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In the nitrogen (N) cycle, nitrogenous compounds are chemically and biologically converted to various aqueous and gaseous N species. The N-15-labeling approach is a powerful culture-dependent technique to obtain insights into the complex nitrogen transformation reactions that occur in cultures. In the N-15-labeling approach, the fates of supplemented N-15- and/or unlabeled gaseous and aqueous compounds are tracked by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, whereas MS analysis of aqueous N species requires laborious sample preparation steps and is performed using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, which requires an expensive mass spectrometer. We developed a simple and high-throughput MS method for determining the N-15 atoms percent of NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, NH2OH, and N2H4, where liquid samples (1,000 liquid samples daily at 1,000 liquid samples daily at

Additional file 2: Diagnostic results of experimentally infected mouse samples for different tissue.

Additional file 1: Characteristics of 49 animals.

Rabies remains a public health problem in the Philippines despite the widespread provision of rabies vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Detailed descriptions of recent human rabies cases in the Philippines are scarce. This study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and spatial features of human rabies cases between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2015. We conducted a retrospective hospital-based case record review of all patients admitted to one referral hospital in Manila who received a clinical diagnosis of rabies. During the 10-year study period there were 575 patients (average 57.5 cases per year, range 57 to 119) with a final diagnosis of rabies. Most patients were male (n = 404, 70.3%) and aged ≥ 20 years (n = 433, 75.3%). Patients mostly came from the National Capital Region (n = 160, 28.0%) and the adjacent Regions III (n = 197, 34.4%) and IV-A (n = 168, 29.4%). Case mapping and heatmaps showed that human rabies cases were continuously observed in similar areas throughout the study period. Most patients had hydrophobia (n = 444, 95.5%) and/or aerophobia (n = 432, 93.3%). The leading causative animals were dogs (n = 421, 96.3%) and cats (n = 16, 3.7%). Among 437 patients with animal exposure history, only 42 (9.6%) had been administered at least one rabies vaccine. Two patients (0.5%), young children bitten on their face, had received and a full course of rabies vaccine. Human rabies patients were continuously admitted to the hospital, with no notable decline over the study period. The geographical area in which human rabies cases commonly occurred also did not change. Few patients received PEP and there were two suspected cases of PEP failure. The retrospective design of this study was a limitation; thus, prospective studies are required.

Additional File 2. Specimen Information Sheet.

InAs quantum dots (QDs) were simultaneously formed on GaAs (1 0 0) and (3 1 1)A substrates at different temperatures, and the effect of substrate orientation was examined. The QD size was quite uniform on GaAs (1 0 0) (around 27 nm in diameter), whereas that on (3 1 1)A was found to be distributed between 25 and 65 nm. Atomic force microscope observation revealed that InAs islands on (3 1 1)A substrate look like many dots were connected together and formed arrowheads with the arrow orientation along the [ 2 ¯ 3 3 ] direction. In order to improve the uniformity in the dot size and shape on (3 1 1)A substrate, repeated growth sequence of a 0.25 ML InAs growth under continuous As flow is proposed.

The controlled incorporation of amphoteric Si dopant for p- and n- type conductivity in Al x Ga 1− x As layers simultaneously grown on GaAs (3 1 1)A and (1 0 0) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was investigated for different Al compositions (10–50%). The optimized growth conditions have been used to grow lateral junction (LJ) light emitting diodes (LEDs) structures on GaAs (3 1 1)A patterned substrate. High density (2400 device per inch) LJ-LED arrays were successfully fabricated. The electroluminescence spectrum shows a single peak around 813 nm at room temperature.

The fabrication of GaAs micro-mirrors with electrostatic actuation are fabricated using a strain-driven self-assembly mechanism. A mirror deflection of several degrees for driving voltages at 10 V was demonstrated and the dynamic response was investigated.

Lateral p-n junctions are made by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) on patterned GaAs (3 1 1)A substrates using the amphoteric properties of silicon (Si) as a dopant impurity for different GaAs surface orientations. Lateral p-n junctions are interesting for application in optoelectronic devices due to a reduced junction area, direct injection of carriers in the active layer, and ease of interconnections due to their coplanar geometry. We fabricated arrays of lateral-junction LEDs with device densities of 1200 and 2400 dots-per-inch (dpi). The devices were fabricated on patterned GaAs (31 1)A substrates. Multilayer structures including InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells or AlGaAs active layers were grown by MBE. Electroluminescence spectra at room temperature showed peaks for wavelengths ranging from λ = 670 to 960 nm, depending on the composition of each device's active layer. Results obtained with these lateral-junction devices are promising for application in LED arrays for printers.

