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Salt reduction is a public health priority for the Japanese population. We focused on the effect of salt reduction by changing eating utensils to reduce salt consumption. As a test meal, we used ramen, which is commonly eaten by Japanese individuals and has a high salt content. In this randomized crossover study, we hypothesized that eating ramen with a perforated spoon would reduce the quantity of ramen soup and salt consumed compared to using a regular spoon without holes. Soup intake, after-meal fullness, and deliciousness were compared between eating with chopsticks and a regular spoon, and with chopsticks and a perforated spoon. In total, 36 male university students (mean age, 20.7 [standard deviation, 1.8] years) were included in the analyses. The median salt intake (25th and 75th percentiles) was significantly lower with perforated spoons (1.8 [1.5, 4.3] g) than with regular spoons (2.4 [1.8, 4.8] g; p = 0.019). There were no significant differences in after-meal fullness or deliciousness for both spoon conditions (p > 0.05). For young men, the soup intake when eating ramen with a perforated spoon was lower than that with a regular spoon; this suggests a reduction in salt intake.

公共事業評価で一般的に用いられる費用便益分析や費用効果分析に対して，環境資源の単一の 貨幣価値への変換および評価における生活者の視点の不在という課題を克服するために， 本研究では，生活者視点での水辺環境の多基準評価モデルを構築するための方法論を示す ことを目的とする。京都の鴨川と高野川周辺の生活者に対して実施された川に関するアン ケートを用いて，生活者の川に対する印象と川に行く頻度と滞在時間との関連を分析し， さらに川に対する印象を構成する要素について分析する。最終的には多基準分析の枠組み で，これらの一連の分析を生活者視点での水辺環境に対する階層的な多基準評価モデルと して定置する。, Cost benefit analysis (CBA) is generally used to evaluate social investment validity in Japan, although those techniques are pointed that they involve lots of problems. In this study, to overcome a part of the problems, which are difficulty to transform environmental values into monetary values and absence of residents' viewpoint in evaluation, a methodology to compose a multi-criteria model for evaluating waterside environment from a stand point of residents is proposed. With questionnaire results which were conducted in Kamo river basin and Takano river basin, how residents' impressions regarding rivers are related to frequency to visit rivers and stay time at rivers is analyzed. Ultimately, the above mentioned analysis procedure is disposed as a multi-criteria evaluation model employing the framework of multi-criteria analysis.

水資源開発・管理におけるコンフリクトマネジメントのためのひとつの手立てとして，集団意思決定の最終手段として従来考えられてきた住民投票に着目し，PI・コミュニケーション・意思決定支援のツールとしての可能性を検討する。具体的には吉野川第十堰問題において2000年に行われた住民投票を題材に展開型ゲームを用いてモデル化し，当時の住民の集団選好を分析する。, This study focuses on referendum which has been considered as a final means of collective decision-making. A possibility of referendum as a communication tool for decision support is considered referring to Yoshinogawa Weir Reconstruction problem where referendum was conducted in 2000 to ask local residents whether it should be reconstructed or not. Extensive form game model is used to model the problem, and a system is examined to inspire new possibility to referendum.

本研究では，従来のシステムズ･アナリシスの手順に新たに分析を加え，さらに意思決定の直前にコンフリクトマネジメントを位置づけた適応的計画方法論として水資源計画を捉える。そして，水資源を取りまく利害主体の対立を数学理論を用いてモデル化し，社会的安定性を数学的安定性を通して眺め，水資源コンフリクト問題を分析するための視座を示す。さらに，インド･バングラデシュのガンジス川水利用コンフリクトを事例に，数学的安定性の社会システムにおける現実的意味と，将来的な合意形成の可能性についての考察を示す。, The future risk of water resources shortage is world widely recognized. Conflicts over ways of water utilization will happen more often in the future as water resources shortage becomes more sever. In this study, firstly, a methodology for water resources planning is proposed, which is considered as an adaptive planning system. Secondly, social conflicts over regulation of water resources are modeled with mathematical theories, such as game theory and differential equations. Thirdly, mathematical stabilities which are focused on in this study are summarized, and social stability is considered in the frame of mathematical satiability. Lastly, mathematical models are applied to the India-Bangladesh conflict over the regulation of the Ganges, and the possibility of conflict management is analyzed.

バングラデシュにおけるヒ素汚染問題に関して，先行研究により，ヒ素汚染被害軽減のためには住民の水運びの負担を軽減することが重要であると認識した。本研究ではこのような認識のもと，現地調査（村の地図の作成，ヒアリング）を行い，これらをもとに，「安全な飲料水に対する欲求度」及び「水運びストレス」という2つのモデルを構築する。そしてこれらのモデルを用いることによって，住民の水運びに着目したヒ素汚染災害軽減のための計画プロセスを示す。, In Bangladesh there are many disasters, such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes; moreover in recent years, arsenic contaminated drinking water has become one of their major problems. Long term effects of drinking arsenic contaminated water include illness, possible cancer, and in the worst case, death. Because of the economic problem in Bangladesh, the effective prevention of arsenic contamination can not be conducted. From our previous study which includes the survey and analysis, the burden of carrying drinking water is one of the most serious issues for local people. In this study, based on the recognition from the previous study, the social investigation in a village is carried out again, and the models related their burdens of carrying water are suggested.

