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Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common clinical condition of thyroid hormone deficiency and is frequently seen in women. Studies regarding the prevalence of hypothyroidism among healthy young adult females are very less. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of hypothyroidism among female medical students in a teaching hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among first to final-year female medical students in a teaching hospital from 15 August 2021 to 22 January 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Registration number: 296). A semi-structured questionnaire was filled out by the students followed by a clinical examination to recognize the high-risk group by Zulewski’s scoring criteria. Blood samples were taken from those who were having a score of >5 points for the thyroid function test to confirm hypothyroidism. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 141 female medical students, the hypothyroidism was found in 3 (2.12%) (0-4.50, 95% Confidence Interval). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypothyroidism among the female medical students in a teaching hospital was lesser when compared with other studies from similar settings.

Introduction: Internet addiction denotes the compulsive use of the internet which affects physical, mental, social, psychological and academic aspects of life of an individual. Very few studies among medical students in regard to internet addiction have been conducted. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of internet addiction among undergraduate medical students of a medical college. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in a medical college from September to December, 2021 after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Registration number: 442). The study was conducted among 229 medical students using convenience sampling technique. Internet addiction test questionnaire was used for collecting data. Data were entered in Google Spreadsheet and analysed with Microsoft Excel 2016. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: The prevalence of internet addiction among 229 undergraduate students was found to be 121 (52.84%) (43.95-61.73 at 95% Confidence Interval). Out of them, mild and moderate internet addiction accounted for 90 (74.38%) and 31 (25.62%) respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of internet addiction in this study was higher in comparison to the other studies conducted in similar settings.

Portal hypertension is a rare complication of liver metastases. We present a case with a history of two months of progressive painless abdominal distension and progressively increasing yellowish discoloration of the eyes. A diagnosis of multiple metastases from breast carcinoma to the liver leading to portal hypertension was made.

Pure autonomic failure is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the autonomic nervous system which clinically presents with orthostatic hypotension. It is a diagnosis of exclusion after detailed clinical examinations and relevant investigations. Here, we discuss a case of 68 years old male who had complaints of multiple episodes of loss of consciousness on standing from a sitting position for the last 3 years. The diagnosis was considered by clinical examinations revealing autonomic dysfunctions with normal appropriate investigations. The patient was treated successfully with midodrine, fludrocortisone, and other non-pharmacological interventions. We focused on doing various autonomic dysfunction tests in the evaluation of a patient with recurrent orthostatic hypotension. We suspect that pure autonomic failure might not have been considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent orthostatic hypotension and suggest that it is to be kept as a differential in such a scenario. Midodrine has an effective role in syncope due to sympathetic vasoconstrictor failure.

Introduction: Voluntary blood donation is a reliable source of increasing the demand for blood transfusion. Medical students are the potential pool of blood donors. This study aims to find the prevalence of blood donation practice among medical students of a medical college in Nepal. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in a medical college of Nepal among students studying from the first year to final year MBBS. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of the Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (Ref no. 245). A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data. A self-administered pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: The prevalence of blood donation practice among medical students of the medical college is 41 (22.20%) (17.35-27.05 at 95% Confidence Interval). The practice of blood donation is seen more among students of the final year 15 (35.71%) and the least among first year 3 (8.57%). Most of the donors, 24 (58.54%), have donated blood only once before. The most common reasons for donating and not donating blood before are ‘behavior of altruism’ 12 (29.27%) and ‘I am not fit/disapproved’ 44 (30.56%) respectively. Conclusions: This study shows less prevalence of blood donation practice among medical students. It points to the need for more extensive studies to explore the factors deterring medical students from donating blood. Definitive strategies are also needed to encourage medical students to increased voluntary participation in blood donation.

Introduction: Excessive Daytime Sleepiness is a significant health problem among medical students worldwide which can impair their cognitive and academic performances. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among the first to fourth year undergraduate students of the Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences-College of Medicine. Methods: Following the ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee with registration no. 317, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the first to fourth year medical students of the Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences-College of Medicine from 4" to 10" August 2020. Two hundred and thirty-two students were selected for the study using the stratified random sampling technique. Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used to obtain data on daytime sleepiness among the study participants. The data were entered into Google spreadsheets and later analyzed. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with the frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: The prevalence of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among the first to fourth year undergraduate students of the Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences-College of Medicine is found to be 67 (31.02%) at 95% Confidence Interval (24.85-37.19). It was found to be highly prevalent among the fourth year undergraduate medical students 20 (35.09%) and least prevalent among the first year students 13 (26.00%). Excessive Daytime Sleepiness was found to be slightly higher among females 23 (34.85%) than males 44 (29.33%). Conclusions: Excessive Daytime Sleepinessis highly prevalent among medical students in our study as suggested by various international studies.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer among the female population inNepal. The incidence and mortality rate due to cervical cancer is higher in developing countrieslike Nepal due to a lack of proper screening and early diagnosis. This study aims to find out theprevalence of cervical cancer among cervical biopsies in a tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the hospital records of cervicalbiopsies from the department of pathology of Shree Birendra Hospital from 1st May 2018 to 30thApril 2019. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee in February 2020.This study was conducted among 146 cervical biopsies by using convenience sampling method.Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion forbinary data. Data were analyzed using excel 2016 software. Results: The prevalence of cervical cancer among 146 cases included in our study is found to be6 (4.11%) at 95% Confidence Interval (0.90-7.32). Among those cases of cervical cancer, 4 (66.67%)were squamous cell carcinoma, 1 (16.67%) was adenocarcinoma, and 1 (16.67%) was of other type.Maximum cases of cervical cancer were prevalent among higher age groups. Conclusions: Cervical cancer-related morbidity and mortality are different in different parts ofthe world. It’s burden is primarily seen in developing countries where there is a lack of effectivescreening programs.

The practice of medicine has started since the existence of humankind on the earth. But the commencement of scientific and evidence-based medicine cannot be traced back so far. The insight we are getting from the current medical science is the output of the laborious effort and contributions made by people before us. The statement stating ‘we learn from our past’ is in perfect resonant with the practice of clinical medicine. Those past experiences or findings which are scientifically cataloged are crucial in the advancement of modern medicine. The countless researches conducted in various aspects of medical science prove to be strong evidence of our past achievements. Many people's contribution to such research activities in the medical field has taken us this far in modern medicine. In the pool of such people, medical students who are in the early phase of pursuing their career in medicine have also contributed a lot to medical research time and again.