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The primary goal of this study was to examine the role of fiscal policy in stimulating and attracting foreign investment to Libya from 1990 to 2020, specifically through its components of investment spending policy, tax policy, and general budget balance.The role of tax policy through the stimulus provided to investors to invest their capital, and the analytical, descriptive, and standard approach have been relied upon as they are the appropriate approaches for the nature and requirements of the study, Through analyzing the financial policy tools affecting the attraction of foreign direct investment and a standard analysis, building a model that is compatible with the variables of the study The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the investment spending policy is an expansionary policy in cases of high oil revenues, and a contractionary policy when oil revenues decline. Because of the strength of fiscal policy tools (investment spending and the general budget balance) to attract scarce foreign direct investment due to their significant impact, and the weakness of tax policy due to its insignificant impact on foreign direct investment, it is clear that the tax policy must be activated. By creating a tax system that helps attract foreign direct investment, rationalizing investment spending to create a suitable climate for attracting investment, working on political and economic stability, and activating laws that help attract foreign direct investment.

Purpose: In this paper, geochemical investigation has been carried out to study the concentrations of major cations; Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), and Calcium (Ca2+), and major anions; Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Nitrate (NO3-) and Sulphate (SO42-), other parameters such as (pH), Electric conductivity and T.D.S were also studied in all water samples taken from wells in Bara basin. Methodology: Forty five (45) water samples have been collected from wells. Lab works were done at Groundwater and Wadis Directorate (GWD), Khartoum State according to Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization, (2002), to study the major cations and major anions. Findings: The results revealed that the average value of pH was (7.9) E.C values were (843.4 μS/cm) and T.D.S values were (59 mg/l). The average concentrations of the major cations obtained were; Na+ (126.3), K+ (5.22), Mg2+ (28.30), Ca2+(66.41) and the major anions (mg/l) were; Cl- (159.00), HCO3- (165.30), NO3- (156.70) and SO42- (164.70). The (Na/Cl) ratio is (2.47) is also high which reflects the abundance of (Na+) ions relative to the Chloride (Cl-) ions which confirmed the light-salty nature of groundwater. Geochemical mass balance calculations indicate that upper aquifer is mainly affected by the dissolution and dolomitization processes of major anions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This process is highly developed in the central west part of the basin due to the abundance of Sulphate (SO42-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Magnesium (Mg2+), and Calcium (Ca2+) ions. High values of E.C, T.D.S, Ca2+, and SO42- are mainly presents as a saline water resource in some villages. Two types of water are classified here these are : i). Na-HCO3 type and ii). Ca- Cl -SO4 type. The study concluded that water samples from Almakser, Hamdan-2, Um-Zeeraga-2, and Al-Zareeba-2 villages have very high concentrations of E.C, T.D.S Ca2-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-, which may suggest that water samples are not fit for human consumption, according to guidelins by W.H.O (1984). This paper recommends further study on water quality.

A free piston engine linear generator (FPELG) is considered a type of contemporary technology for energy conversion. The main features of FPELG are less emission, few parts i.e., less friction, and high efficiency. However, because the FPELG does not have a crankshaft, critical issues e.g., combustion efficiency, and performance were reported. This study examines the influence of various fuel injection durations (FID) on combustion behaviors. According to the results of the experiments, as the time increased of the fuel injection, the in-cylinder pressure and translator velocity both slightly grew. The highest work output and combustion efficiency were at FID17 and FID 14 ms, respectively. Thus, FID plays a significant role to improve FPELG performance and optimal fuel duration is required.

Fresh samples of Salvadora persica were collected from Hudiadah province at 23/2/2011 . They include steams ,roots, and leaves . The ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared as w/v . (2.5, 5, 10 )% for three plants parts . The microbial samples were collected from privet dentists clinics in Thamar province by mouth swab and mouth washing methods . S. aureu s S. mutans, , and C. albicans were isolated and a pure cultures were prepared to each microbes for farther studies .The effect of different parts of plant showed high antimicrobial activity of root extract followed by stem and leaves extracts and the antimicrobial effecacy concern positively with concentration. The ethanol extract showed more antimicrobial activity than hot water extract.

