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Clinical trials in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) often assess efficacy using the ordinal Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score. Here, data from the PATH study was reanalyzed using change in Inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (I-RODS) to define CIDP relapse instead of INCAT. The PATH study comprised an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dependency period and an IVIG (IgPro10 [Privigen]) restabilization period; subjects were then randomized to weekly maintenance subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG; IgPro20 [Hizentra]) 0.2 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg or placebo for 24 weeks. CIDP relapse was defined as >= 1-point deterioration in adjusted INCAT, with a primary endpoint of relapse or withdrawal rates. This retrospective exploratory analysis redefined relapse using I-RODS via three different cut-off methods: an individual variability method, fixed cut-off of >= 8-point deterioration on I-RODS centile score or >= 4-point deterioration on I-RODS raw score. Relapse or withdrawal rates were 47% for placebo, 34% for 0.2 g/kg IgPro20 and 19% for 0.4 g/kg IgPro20 using the raw score; 40%, 28% and 15%, respectively using the centile score, and 49%, 40% and 27%, respectively using the individual variability method. IgPro20 was shown to be efficacious as a maintenance therapy for CIDP when relapse was defined using I-RODS. A stable response pattern was shown for I-RODS across various applied cut-offs, which could be applied in future clinical trials.

Although the performance of popular optimization algorithms such as the Douglas-Rachford splitting (DRS) and the ADMM is satisfactory in small and well-scaled problems, ill conditioning and problem size pose a severe obstacle to their reliable employment. Expanding on recent convergence results for DRS and ADMM applied to nonconvex problems, we propose two linesearch algorithms to enhance and robustify these methods by means of quasi-Newton directions. The proposed algorithms are suited for nonconvex problems, require the same black-box oracle of DRS and ADMM, and maintain their (subsequential) convergence properties. Numerical evidence shows that the employment of L-BFGS in the proposed framework greatly improves convergence of DRS and ADMM, making them robust to ill conditioning. Under regularity and nondegeneracy assumptions at the limit point, superlinear convergence is shown when quasi-Newton Broyden directions are adopted.

Namen tega dela je predstaviti osnovne vire elektromagnetnih motenj, reševanje problema emisij in rešitev na primeru. Opisal sem tipe motenj, poti širjenja šuma in značilne načine sklapljanja motenj električnih aparatov. Povzel sem notranje vire šuma in šum aktivnih naprav. Navedel sem nekaj primerov rešitve za znižanje elektromagnetnih emisij. Opisal sem pomembnost ožičenja, uravnoteženja vezij, filtriranja linij, uporabo feritnih jeder in ščitenja vezja. Meritve aparata sem izvajal po standardu EN 55014-1 v merilnicah Slovenskega inštituta za kakovost in meroslovje (SIQ). Izvajal sem meritve prevodnih in sevalnih emisij vakuumskega sesalnika. Za rešitve na področju prevodnih emisij sem primerjal uporabo kondenzatorjev razreda x in vpliv vrednosti kapacitivnosti na merilne rezultate. Na področju sevalnih emisij pa sem emisije zniževal z uporabo feritnih jeder. Primerjal sem, kako postavitve feritov in število ovojev vpliva na merilni rezultat. The aim of this thesis was to present the basic sources of electromagnetic interference, solutions for reducing emissions and solution by an example. I have described the sources of noise and the typical ways in which interference spreads inside electrical appliances. I summarised the internal noise sources and the noise of active devices. I offered some examples of solutions to reduce electromagnetic emissions. I described the importance of wiring, balancing circuits, filtering lines, usage of ferrite cores and shielding of circuits. Measurements were carried out according to EN 55014-1, in the measuring chambers of Slovenian institute of quality and metrology (SIQ). I have measured the conductive and radiated emissions of a vacuum cleaner. For the conductive emissions, I have compared usage of different class x capacitors. For solution of radiated emissions, I compared different types of ferrite cores. Comparing how the placement of the ferrites and the number of turns on cores effect the measurement result.

In this paper, based on a new multiplication of fractional analytic functions, the sum of some fractional analytic functions is obtained. On the other hand, some examples are provided to illustrate our result. In fact, our result is a generalization of classical result. Keywords: New multiplication, fractional analytic functions, sum, examples. Title: Sum of Some Fractional Analytic Functions Author: Chii-Huei Yu International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online) Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023 Page No: 6-10 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 10-April-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7812756 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/sum-of-some-fractional-analytic-functions, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research, ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com

Mnogi su se umjetnici i znanstvenici tijekom vremena bavili proučavanjem boje i zvuka. Napisane su brojne studije na tu temu. U ovome radu autori se bave zvukom instrumenata Orffovog instrumentarija kao polazištem za istraživanje vizualizacije boja i ugođaja. Rad donosi rezultate istraživanja koji su ostvareni na održanim glazbenim radionicama Boje Orffovog instrumentarija, a koje su 2019. godine bile osmišljene za Festival znanosti čiji je jedan dio održan na Fakultetu za odgojne i obrazovne znanosti u Puli. Rezultati dobiveni metodom anketiranja i usporedbe učenika 1. razreda osnovne škole (N = 39) i studenata 4. godine učiteljskog studija (N = 19) ukazuju na veću kreativnost djece osnovnih škola, na općenito nedovoljno poznavanje glazbene terminologije nazivlja instrumenata i na odnos svjetlijih (viših) tonova s toplim bojama te tamnijih (nižih) tonova s hladnim bojama. Ukazuje se i na zadovoljstvo učenika nakon održane radionice na kojoj su dobili priliku upoznati instrumente, pristupiti im i svirati na njima.

