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International audience; “Behavior-blind” risk assessments, mapping, and policy do not account for individual responses to risks, due to challenges in collecting accurate information at scales relevant to decision-making. There is useful spatial information in social survey data that is sometimes analyzed for spatial patterns despite potential biases. This article explores whether risk perception and adaptive behavior can be inferred from census and hazard exposure data with a specifically designed survey. An underlying question is what precautions surveys should take before mapping the results. We find that a hybrid multilevel regression and (synthetic) poststratification (MRP-MRSP) model can facilitate the transition from individual survey data to small-area estimations at different scales, including 200-m grid cells. We demonstrate this model using municipal-level survey data collected in the Paris region, France. We find that model accuracy is not decreased at finer scales provided there is a strong spatial predictor such as hazard exposure. Our findings show that a wide range of flood risk perception and evacuation behavior can be estimated with such downscaling techniques. Although this type of modeling is not yet commonly used among geographers, our study suggests that it can improve mapping of survey results and, in particular, can provide spatially explicit behavioral information for risk assessment and policy.

There is an increasing rise in the number of publications addressing social vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation (SVRA) aspects of natural hazards and climate change. Despite the abundance of research in this field, a systematic understanding of how these studies are theoretically grounded is lacking.In this study, we conducted a systematic review of 4432 articles that address SVRA across a range of disciplinary fields (e.g. psychology, sociology, geography, mathematics) and natural hazards (e.g. floods, droughts, landslides, storm surges, wildfires, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcano eruptions). We investigate the extent to which these studies explicate the frameworks, theoretical constructs or theories they rely on.Our findings indicate that about 90% of the studies under consideration do not explicitly refer to a theoretical underpinning. Overall, theories focusing on individuals' SVRA were more frequent than those focusing on systems, society, groups, and networks. Furthermore, the uptake of theories varied according to the hazard investigated and field of knowledge, being more frequent in wildfire and flood studies and articles published in social science journals.We argue that the abundance of empirical material in SVRA research that lacks explicit theoretical grounding is objectionable. As a result, SVRA research seems to spin in circles: researchers repeatedly conduct similar analyses in different geographical settings with inconsistent or incommensurable findings. Thus, we recommend making theoretical considerations salient to foster more transparent, comparable, and robust empirical research on SVRA.

International audience; Unlike the vast majority of European capitals, and despite growing income inequality, descriptive measures of socioeconomic segregation seem to show a desegregation trend in Bucharest over the last two decades. Socioeconomic segregation and environmental justice studies provide completing insights of the intricated uneven geographies of social, economic and environmental disparities of post-socialist cities. And Bucharest is paradoxically the most populated and yet less studied of the capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. This paper explores changes in the patterns of socioeconomic segregation in post-socialist Bucharest, sheds more light on the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and the patterns of segregation, and includes 'attractor' and 'repellent' environmental factors, contributing to combine environmental justice and socioeconomic segregation approaches. Despite the apparently continuous desegregation trend, and even when controlling for the presence and proximity of other predictors, environmental factors play an increasing role in shaping local socioeconomic segregation patterns. This would suggest the need for consideration of the environmental factors in public policies aimed at mitigating the social cost of the transition and residential segregation. This should also lead to use descriptive measures of segregation more cautiously and to explore the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics, environmental conditions and the local patterns of segregation instead.

One of the key challenges for risk, vulnerability, and resilience research is how to address the role of risk perceptions and how perceptions influence behaviour. It remains unclear why people fail to act adaptively to reduce future losses, even when there is ever richer information available on natural and human-made hazards (flood, drought, etc.). The current fragmentation of the field makes it an uphill battle to cross-validate the results of existing independent case studies. This, in turn, hinders comparability and transferability across scales and contexts and hampers recommendations for policy and risk management. To improve the ability of researchers in the field to work together and build cumulative knowledge, we question whether we could agree on (1) a common list of minimal requirements to compare studies, (2) shared criteria to address context-specific aspects of countries and regions, and (3) a selection of questions allowing for comparability and long-term monitoring. To map current research practices and move in this direction, we conducted an international survey – the Risk Perception and Behaviour Survey of Surveyors (Risk-SoS). We find that most studies are exploratory in nature and often overlook theoretical efforts that would enable the comparison of results and an accumulation of evidence. While the diversity of approaches is an asset, the robustness of methods is an investment. Surveyors report a tendency to reproduce past research design choices but express frustration with this trend, hinting at a turning point. To bridge the persisting gaps, we offer several recommendations for future studies, particularly grounding research design in theory, improving the formalisation of methods, and formally comparing theories and constructs, methods and explanations while collecting the most-in-use themes and variables and controlling for the most-in-use explanations.