本論文では，大都市域水循環システムの空間的なまとまりをひとつの水循環圏として捉え，個別管理の枠組みを超えたひとつの河川，水道，都市活動，下水道の4つのレイヤーから構成される階層システムを大都市域人工系水循環ネットワークとしてモデル化する方法を示す。次に，水循環ネットワークの震災リスクの評価指標として「安定性指標」と「安全性指標」を提案し，これらを組み合わせて淀川水循環圏の直接的・間接的な震災リスクの地域診断を行う。さらに，大阪府北摂地域を対象に，下水処理水を利用した水辺創生水路を導入した場合の，水循環ネットワークの「安定性」と「安全性」の評価事例を示す。, In this paper, water circulation system in urban area is considered as a Hierarchical network model of water circulation which is composed of 4 layers; river, waterworks, human activity, sewer. The modeling process is explained, and this concept helps to consider water circulation system not as indivisuial composition of 4 layers but as one total system. Safety index and security index are proposed, and the diagnosis of direct and indirect earthquake risk in Yodo-river water circulation region is evaluated. Furthermore, a case study is shown to verify the efficiency of the 2 indices. In the case study, it is assumed that rivers with recreated water are newly recreated in Hokusetu region in Osaka prefecture.

本論文では，システムズアプローチを用いてアルダ川流域（ブルガリア）の環境災害リスク分析を行う。対象地域はブルガリアの東南に位置し，環境災害リスクとしては洪水，土壌侵食による影響を受けていると考えられる。また，この地域は1990年以降，社会経済背景の著しい悪化にも悩まされてきた。この地域の環境災害リスクをISM法を用いて整理し，その構造を明らかにすることが本論文の目的である．ISM法は複雑に絡み合っている要素の関係を単純化し，構造化するための手法である。本論文では，ブレーンストーミングによって挙げられた多数の要素を縮約し，さらにそれらの帰属をエコ，ジオ，ソシオシステムに分類し，各システムの代表要素とした。ISM法を用いて要素の関係を整理した結果，エコ，ジオ，ソシオシステムの15の構成要素を7つのレベルを持つ階層システムとして構造化した．, The paper explores environmental disaster risk and applies the system approach in Arda river basin, Bulgaria. Target area is located in Southeast Bulgaria and much affected by environment disaster risk (floods, soil erosion) and also suffered a severe socio-economic decline in the last 15 years. The Interpretive Structuring Method (ISM) has been implemented in order to fix the relationships between elements of social, eco and geosystem, to determine the input and output and to analyze cause-effect interactions. 15 components have been determined and located on 7 levels.

水資源開発をはじめ公共事業計画において，住民参加が重要な位置をしめてきており，地域住民をプレーヤーとして認識することが必要になると考えられる。特に，水資源の開発はその影響圏が広範に及ぶため，多くのステークホルダーが関与することになる。多くのステークホルダーが計画に関与する場合，どのような枠組みでもって一個のプレーヤーとして捉えれば良いのかという問題が生じる。本研究では，一般に分析者の判断にのみ委ねられがちなプレーヤーの設定を，その根拠が明らかとなるような客観的な分析を経て行うためのプロセスを提案する。吉野川第十堰問題を事例としてそのプロセスを示し，コンフリクト分析を行う。そして，提案するプロセスの有用性と，吉野川第十堰問題の今後のコンフリクトマネジメントの方向性と可能性について考察する。, Public involvement has become an important part in public project planning. Therefore, it will be more necessary to consider local residents as players who are stakeholders in the planning. However, if there are lots of local residents, how are they divided into several players? In this study, the process of setting players among lots of local residents is proposed. This process is applied to Yosino-river dam construction problem, and it is shown how this process can be help in analyzing the conflict. Furthermore, the possibility of managing the Yosino-river dam construction conflict in the future is considered.

インドとバングラデシュのガンジス河水利用に関するコンフリクトを対象として、メタゲーム理論を基礎としたGMCRIIを用い、現状の分析を行う｡そして、将来的なコンフリクト解決のための一方策として第三者機関の介入を想定し、インド・バングラデシュのコンフリクトにおける第三者機関介入の効果について分析する｡第三者機関の介入形態にも様々なシナリオが考えられるが、本研究では特にシステム論的なアプローチによるコンフリクト・マネジメントに着目して、GMCRIIの枠組みで体系化し、インド・バングラデシュのコンフリクトに適用する｡, The graph model for conflict resolution is used to formally analyze an ongoing conflictbetween India and Bangladesh over the regulation of the Ganges River in order to illustrate thecrucial role a Third Party can play in resolving the dispute. Because a Third Party can assist inresolving a dispute in a variety of ways, a general systems approach to conflict management with aThird Party is devised. The strategic analysis of the India/Bangladesh conflict using the graphmodel clearly shows that one can determine, in advance, exactly how a Third Party can influencepotential resolutions to the dispute.