緑色植物の葉の大きさは光合成による物質生産やその成長を左右する基本的要素の一つであり、生態学の領域において関心の高い要素である。葉面積の測定には自動葉面積計(Murata 1967)を用いるのが一般的であるが、近年は画像解析ソフトを用いたパソコン上での解析方法(石井2007)も提唱されている。また、植物群落の生産構造では、葉の乾燥重量を物質生産の場の大きさとしてとらえる間接的な方法も採られている。いずれの方法においても葉面積の測定には、対象の葉を植物体から切り離して行うのが通例であり、対象の葉は1回限りである。しかし、植物の成長期間中の成長量を調べようとする場合にはフィールドにおいて同一植物体の同一葉を連続的に測定することが必要となり、前述の方法で生かしたまま多数の同一葉を繰返し測定することは困難である。このような問題を解決するため、生育中の実の部分的な計測によって面積を求めることができないかということについて検討した。多くの植物で、同一種の植物の葉は互いに相似形を採っているのがほとんどであり、ヨシやススキ、ササ類などイネ科植物の実は広線形で全線といった単純な形態をしており、その大きさを左右する要素は葉身の長さと幅である。筆者らは、青森県の津軽平野を流れる岩木川下流の河川敷におけるヨシ群落の人為的な撹乱による影響を調べるにあたって、ヨシの成長に伴う葉面積拡大の経緯の追跡や葉面積指数の推定を行う目的で、ヨシの葉の葉長と葉幅から葉面積を求める方法と、葉の乾燥重量から葉面積を得る簡易的な方法を得たので報告する。なお、本研究は岩木川における河川生態学術研究会の総合的な調査研究の一環として実施されたものである。

This paper describes a new switching topology of a sampling mixer for SAW-less GPS (L1 band) receivers. The GPS receiver with the new mixer achieved NF 2.5dB and good blocking performance. In an alternative implementation, the mixer is stacked under a Quadrature VCO to reuse supply current. As a result, the current consumption of the GPS receiver is 11mA from 1.8V supply while maintaining blocking performance and NF of 3.5dB. Test chips are fabricated in 0.18μm CMOS process.

We demonstrate an optically driven MEMS that moves when irradiated by light. The MEMS is constructed from a GaAs/InGaAs thin film. High-frequency optical pulses drive mechanical vibration of the film to generate ultrasonic waves in air. We also measured photoluminescence (PL) from the sample to explore the cause of the optical drive. Laser irradiation caused a redshift of the GaAs PL up to 960 nm as the laser power increased. Our result implies a local heating in the thin film that causes the PL redshift, which drives the thin film by thermal expansion

We present the results on the monolithic integration of self-assembled GaAs micromirrors with light emitting diodes. The micromirrors were self-assembled by the strain-driven mechanism, which control the micromirror standing position and flatness. The device epi-layer structure and the fabrication processes were optimized. Self-locking mechanism was also employed to precisely position and enhance the mechanical strength of the assembled micromirrors. Light emission was observed on the integrated devices. For the first time, the effectiveness of the self-assembled micromirrors was confirmed in the monolithic integration with LEDs on GaAs. This result shows the feasibility of GaAs-based micro-opto-electromechanical systems for photonics applications.

We report the high-density light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using lateral junction for LED printer and other applications. Semi-insulating GaAs (311)A substrates were patterned to create (100) sidewall. GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs epilayers were grown on the patterned substrate using the amphoteric silicon as a dopant, which forms the lateral p-n junction. For the first time, high-density (2400 dots per inch) LED arrays were fabricated using the lateral junction with device width of 10.6 micron. Light emission spectrum shows a single peak at a wavelength of 813 nm with FWHM of 56 nm at room temperature. The same method can be used to fabricate LED arrays with higher device densities for applications in high resolution LED printers, displays and other applications.

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

In order to achieve interoperability among learning repositories, implementers require a common communication framework for querying. This paper proposes a set of methods referred to as Simple Query Interface (SQI) as a universal interoperability layer for educational networks. The methods proposed can be used by a source for configuring and submitting queries to a target system and retrieving results from it. The SQI interface can be implemented in a synchronous or an asynchronous manner. SQI abstracts from query languages and metadata schemas. SQI has been evaluated by several prototype implementations demonstrating its universal applicability, and is on the way to being standardized in the CEN/ISSS Learning Technologies Workshop. The latest developments of SQI can be followed at http://www.prolearn-project.org/lori/. ispartof: pages:11-18 ispartof: Proceedings of the WWW*05 Workshop on Interoperability of Web-Based Educational Systems vol:143 pages:11-18 ispartof: Interoperability of Web-Based Educational Systems location:Chiba, Japan status: published