups in temperate and polar regions. These changes may have multiple consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and services and are expected to be particularly significant in key areas for carbon sequestration, fisheries, and marine conservation. ISSN:0092-8674 ISSN:1097-4172

Este artículo reseña: Reflexiones sobre el empleo doméstico. De dónde venimos, dónde nos encontramos y hacia dónde vamos. (2020). Departamento de Trabajo y Justicia. Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco. ISBN: 978-84-457-3542-8.