International audience; The major event that hit Europe in summer 2021 reminds society that floods are recurrent and among the costliest and deadliest natural hazards. The long-term flood risk management (FRM) efforts preferring sole technical measures to prevent and mitigate floods have shown to be not sufficiently effective and sensitive to the environment. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) mark a recent paradigm shift of FRM towards solutions that use nature-derived features, processes and management options to improve water retention and mitigate floods. Yet, the empirical evidence on the effects of NBS across various settings remains fragmented and their implementation faces a series of institutional barriers. In this paper, we adopt a community expert perspective drawing upon LAND4FLOOD Natural flood retention on private land network (https://www.land4flood.eu) in order to identify a set of barriers and their cascading and compound interactions relevant to individual NBS. The experts identified a comprehensive set of 17 barriers affecting the implementation of 12 groups of NBS in both urban and rural settings in five European regional environmental domains (i.e., Boreal, Atlantic, Continental, Alpine-Carpathian, and Mediterranean). Based on the results, we define avenues for further research, connecting hydrology and soil science, on the one hand, and land use planning, social geography and economics, on the other. Our suggestions ultimately call for a transdisciplinary turn in the research of NBS in FRM.

International audience; The recent catastrophic floods in China, Belgium and Germany underscore the importance of building climate-resilient cities. We represent a consortium that has proposed a comprehensive climate-adaptation programme, one that can guide urban decision-making and governance to better prepare for future climate-related events. Such efforts hinge on five principles learnt from earlier disasters. The world must: improve early-warning systems and strengthen flood barriers and civil protection, in particular for smaller watersheds; develop ‘sponge’ cities and landscapes that harness nature-based flood-risk mitigation; carry out climate risk assessments of critical infrastructure such as hospitals, transport and freshwater supply; climate-proof exposed buildings; and reinforce action with strong political cooperation and solidarity, particularly with the most vulnerable groups of people.

International audience; Social media have sparked increasing appeal for improving emergency management. Many have advocated the use of Social Media for Emergency Management (SMEM) to disseminate early warnings. Resorting to the massive but unstructured inVoluntary Geographic Information (iVGI) from social media during disaster response phase has been encouraged for rapid assessment, location and mapping of people and events, for monitoring the expressed needs and for observing human behavior in crisis dynamics. SMEM encompasses top-down – public information, community engagement – bottom-up – situational awareness, urgent needs collection – and many-to-many information flows – allowing a large number of users to communicate with each other simultaneously in real-time. However, operationalizing social media data in real-time during emergency situations might not be as practical as ex post facto retrospective analyses usually suggest. We question the use of SMEM and the unchallenged expectations that they allow for a faster and more widespread dissemination of early warnings, more citizens involvement and offer a richer and more contextualized crowdsourced feedback than classic emergency channels. We analyze the usefulness of geotagged information to monitor the unfolding of a crisis in real time and to accurately detect events and map people. We also question if the use of social media for emergency management is conditioned by local context and governance, by making a comparison between European countries. We offer a critical review of the literature, an SMEM analytical framework, and then empirical work based on large Twitter datasets collected from three different terror attacks in Europe: the Paris attacks in November 2015, the Brussels attacks in March 2016, and the Nice attack in July 2016. The results reveal important delays in warnings and information sharing, and that the press overshadows official accounts. Moreover, first-hand information is often too scattered, too thinly geotagged, and too late to be reliably used during emergency situations.

International audience; Mountains are highly sensitive to climate change. Their elevated areas provide essential ecosystem services both for the surrounding mountainous regions and particularly for adjacent lowlands. Impacts of a warmer climate affect these services and have negative consequences on the supply of water, on biodiversity and on protection from natural hazards. Mountain social-ecological systems are affected by these changes, which also influence communities' risk perception and responses to changing climate conditions. Therefore, to understand individual and societal responses to climate change in mountain areas, aspects and drivers of risk perception need to be scrutinised. This article presents the findings of a literature review of recent English language publications on risk perception in connection to climate change and related natural hazards in mountain regions worldwide. Studies were selected from recorded entries in JSTOR, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science covering the period 2000-2019 and analysed in two steps (structured exploratory analysis, n=249 and in-depth analysis, n=72) with respect to the studies' research question, methodology, geographical scope and risk perception drivers. The review reveals that socio-demographic factors, like gender, age and personal experiences, have a crucial impact on individual risk perception. Some of the less tangible but nevertheless decisive factors are important in mountain regions such as place attachment and socio-cultural practices. In conclusion, there is however little information in the literature which addresses the specific situation of risk perception in mountain areas and its influence on communities' responses to environmental changes. Further, we observed a strong gap concerning the integration of indigenous knowledge in risk perception research. Many studies overlook or oversimplify local knowledge and the cultural dimensions of risk perception. Based on these results, the paper identifies several gaps in research and knowledge which may influence the design of climate risk management strategies as well as on their successful implementation.