バングラデシュの災害は自然災害と環境災害に分けて認識することができる。バングラデシュにおける自然災害は洪水，渇水，ヒ素汚染，塩害がある。環境災害は，環境破壊災害，環境汚染災害，環境文化災害に分類することができる。環境文化災害としては人口増加，識字率の低さ，インドとの間に発生するガンジス河をとりまく水資源コンフリクトをあげる。これらの視点からバングラデシュの水資源問題を明確にし，最も総合的な問題であると考えられる飲料水のヒ素汚染に着目する。そして，ヒ素の分布と自然特性，社会特性の関連を分析し，ヒ素汚染とガンジス河利用の問題解決の指針を考察する。, Factors of disaster in Bangladesh can be classified into natural ones and socio-environmental ones.Socio-environmental factors can be classified more minutely into socio-environmental destructionfactors, socio-environmental pollution factors, and socio-environmental culture factors. Factors ofdisaster in Bangladesh are made much clearer from these viewpoints. Then, arsenic problem ofdrinking water which can be thought as the most comprehensive disaster in Bangladesh is focused on, and the relation of arsenic distribution of and natural prosperity and social prosperity of Bangladesh.Furthermore, guidelines for tackling arsenic problem of water drinking is proposed.

Cathepsin D is an aspartic lysosomal endopeptidase present in most mammalian cells. Overexpression of cathepsin D is associated with the progression of several human cancers including melanoma. We examined the expression levels of cathepsin D in 20 primary malignant melanomas, 20 metastatic malignant melanomas, 20 benign nevus pigmentosus and 10 normal skin samples in Japanese. In normal skin, granular or dotted pattern of positive staining was observed along the granular layer of epidermis and hair follicle with apparent moderate to strong staining in sebaceous and eccrine glands. The percent positivity and staining intensity of cathepsin D in primary and metastatic malignant melanomas were significantly higher than that of nevus pigmentosus. Moreover, the expression levels of cathepsin D in metastatic malignant melanomas were significantly higher than those of primary malignant melanomas. Data from our and previous reports strongly supports a notion that the upregulation of cathepsin D may be critically involved in the malignant transformation and progression of melanocytic tumors., カテプシンDはリソゾーム内に存在するエンドペプチダーゼであるが, 胃癌, 乳癌, 卵巣癌などでは周辺正常組織に比べ, 過剰発現していることが知られている. 悪性黒色腫においても, その過剰発現が2編の文献報告で知られているが, 日本人を対象とした検討は行われていない. 我々は, 20例の原発性悪性黒色腫, 20例の転移性悪性黒色腫, 20例の良性色素細胞母班, 10例の健常皮膚を用いて, カテプシンD の発現を免疫組織学的に検討した. 正常皮膚では, カテプシンDは表皮および毛囊の上層・顆粒層に顆粒状に発現しており, 脂腺やエクリン汗腺では強い発現を認めた. 原発性悪性黒色腫や転移性悪性黒色腫のカテプシンDの発現は, 良性色素細胞母班のそれよりも有意に上昇していた. また転移性悪性黒色腫では, 原発性悪性黒色腫よりも有意に高い発現が認められた. これらの結果から, カテプシンDの発現は色素細胞の悪性化と腫瘍進展に関与していると考えられた.

Dementia is a devastatingly serious problem in industrialized countries, such as Japan and the United States. The most prominent dementia subtypes: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) show a different pattern in these two countries. Most research studies on cognitive aspects of dementia have been conducted in western countries, but not in Japan, because of its short history of neuropsychology. To date, there has been only one Japanese study, and a criticism of this study is that it used tests that were insufficient and not culturally appropriate. It is necessary to explore what neuropsychological tests are sensitive and appropriate for a Japanese population in order to lead to more accurate diagnosis treatment strategies.The present study aimed to identify valid neuropsychological tests for Japanese elders and to examine test profiles of AD and VaD in comparison to what is known in western neuropsychology. Five cognitive domains: executive control, information processing speed, visuospatial/construction, language, and learning and memory were evaluated. Seventy Japanese elders (30 healthy controls, 20 AD patients, and 20 VaD patients) participated in this study.The present study indicated the usability of verbal learning and spatial memory tests, visuospatial/constructional tests, and a semantic fluency test for differentiating Japanese AD and VaD. These results suggest that Japanese AD patients showed a similar neuropsychological profile as that found in western studies (i.e. impairment in memory, visuospatial, and semantic knowledge). Japanese VaD patients, however, demonstrated less severity in executive control and motor slowness as compared to American VaD patients. It is possible that Japanese VaD patients have fewer white matter changes in the frontal lobe, and/or cultural factors, especially intensive training in pictorial written language (Kanji), might impact VaD patients' cognition.The present study was the first study to evaluate the usability of a culturally appropriate neuropsychological test battery for distinguishing between Japanese AD and VaD. A new Japanese Verbal Learning test, the PVLT-J was developed particularly for the study. This study has immediate clinical utility for use in dementia diagnosis in Japan, and it is hoped that it will spur more research in comparative brain-behavior processing across cultures.