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Landraces (traditional varieties) of crop species are a reservoir of useful genetic diversity, yet remain untapped due to the genetic linkage between the few useful alleles with hundreds of undesirable alleles1. We integrated two approaches to characterize the genetic diversity of over 3000 maize landraces from across the Americas. First, we mapped the genomic regions controlling latitudinal and altitudinal adaptation, identifying 1498 genes. Second, we developed and used F-One Association Mapping (FOAM) to directly map genes controlling flowering time across 22 environments, identifying 1,005 genes. In total 65% of the SNPs associated with altitude were also associated with flowering time. In particular, we observed many of the significant SNPs were contained in large structural variants (inversions, centromeres, and pericentromeric regions): 29.4% for flowering time, 58.4% for altitude and 13.1% for latitude. The combined mapping results indicate that while floral regulatory network genes contribute substantially to field variation, over 90% of contributing genes likely have indirect effects. Our strategy can be used to harness the diversity of maize and other plant and animal species.

Plant breeding and improved management options have made remarkable progress in increasing crop yields during the past century. However, climate change projections suggest that large yield losses will be occurring in many regions, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The development of climate-ready germplasm to offset these losses is of the upmost importance. Given the time lag between the development of improved germplasm and adoption in farmers’ fields, the development of improved breeding pipelines needs to be a high priority. Recent advances in molecular breeding provide powerful tools to accelerate breeding gains and dissect stress adaptation. This review focuses on achievements in stress tolerance breeding and physiology and presents future tools for quick and efficient germplasm development. Sustainable agronomic and resource management practices can effectively contribute to climate change mitigation. Management options to increase maize system resilience to climate-related stresses and mitigate the effects of future climate change are also discussed.

Studio contrastivo che prende come corpus diverse grammatiche dello spagnolo attuale.

Los autores analizan críticamente el lugar de la ideología en las obras lexicográficas y la trascendencia que en el caso del español se debe a una koiné culta académica y propia, de raíz fundamentalmente castellana, cuyo valor como modelo se ha impuesto en las obras más actuales tanto por su dimensión descodificadora (fundamentalmente semántica) como por haber fijado su función codificadora

El artículo intenta detectar posibles huellas ideológicas que la Ilustración imprimió en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, desde su exordio con el Diccionario de Autoridades (1726-1739), hasta la edición 13.ª (1899) del Diccionario Usual. El análisis, centrado en los ámbitos jurídico y político, o mejor dicho en términos procedentes de las traducciones de 'Dei delitti e delle pene' de Cesare Beccaria ('delito', 'pena', 'duelo', 'convicto', etc.) pretende averiguar la carga ideológica inicial de dichas voces y el progresivo reajuste semántico que puedan haber sufrido gracias a los cambios del contexto socio-histórico y de mentalidad, a los que, sin duda, las traducciones y la recepción del Tratado del marqués de Beccaria contribuyeron.