À la suite du décès de George Floyd à Minneapolis, en mai 2020, de puissantes manifestations sont organisées dans plusieurs centaines de villes des États-Unis - parfois accompagnées d'émeutes - puis, dans une moindre mesure, en Europe. Elles ont remis au coeur du débat public la question du racisme et des discriminations envers certains groupes socio-ethniques, en particulier les Noirs américains. La pesanteur des symboles historiques de l'oppression est telle que plusieurs statues d'hommes blancs, honorant des figures de la Guerre de Sécession ou des élus connus pour leur soutien à la ségrégation raciale, sont démantelées. En 2015 déjà, un mouvement souhaitant enlever la statue de Cecil Rhodes de l'Université du Cap, en Afrique du Sud, avait initié une vague de contestation de l'héritage commémoratif lié à la colonisation et à l'esclavage #Rhodesmustfall (Rhodes doit tomber) qui toucha aussi les universités américaines. Cela, alors que seuls de rares monuments honorent des personnalités afro-américaines aux États-Unis. Parmi eux, le mémorial Martin Luther King Jr., situé sur le National Mall dans la capitale fédérale, Washington, District of Columbia (DC). Ce mémorial comprend une statue entourée d'allocutions de cette figure du mouvement des droits civiques des années 1960. La localisation excentrée de ce mémorial récent, premier monument à honorer une personnalité afro-américaine sur le National Mall, interpelle d'autant plus que les citations retenues présentent une vision du monde qui articule luttes locales et globales.

One of the key challenges in risk, vulnerability and resilience is how to address the role of risk perceptions and how perceptions influence behaviour. A central question is why people still fail to act in an adaptive manner to reduce future losses, even when there are ever richer riskinformation provided by several communication channels (e.g. websites, social media, mobile applications, television, and print news). The current fragmentation of the field makes it an uphill battle to cross-validate the results of the current collection of independent case studies. This, in turn, hinders comparability and transferability across scales and contexts, and hampers giving recommendations for policy and risk management. While we obviously cannot all run the very same questionnaire or focus groups because we have different research interests, our ability to work together and build cumulative knowledge could be significantly improved by having: (1) a common list of minimal requirements to compare studies and surveys, (2) shared criteria to address context-specific aspects of countries and regions, (3) a selection of survey questions or themes allowing for comparability and long-term monitoring. Following the First European Conference on Risk Perception, Behaviour, Management and Response , the aim of the Risk Perception & Behaviour Survey of Surveyors (SoS) was to provide answers to move towards this direction.

A common assertion in discussions of flooding is that risk perception is critical and is linked to risk-mitigating behavior. Furthermore, many assert that the adverse effects of floods could be reduced by changes in risk communication, thereby influencing risk perception to foster mitigating behavior. We argue that these assertions are based on quite questionable underlying assumptions: That stakeholders are generally aware of flood risk, that they have the capacity to engage in disaster risk reduction, and that their actions can be effective. The belief in and policies influenced by these three questionable assertions support, in turn, policies that shift responsibility for flood risk reduction onto individuals and homeowners, without regard for social and spatial justice issues. In contrast, we argue that context matters to understanding the complexity of the relation between flood risk perception and behavior, local power relations, and other constraints and opportunities that affect stakeholders. While the academic community has long played a pivotal role in supporting practical flood risk management, future research should take a more critical perspective on the underlying assumptions and focus on improving coordination across theories, methods, and variables, fostering comparative studies across disciplines, contexts, and scales. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented Science of Water > Water Extremes.

International audience; We would like to thank the CDC colleagues for their Commentary in what constitutes the first comment on a paper published in the Annals in decades. We view critique as a strength of scientific exploration. The Commentary concludes with as statement agreeing with the findings and conclusions of our paper: “we recognize CDC SVI may not identify the most vulnerable populations in all applications and has not done so in the Rufat et al. study (…) we agree with the authors.”