In this paper, we study the properties of the general three-dimensional equilibrium solutions for steady-state equations of inviscid fluids. Incompressible, homogeneous, inhomogeneous and compressible flows motion in a gravitational potential are considered. General three-dimensional formulas for the gas pressure and the gravitational potential are obtained. For incompressible flows, the vector and scalar potentials of the velocity field are used to derive general formulas for general three-dimensional solutions. To verify our results, some examples are presented. For compressible flows, a class of three-dimensional solutions is constructed.

In this research, some mathematical properties for Kumaraswamy Fréchet distribution was presented, include entropy, the Shannon entropy, probability weighted moments, moments of residual life and mean of residual life. the properties were concluded for the Kumaraswamy Fréchet distribution using the probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function according to linear representations.

Regression analysis is one of the most commonly statistical techniques used for analyzing data in different fields. And used to fit the relation between the dependent variable and the independent variables require strong assumption to be met in the model. Generalized linear models (GLMs) allow the extension of linear modeling ideas to a wider class of response types, such as count data or binary responses. Many statistical methods exist for such data types, but the advantage of the GLM approach is that it unites a seemingly disparate collection of response types under a common modeling methodology. So, the problem of the current research is to try to provide a new mathematical property for Exponentiated Rayleigh distribution, and it was one of the most important properties that was studied is to determine Harmonic Mean, as well as calculating the Quantile function, Moments of Residual life (MRL), Reversed Residual Life, Mean of Residual life. The study also presented the probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function according to linear representations.

This work presents an analytical study of the parametric instability of cylindrical panels containing functionally graded porous exposed to static and dynamic periodic axial loads under simply supported boundary conditions. Based on Hamilton’s principle, the governing equation of motion by using first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) has been obtained. By applying the Galerkin technique, an excitation frequency expression is derived, which helps identify areas of instability of functionally graded porous cylindrical panels. Numerical simulations are used to validate the analytical results. Eventually, the impacts of the porosity coefficient, porosity distribution method, static and dynamic periodic axial loads, panel angle, circumferential wave number, and cylindrical panel characteristics on the region of instability are displayed in the section of results and discussions. The findings show that when the porosity is further from the surface, the more stable the structure is. Furthermore, a small angle of the cylindrical panels gives a better dynamic response than a large angle. In addition, increased static and dynamic loads lead to an expansion of areas of instability.

Active new ceria-promoted platinum supported on ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), transform electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and FTIR of CO adsorption. The samples were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and calcined at 500 °C. The XRD patterns and FTIR spectra prove that the zeolite framework is kept unaltered after metal loadings. TEM images prove the presence of Pt nanoparticles with particle size starting from 14 to 27 nm. The FTIR data suggest the formation of Pt–O–Ce linkage. In-situ FTIR of CO adsorption over reduced samples proves the presence of Pt0 only, and no Ptn+–CO species are detected. The prepared catalysts were tested in both oxidation reaction (CO oxidation) in the gas phase and in reduction reaction (4-nitrophenol reduction) in the aqueous medium. Firstly, CO oxidation by O2 results in the formation of a CO2 peak at 2347 cm−1 as the only CO oxidation product in the studied frequency range. The intensity of the CO2 peak increases after the addition of Ce, and it is 4 times higher in Pt1Ce0.5ZSM-5 than that in the Ce-free sample. According to the FTIR data and previous reports, the increase in the catalytic activity may be due to the formation of Pt–O–Ce linkage. Secondly, Ce-promoted Pt1ZSM5 also exhibits enhanced catalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by NaBH4 in the aqueous medium. The first-order rate constant of the reduction increases ≈13 times after incorporating equal ratios of Pt and Ce (Pt1Ce1ZSM-5), and the activation energy (Ea) decreases to 40% of that in the reaction over Pt1ZSM-5.