The succession of hazards, threats and disasters management and reduction international frameworks since the 1990s coincides with the promotion of new notions. The emergence of these notions frames the debate: are semantic evolutions modifying practices at the margin, paradigm changes or performative tools allowing practice maintenance? A retrospective view shows that these notions succeed each other as management actors encounter obstacles to yielding practical content. There are constant dialectics between the academic and operational spheres. The purpose of this article is to explain the performativity of the concepts, to identify the contradictions and to contemporize the effects of counter-productivity. The articulation of vulnerability towards resilience and then adaptation is presented as a solution to the problems posed by uncertainty and the difficulties of dealing with complexity. However, those new frameworks lead to a triple displacement of the problem, in time and space and on individuals instead of actually addressing it. These limitations and some theoretical contradictions lead to counter-productive measures. The purpose of this article is to overcome these by focusing on the notion of response. The goal is to build a median proposition between two poles: the socio-technical paradigm of vulnerability and the socio-ecological paradigm of resilience and adaptation. Vulnerability, resilience and adaptation are considered tools enabling the response’s orientation. The response then becomes operationalized into different objectives and measures. We then propose to reconstruct a response in a non-contradictory way, by taking out non-commensurable frameworks. The notion of response enables us to find a middle term between an all-encompassing framework, which retains the relevant orientations of the previous frameworks, but that is not contradictory. Responses are not a set of global solutions, large strategic plans or textbook prescriptions, but a vast project undertaken to mobilize more robust tools and understand risk as socially produced and constructed. La succession des cadres d’action internationaux pour la prévention et la gestion des risques, menaces, catastrophes et désastres depuis la décennie 1990 coïncide avec la promotion de nouvelles notions. L’émergence de nouveaux termes interroge : s’agit-il de simples évolutions sémantiques qui modifient les pratiques à la marge, de changements de paradigmes ou d’outils performatifs qui permettent finalement de reproduire à l’identique les pratiques existantes ? Un regard rétrospectif montre que les notions se succèdent au fil des difficultés rencontrées par les acteurs pour les opérationnaliser. Il existe une dialectique constante entre les sphères académiques et opérationnelles. Cet article propose dans un premier temps d’expliquer la performativité des concepts, d’identifier les contradictions entre les usages et de montrer les effets de contre-productivité. L’articulation de la vulnérabilité à la résilience, et désormais à l’adaptation, est présentée comme la solution aux problèmes posés par l’incertitude et la difficulté à composer avec la complexité. Cependant, ces nouveaux cadres de pensée et d’action conduisent à un triple déplacement du problème, dans le temps, dans l’espace et sur les individus, sans permettre de le traiter pour autant. Les limites, et les contradictions théoriques sont à l’origine de mesures de gestion contre-productives. Pour dépasser ce constat, l’article propose alors de se concentrer sur la notion de réponse. L’objectif est de construire une proposition médiane entre le paradigme socio-technique de la vulnérabilité et le paradigme socio-écologique du couple résilience/adaptation. Vulnérabilité, résilience et adaptation deviennent des outils qui permettent d’orienter la réponse, qui s’opérationnalisera ensuite dans différents objectifs et dispositifs. Notre but est de reconstruire la réponse de façon non-contradictoire. La notion de réponse nous permet de trouver un moyen terme entre les différents cadres, en ne retenant que les orientations pertinentes et en éliminant les contradictions. Les réponses ne consistent pas ici en un ensemble de solutions globales, de plans stratégiques ou de prescriptions mais dans un projet plus vaste qui cherche à mobiliser des outils plus robustes pour comprendre comment le risque est socialement produit et construit.

International audience; Social vulnerability models are becoming increasingly important for hazard mitigation and recovery planning, but it remains unclear how well they explain disaster outcomes. Most studies using indicators and indexes employ them to either describe vulnerability patterns or compare newly devised measures to existing ones. The focus of this article is construct validation, in which we investigate the empirical validity of a range of models of social vulnerability using outcomes from Hurricane Sandy. Using spatial regression, relative measures of assistance applicants, affected renters, housing damage, and property loss were regressed on four social vulnerability models and their constituent pillars while controlling for flood exposure. The indexes best explained housing assistance applicants, whereas they poorly explained property loss. At the pillar level, themes related to access and functional needs, age, transportation, and housing were the most explanatory. Overall, social vulnerability models with weighted and profile configurations demonstrated higher construct validity than the prevailing social vulnerability indexes. The findings highlight the need to expand the number and breadth of empirical validation studies to better understand relationships among social vulnerability models and disaster outcomes.

International audience; Space, place and their inhabitants are now subjected to a whole range of experimentations. There is however a surprising paradox: On one hand, the specificity of social sciences would be that “fieldwork” is supposed to have replaced “experiments”; on the other hand, funding requests, papers and dissertations increasingly emphasise their “experimental” scope. So is it just a matter of ease of language? Or does institutional and funding pressure force us to trump up the ways to present research and innovation? Politicians promote experimentation in order to don a scientific aura, but are we not running the risk of making it an end in itself? Or is this paradox the symptom of a new horizon?; Les territoires et leurs habitants sont l’objet de toute une palette d’expérimentations. Mais il y a un curieux paradoxe : d’un côté, la particularité des sciences sociales serait que le « terrain » y aurait remplacé « l’expérimentation » ; d’un autre, les demandes de financement, articles et thèses insistent de plus en plus sur leur caractère « expérimental ». Alors, s’agit-il d’une facilité de langage ? La pression des institutions et des financements nous impose-t-elle une surenchère sur la façon de présenter la recherche et l’innovation ? La promotion de l’expérimentation par le politique cherche aussi à capter un aura scientifique, mais ne prend-t-on pas le risque d’en faire une fin en soi ? Ou bien ce paradoxe est-il le symptôme d’un nouvel horizon ?

The European conference in March 2019 in Paris and Cergy, France, has gathered 46 researchers, experts and practitioners from 15 different countries (Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and 4 international organisations (European Union, OECD, UNESCO, United Nations University) for 7 panels, 3 workshops and a concluding boat-trip on the River Seine. The panels crossed disciplines (complexity science, economics, engineering, geography, history, life science, psychology, sociology, among others), including fields from all the Disaster Risk Reduction cycle phases (from early warning to insurance through perception, vulnerability, behaviour, management, resilience, etc.), and using diverse case studies to build a panoramic European view of the on-going research and practice. The workshops deepened debates and brought out the critical issues, further research needs, emerging themes to consider, and resulted in recommendations.

Les organisations internationales multiplient ces dernieres annees les rapports proposant des mesures de la resilience face aux catastrophes ou aux changements climatiques. Mais d'un cote les agences des Nations unies promeuvent la resilience avec d'importants enjeux financiers; de l'autre, elles reconnaissent a mi-mot qu'il n'est pas possible d'estimer ou de mesurer la resilience, ou en tout cas de s'assurer que les differentes methodes mesurent bien la resilience et non pas un autre construit, comme la pauvrete, ou un proxy, comme la vulnerabilite, etc. Cette situation est paradoxale : comment promouvoir des guides d'application, enjoindre les acteurs locaux a des plans d'action, les gouvernements a lever des fonds, voire suivre le deroule des projets et les eventuels progres sur le terrain a partir d'une notion qu'on ne sait pas mesurer? Le champ semble submerge par la multitude des approches theoriques, modeles et cadres d'analyse de la resilience qui emergent continuellement, mais avec peu de liens entre eux. Ce foisonnement des cadres theoriques et modeles semble a son tour alimenter une proliferation des approches methodologiques de l'estimation et de la mesure de la resilience. Mais de nombreux travaux revelent que les choix methodologiques, lorsqu'ils sont mentionnes a defaut d'etre justifies ou argumentes, sont bien plus dependants de l'acces aux donnees que des cadres theoriques ou des objectifs de la mesure. Et il semble presque impossible de valider ces estimations pour s'assurer que c'est bien la resilience qu'elles mesurent. C'est la critique la plus radicale que l'on peut adresser a la resilience : s'il n'est pas possible de la mesurer, son utilisation doit rester cantonnee a l'analyse de discours.

There is a continuing need for disaster risk reduction strategies to shift emphasis from assessing hazard events toward reducing vulnerabilities within social systems. Conceptualizing and measuring social vulnerability is an important stage along this path. Our current understanding of vulnerability is guided by theories, methodologies, and measurement standards derived from different schools of thought. This chapter provides a summary of core concepts on vulnerability, and its measurement from a social perspective (i.e., social vulnerability). The chapter has three main sections that delve into (1) conceptual frameworks for hazards vulnerability, 2) approaches for measuring social vulnerability, and 3) a case study analysis of social vulnerability in Hurricane Sandy.

La généralisation des jeux en tant que produit et pratique culturelle masque une forte hétérogénéité à la fois des outils de production, de consommation et des usages. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi l’espace et les territoires constituent une clé de lecture pertinente pour la compréhension des phénomènes ludiques dans toute leur diversité. Pour cela, nous proposons de distinguer de façon théorique d’une part la sphère de la production et la sphère de la consommation ; et d’autre part les espaces virtuels, les territoires des pratiques et les mondes ludiques. Nous montrons les apports de cette proposition et identifions des besoins d’analyse qui sont autant de pistes à explorer pour des recherches futures. The generalization of games as a product and cultural practice is covering a wide heterogeneity of production, consumption and uses. The purpose of this piece is to explain how space and territories are a reading key for the understanding of play phenomena in all their diversity. Our theoretical proposal is to distinguish the spatialities in the sphere of production and the sphere of consumption, we characterize the different spaces produced : the virtual spaces, the territories of the practices and the playful worlds. From this contribution, we present this special issue and identify the main research needs.