This study was designed to investigate recycling poultry processing waste into protein concentrate as a step for supporting environmental health and resource sustainability, using it as a partial replacement of fish meal in diets prepared for common carp Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings and explore its effect on fish growth, feeding efficiency and feed digestibility. Poultry waste was recycled into protein concentrate by a physical method, the chemical composition of this concentrate was analyzed, amino acid profile was determined, as well as the chemical composition of the prepared diets was analyzed. Four diets were prepared with substitution ratios of 0, 25 ,50 and 75% of fish meal with poultry waste protein concentrate. The results showed significant differences (P< 0.05) between the four experimental diets in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV). The treatment T3 (substitution rate of 75%) outperformed all other three treatments. No significant differences were observed between the studied treatments in the total apparent digestibility coefficients and the digestibility coefficients of different nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash).

IoT is a huge network that contains many objects communicating with each other. It has a collection of sensitive data which is vulnerable to various threats at different layers. Due to the lack of infrastructure and the distributed control in IoT, there have been many security threats in all network layers. The security of IoT that is based on layered approaches has shortcomings such as the redundancy, inflexibility and inefficiently of security solutions. There are many harmful attacks in IoT network such as DoS and DDoS attacks which can compromise the IoT architecture in all layers. Consequently, cross layer approach is proposed as an effective and practical security defending mechanism. Cross-Layer Distributed Attack Detection model (CLDAD) is proposed to enhance security solution for IoT environment. CLDAD presents a general detection method of DDoS in sensing layer, network layer and application layer. CLDAD is based on big data analytics techniques which enable the detection process to be performed in distributed way, so the model can detect DDoS attacks in any layer on-the-fly and the model support the scalability of the IoT environment. CLDAD is tested based on three datasets, namely, artificial jamming attack dataset, BoT-IoT dataset, and BoT-IoT based HTTP. The results showed that the proposed model is efficient in detecting attacks in the three layers of the IoT and gives detection accuracy of 99.8% on average.

Co3O4/In2O3 nanocomposites were prepared via a microwave-hydrothermal method and directly used as photoanodes for the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) process to reduce Cr(VI). The as-prepared Co3O4/In2O3 composites show a rod-like structure, which is composed of nanoparticles. The PEC experiments indicated that after 120 min of irradiation with 0.7 V bias voltage and visible light, the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of Co3O4/In2O3 composites in aqueous solution was 100%, which was superior to the samples prepared by other methods. Moreover, the Co3O4/In2O3 composite still had a high catalytic activity after five runs of PEC experiments. Elimination experiments demonstrate that photo-generated electrons (e–) performed a key role in the catalytic reduction of Cr(VI). The significantly improved PEC performance can be attributed to the bias voltage and the p-n heterojunction formed between Co3O4 and In2O3. Therefore, Co3O4/In2O3 nanocomposites have a considerable potential for the PEC reduction of Cr(VI).

Background: high risk surgical patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries still have higher rate of mortality and organ failure rates in the early postoperative period. Objective: We aimed to assess PCO2 gap protocol application in the intraoperative and early post-operative (first 12 hours) on postoperative mortality and organ failure in high risk surgical patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries compared to a classical goal directed therapy protocol (GDT) targeting mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), central venous pressure (CVP), Haematocrite value (Hct) and urine output (UOP). Patients and Methods: Guided by Shoemacker et al score 80 high risk surgical patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries were divided into two groups group A PCO2 gap algorithm was applied intraoperative and 12 h postoperative end point PCO2 gap 2-6mm Hg ,group B goal directed therapy protocol targeting MAP > 65mmHg, CVP between 8-12cmH2O , Haematocrite value more than 30, Svo2 >75% and urine output more than >0.5 ml/kg/hr an applied intraoperative and 12 postoperative end point . Postoperative organs dysfuctions were assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score recorded daily ICU discharge then every three days till discharge home.

With the rapidly developing wireless communication technology, electromagnetic pollution problems have become more prominent. Electromagnetic pollution has caused great harm to wireless equipment, precision instruments, military safety, etc., which urgently requires the development of lightweight, high-efficiency, broadband electromagnetic waves (EMW) absorbing materials. MXene is an emerging two-dimensional (2D) material with the advantages of lamellar structure, excellent conductivity, and abundant surface groups. At the same time, conducting polymers (CPs) have excellent performance in terms of conductivity, surface activity, quality, and electromagnetic loss, making them have excellent potential in EMW absorbing direction. This article examines the preparation, structure, and performance of MXene and CPs-based radar absorbing materials (RAM). A comprehensive summary and objective analysis of the nowaday study progress on the EMW absorbing performances of MXene and CPs, and a comprehension of the absorbing mechanism are reviewed. Finally, the research direction of absorbing materials has been prospected.

Background and Aim: Foodborne illnesses are a serious challenge to human health and the economic sector. For example, salmonellosis remains a burden in developed and developing nations. Rapid and reliable molecular methods to identify Salmonella strains are essential for minimizing human infection. This study aimed to identify Salmonella spp. in raw milk and dairy products using conventional and molecular techniques and to test the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-one milk and dairy product samples were randomly collected from different localities in Libya. Samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella by conventional culture techniques, including cultivation in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and streaking on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Identification also used polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Twenty-four antibiotics were used for the examination of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates with the agar disk diffusion method (Kirby–Bauer technique). Multi-antibiotic resistance index and antibiotic resistance index (ARI)for Salmonella enterica isolates were calculated. Results: Twenty-one of 131 samples (16%) were positive for Salmonella spp. recovered from 9 (16%), 2 (11%), 4 (22.2%), and 6 (46%) samples of raw cow milk, fermented raw milk, and fresh locally made soft cheeses, Maasora and Ricotta), respectively. Samples of ice cream, milk powder, and infant formula showed no Salmonella spp. contamination. Only 9 of 21 (42.8%) isolates were confirmed as S. enterica by partial sequence 16S rDNA analysis. All isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, bacitracin, penicillin G, lincomycin, vancomycin, clindamycin, and cloxacillin with an ARI of 0.042. In contrast, all tested strains were sensitive to levofloxacin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. In addition, all of the tested isolates (100%) were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the applicability of molecular techniques, compared with conventional methods, as preferable for the identification of Salmonella in milk and dairy products and thus reduction of milk-borne transmission to the consumers. From the view of public health, isolation and identification of Salmonella multidrug-resistant strains from raw cow's milk and locally prepared dairy products sold in the Libyan markets indicate the need to improve the handling and processing of milk and dairy products to minimize the prevalence of Salmonella, one of the most important foodborne microorganisms that cause food poisoning.

The edible herb Sterculia foetida L. has potential nutraceutical and medicinal effects. The present study is performed to assess the possible antidiabetic, neuropharmacological, and antidiarrheal activity of the methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF) through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. When compared to standard acarbose, the results of the antidiabetic study provided strong proof that the glucose level in the MESF was gradually decreased by inhibiting the function of α-amylase enzymes. The sedative potential of MESF (200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined by employing open field, hole cross, and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time tests, which revealed significant reductions in locomotor performance and increased sleep duration following MESF treatment. In addition, mice treated with MESF exhibited superior exploration during elevated plus maze and hole board tests. MESF also showed good antidiarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal motility tests. Previously isolated compounds (captan, 1-azuleneethanol, acetate, and tetraconazole) exhibited good binding affinity in docking studies and drug-likeliness properties in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicity (ADME/T), and toxicological studies. Collectively, these results indicate the bioactivity of S. foetida, which represents a potential candidate in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

The present study was carried out to investigate the fecundity of species of Branchyuran crustaceans Eriocheir hepuensis Specimens were collected from different regions of Shatt-Al-Arab river, North-West Arabian Gulf and Khour Abdulla during the period from Autumn 2016 to Summer 2017 by fishing trawl net. The total wet weight of specimens ranged between (92.27-199.27) gm. The crab’s carapace lengths were between (4.2 - 9.4) cm. Absolute fecundity was found to be from (252331.4 – 1636153.4) eggs/female. The relative fecundity ranged between (2181 – 13440.1) eggs/gm. The correlation values at the probability level of 0.05 between absolute fertility rate with carapace width and total weight were r=0.93,r=0.96 respectively. Eggs development stages in E.hepuensis crabs are divided into seven stages. 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