International audience; La pression à la professionnalisation des universités n’est pas nouvelle, mais son intensification risque de disqualifier les formations « généralistes » et en particulier l’étiquetage « recherche ». A l'inverse, la focalisation sur les savoir-faire techniques et l’employabilité directe pourrait se traduire par une « déprofessionnalisation », par la perte d’autonomie, de recul critique, l’assujettissement aux règles, etc. La géomatique pose le problème de façon accrue, l'entrée par les outils couvrant toute la géographie « appliquée » et participant aussi de l'injonction numérique au sein des universités. Il est donc nécessaire de trouver un équilibre, voire de construire des synergies entre maîtrise des outils et initiation à la recherche, savoir-faire technique et recul critique. Le Master « Géomatique appliquée aux études urbaines et aux risques » a été réorganisé en 2010 à l'Université de Cergy-Pontoise, c'est un exemple de formation « indifférenciée », de la recherche de ces synergies et de l'innovation pédagogique. La pédagogie repose sur l'interdépendance entre maîtrise pratique des outils cartographiques et géomatiques, des enjeux thématiques, théoriques et méthodologiques de l’environnement et de la gestion urbaine et la formation des étudiant.e.s par la recherche. L’objectif est que les étudiant.e.s soient à la fois en mesure d’être orateurs à une grande conférence internationale de géographie, ce qui suppose une maîtrise fine des enjeux, des théories et des méthodes de la géographie et de la géomatique en anglais, tout comme de participer activement aux mapathons et hackathons sur les données géospatiales, ce qui nécessite une maîtrise des techniques, des dernières innovations technologiques comme du paysage industriel et d’une capacité à inventer rapidement en situation. Cette démarche nécessite d'ajuster la pédagogie en continu aux changements en cours dans les pratiques sociales comme dans le tissu économique. Chaque année un nouveau projet est co-construit avec les étudiant.e.s, les collectivités et entreprises, en essayant de mettre les ressources dégagées par l'apprentissage au service de l'innovation pédagogique, de la montée en autonomie et d'une ouverture sur la société civile.

International audience; De la carte de localisation, des articles de presse aux cartes de navigation, en passant par les cartes météo, les plans de jeux vidéo, les applications mobiles, etc. les cartes sont désormais partout, sur tous les écrans. Nous avons assisté à une démultiplication des cartes, parallèle à la multiplication des écrans et à la saturation visuelle de notre quotidien. Le passage du papier-de la table-à l'écran se traduit par une diffusion des usages, mais aussi par une transformation de la production des cartes-certains parleront de diversification, voire de démocratisation, d'autres encore de banalisation. Alors assistons-nous à une « révolution Gutenberg » de la cartographie?

International audience; Since the 90's, vulnerability indices have emerged as a leading tool to quantify and map the dimensions of hazards vulnerability. However, this quantitative approach is criticized for giving only a rather general overview of the situation, without rendering the complexity of the phenomena involved or the local context, because they are not always adapted to the changes in scale and seem dependent on the initial choice of variables. Moreover, the typical rationale for decisions regarding variable selection, analysis scale or method is based on simplicity or choices made in previous studies, and in many cases, no justification is provided at all. Furthermore, these quantitative approaches are almost never confronted to feedback and historical data for validation. On the other hand, empirical and qualitative approaches are useful for conducting ex post analyses, but it is not easy to make them operational: they seem to condemn us to wait for disasters to happen in order to advance the science. Hence, the literature presents a bifurcation between qualitative and quantitative approaches to vulnerability. This apparent disconnection between the two pictures given ex ante by quantitative approaches and ex post by qualitative approaches is a major scientific challenge. It is a problem when it comes to the definition of target populations and places for the different programs and to guide international action. Mapping and diagnostic tools tend to mobilize the same indicators or criteria beam, by transposing it from one territory to another regardless of the diversity of territories or scale effects. Also, they tend to focus on a likely snapshot, without considering that the most vulnerable individuals, social groups and place are not always the same during the unfolding of the crisis. These issues are discussed in the case of the vulnerability to floods, confronting qualitative, quantitative, French and Anglo approaches in order to enhance the robustness of methods.; Depuis les années 1990, les outils cartographiques et de diagnostic de vulnérabilité face aux différents aléas se sont multipliés. Pour répondre aux exigences de l'administration en matière de prévention et de gestion des risques, ce sont surtout des méthodes quantitatives, définissant des scores de vulnérabilité, des dommages potentiels ou s'inscrivant dans des démarches coûts/avantages. Ces instruments sont construits comme des outils de diagnostic a priori, avant les crises ou les catastrophes. Mais ils ne sont ensuite pas confrontés à l'épreuve des faits, a posteriori, aux retours d'expérience. A l'inverse, des méthodes qualitatives et empiriques sont utilisées après les crises et les catastrophes pour en analyser les processus, les modalités de diffusion et dégager les spécificités locales, mais sans parvenir à faire monter le bilan en généralité pour le rendre transposable à d'autres territoires. Il existe donc un important décalage entre ces deux approches dans le choix des données, des critères, des facteurs de vulnérabilité à prendre en compte. Ce décalage est un obstacle majeur à la consolidation des outils d'analyse de la vulnérabilité des territoires. Les outils cartographiques et de diagnostic tendent à mobiliser un même faisceau d'indicateurs ou de critères, en le transposant d'un territoire à un autre sans tenir compte de la diversité des territoires ni des effets d'échelle. De même, ils ont tendance à se focaliser sur un instantané, sans considérer que dans le déroulement de la crise, les individus, groupes sociaux et territoires les plus vulnérables ne sont pas toujours les mêmes. Ces problèmes sont discutés dans le cas de la vulnérabilité aux inondations en confrontant les approches qualitatives, quantitatives, anglophones et francophones dans la perspective d'assurer la robustesse des outils.

Apres la catastrophe d’AZF a Toulouse en 2001, les debats se sont cristallises sur l’alternative entre demenager la ville ou fermer les usines. Dans ces conditions, la tendance de fond a la desindustrialisation a pu apparaitre comme une solution de facilite pour resorber le risque industriel. A partir du cas de Bucarest, cet article interroge les effets de la desindustrialisation sur le risque industriel. Bucarest, capitale de la Roumanie de 2 millions d’habitants, accueille 14 sites classes Seveso, dont certains sont implantes a proximite du centre-ville. Depuis le milieu des annees 1990, la part de l’emploi industriel y a ete divisee par trois et les anciens espaces industriels ont ete convertis en centre commerciaux et en bureaux. Mais le risque industriel a-t-il vraiment disparu ? Assiste-ton a une resorption ou a une negation du risque ? Et quel est alors le role de la desindustrialisation dans ce maintien a l’arriere-plan de la question du risque industriel ? Ces interrogations necessitent d’articuler le suivi du cadre legislatif et normatif avec une approche de terrain, en confrontant les discours et les pratiques des acteurs, elus, urbanistes, experts et riverains. Cette articulation mobilise des materiaux qualitatifs et quantitatifs, avec une veille de la reglementation, des entretiens qualitatifs aupres des acteurs locaux (25 entretiens), ainsi qu’une enquete aupres d’un echantillon representatif de la population de Bucarest (625 questionnaires) sur les representations du risque et de l’environnement. Ils montrent que la desindustrialisation ne favorise pas la memoire du risque et les competences necessaires a l’expertise. Elle semble faire obstacle a l’emergence d’une culture du risque et a la mise en place d’une gouvernance de l’environnement et des risques. La desindustrialisation conduit alors a un curieux consensus parmi les riverains, les urbanistes, les experts et les elus pour faire du risque industriel une injonction exterieure sans reel fondement.

Scholars have raised concerns about the social costs of the transition from state socialism to capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe, and geographers are particularly interested in the spatial expressions and implications of these costs, including apparently increasing residential segregation. Applying a range of segregation measures to 1992 and 2002 census data, this contribution studies socio-occupational residential segregation in Bucharest. The conclusion is that Bucharest was relatively socio-spatially mixed at both times; in fact, a modest, yet fully legible, decreasing overall trend is observable. This is at odds with many popular assumptions of the past 20 years.

Les institutions européennes ont promu l’harmonisation, le partage et la réutilisation des données publiques et en particulier des données géographiques avec plusieurs directives entre 2003 et 2013. Mais au cours des 10 dernières années, cette harmonisation et cette ouverture des données s’est révélée être un processus lent et nécessitant un important effort de la part de l’ensemble des acteurs publics, à différentes échelles. Et les collectivités locales semblent être « en retard » au regard des autres échelons européens. Cet article fait l’hypothèse que le choix de la thématique environnementale correspondait à une stratégie de mobilisation des acteurs sur une dimension porteuse pour les citoyens européens, mais que ce choix n’était pas le plus adapté pour les collectivités territoriales. L’article propose d’interroger à différentes échelles les difficultés réglementaires, techniques et politiques de mise en œuvre des réglementations européennes, d’harmonisation et d’ouverture des données géographiques. Il s’appuie sur une enquête auprès des collectivités locales pour comparer les situations à l’échelle la plus fine en Espagne, en France, au Portugal et au Royaume-Uni. The European institutions have released many directives between 2003 and 2013 to promote harmonization, re-use and sharing of the public data especially on the geographical information. However, in the last 10 years the harmonization and the openness of data turned out to be a slow process requiring a huge effort from the major part of the actors at different scales. Moreover, local authorities are slower than the other administrative scales. In spite of this gap, the environmental theme seems to have been chosen for its mobilizing effect both on public authorities and citizens in Europe. The authors discuss the regulatory, technical and political difficulties; the implementation of the European regulations, harmonization and openness of data can create. This article relies on an accurate survey of the local authorities in France, Portugal, Spain, and United Kingdom.

While video games have become a major cultural practice, we still know little about the diversity of the video game audience and their practices. The need to identify the main issues of the reticularization of the video game practice territories, and to overcome normative debates on violence and addiction, requires a multidisciplinary approach, at the interface between social and cultural geography, and the sociology of cultural practices. The analysis of video games as spatial systems allows us to comprehend the interaction between the different levels of video game practices, and refocusing the study on the players themselves.; Si les jeux vidéo sont devenus une pratique culturelle majeure, on connaît encore mal la diversité des publics et de leurs pratiques. La nécessité d'identifier les enjeux de la réticularisation des territoires des pratiques vidéoludiques, ainsi que de dépasser les débats normatifs sur la violence et l'addiction, imposent une approche pluridisciplinaire, au croisement de la géographie sociale, de la géographie culturelle et de la sociologie des pratiques culturelles. L'analyse du jeu vidéo comme système spatial permet de penser l'articulation des échelles des pratiques vidéoludiques et de recentrer l'étude des pratiques sur les joueurs eux-mêmes.

Bucarest, qui aspire a un role regional majeur, doit affronter l'urbanisme inacheve de Nicolae Ceausescu. La capitale presente differents visages, l'occidental et l'oriental, le villageois et la vitrine de la modernite. La periode de " transition " devait articuler ces differentes strates. Mais les hesitations entre la maitrise des heritages et un mimetisme servile ralentissent les remodelages. La liberalisation du sol et les retrocessions ont renforce les structures heritees et rendu les habitants captifs. Les ressources limitees et les modes de gouvernance eclates ne favorisent pas l'emergence d'une voie propre de developpement. L'integration europeenne est alors une chance et un defi.

Bucarest est une ville en perpetuelle reconstruction. Au cours des deux derniers siecles, deux series de crises se font echo, traumatisant les tissus et les esprits. Le retour periodique d’invasions et de catastrophes est a la fois l’origine et le pretexte d’un programme de modernisation qui alimente a son tour les destructions pendant un siecle et demi. L’urbanisme de Ceausescu est mis sur le banc d’accusation, malgre ses similarites avec les operations precedentes, a la recherche d’une capitale ideale. Apres chaque traumatisme, les traits traditionnels de la ville se redeploient, puis entrent a nouveau en conflit avec une ville fantasmee.

International audience; Open data and the geoweb have emerged, along with the rhetoric of democratization and a promise that increased user participation would lead to more empowered citizens. Recently, European rules have attempted to make the availability and re-use of data from everywhere much easier. The EU Open Data rules are shifting issues from finding information to selecting the more relevant data and enabling new approaches to the real-time scrutiny of powerful institutions. However, geography, open data and the Internet are obviously not intrinsically subversive. Moving from transparency to accountability, and from critical thinking to political leverage, requires making sense of data and empowering people with it. This suggests that crowdsourcing geography is not so much about collaboratively distributing the production of data but instead about shifting the production of meaning from the few to the many, soliciting contributions for the critical analysis

À l’heure où nous basculons de la société du risque vers celle de l’incertitude, l’adaptation et la résilience, semblent des réponses pragmatiques aux impasses théoriques et opérationnelles. L’adaptation, devenue une injonction internationale, s’impose comme l’élément central des stratégies de réponse aux menaces et à l’incertitude. Héritée de l’écologie botanique, l’adaptation est reprise, souvent sans recul, par des praticiens qui peinent à s’en emparer. Malgré un apparent changement de paradigme, l'adaptation se traduit par le même solutionnisme technique. Ce recyclage des vieilles recettes s’accompagne d’une tendance à dépolitiser et à naturaliser les choix. Le cas de l’Ile-de-France montre l’importance de repolitiser l’adaptation. As we shift from a society of risk to a society of uncertainty, both adaptation and resilience appear to be pragmatic answers to theoretical and operational dead-ends. In just a few years, adaptation has become an injunction and is seen as the central piece of coping strategies against threats and uncertainty. This use of the concept of adaptation by practitioners is however often in name only : it is less a paradigm shift than a rebranding of old technical solutions. This rebranding often comes with a depolitization and a naturalization of public choice. We illustrate these issues with the case of the Île-de-France, by deconstructing public discourses, thereby showing the importance of repoliticizing adaptation.