The function is a recursive formula used to calculate the sum of a given sequence of numbers . It takes an extended sequence of infinite numbers, \[Eta] \[Infinity] and two additional parameters (\[Delta] \[Infinity]) and (\[Kappa] \[Infinity]) as inputs . It then calculates a summation of the sequence from \[Infinity] to 1 using an integral and the three given parameters . The integral calls a function \[Alpha]\[CapitalPi]Ω which takes a pair of two parameters \[CapitalDelta] and \[CapitalEpsilon] and combines them to calculate the sum . Finally, it returns the result of the summation as an output . The varying infinity meanins have different modes of performing calculus functions. i.e. An example of a derivative in Kappa Infinity is, Made in collaboration with GPT-3 DaVinci

Ce recueil d’articles, dirigé par Catherine Croizy-Nacquet et Michelle Szkilnik, marque l’aboutissement des travaux du séminaire du Centre d’Études du Moyen Âge (CEMA) de l’université Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris, consacrés à l’amplification médiévale. On connaît l’intérêt de ce centre pour les enjeux poétiques et esthétiques de la littérature médiévale. Le CEMA a ainsi récemment organisé des séminaires sur les rapports entre vers et prose (2012-2015) ou encore sur « comment finir » (2019-2022). L...

[ES] Como proyecto formativo, se desea instalar un sistema para laboratorio SAP S/4HANA con versión 1909, junto con una base de datos HANA ubicados en distintos hosts. Una vez se realice la instalación, se procederá a realizar las tareas de configuración del sistema y a la instalación de un servidor front-end Fiori junto con la configuración para que estos trabajen en armonía. Por último, se realizará una actualización de versión del sistema a SAP S/4HANA 2021 mediante la herramienta Sofware Update Manager. Con el proyecto, se tiene como objetivo principal del aprendizaje del despliegue de un sistema SAP así como la configuración inicial, trabajo que realizaré en mi futuro laboral como administrador SAP Basis. En el proyecto se utilizarán herramientas propias de SAP como son la Software Provisioning Manager (SWPM), SAP Download Manager y la Software Update Manager (SUM). Los sistemas serán desplegados en Google Cloud Platform y para administrar el sistema se hará uso de Mobaxterm., [EN] As a training project, i want to install a SAP S/4HANA lab system with version 1909, along with a HANA database located on different hosts. Once the installation is done, the system configuration tasks and the installation of a Fiori front-end server will be carried out along with the configuration so that they work in harmony. Finally, a system version upgrade to SAP S/4HANA 2021 will be performed using the Software Update Manager tool . With the project, the main objective is to learn the deployment of a SAP system as well as the initial configuration, work that I will do in my future work as a SAP Basis administrator. SAP¿s own tools will be used in the project, such as the Software Provisioning Manager (SWPM), SAP Download Manager and Software Update Manager (SUM). The systems will be deployed on Google Cloud Platform and Mobaxterm will be used to manage the system., [CA] Comaprojecteformatiu,esdesitjainstal·larunsistemaperalaboratoriSAPS/4HANA ambversió1909,juntamentambunabasededadesHANAsituatsendiferentshosts. Una vegada es realitze la instal·lació, es procedirà a fer les tasques de configuració del sistemai ala instal·lació d’un servidor front-end Fiori juntament amb la configuració perquè aquests treballen en harmonia. Finalment, es realitzarà un upgrade de versió del sistema a SAPS/4HANA2021mitjançant l’eina Sofware Update Manager. Amb el projecte, es té com a objectiu principal de l’aprenentatge del desplegament d’un sistema SAP així com la configuració inicial, treball que realitzaré en el meu futur laboral com a administrador SAP Basis. En el projecte s’utilitzaran eines pròpies de SAP com són la Software Provisioning Manager (SWPM), SAP Download Manager i la Software Update Manager (SUM). Els sistemes seran desplegats en Google Cloud Platform i per a administrar el sistema es farà ús de Mobaxterm.

Zadatak rada je generirati i obraditi različite signale preko MatLab-a. U uvodu je opis različitih pojmova koji su potrebni za razumjeti rad. Glavni i završni dio se sastoje on tehničkih detalja. Opisan je postupak generiranja različitih signala, njihov kod u MatLabu, vizualizacija signala kod obrađivanja i vizualizacija signala nakon primjene algoritama za detekciju rubova. Testirano je ukupno šest različitih algoritama za detekciju rubova i generirano je četiri različita signala. Algoritmi za detekciju rubova su primijenjeni na signale bez šuma i na signale sa šumom koji imaju tri razine šuma. The task of this final paper was to generate and process different signals with MatLab. In the introduction we se the description of different terms that are needed to understand this paper. The main and final part are consist of technical details. It describes the proces of generating different signals, their code in MatLab, visualization before and after the application of edge detecting algorithms. Six different algorithms were tested on four different signals. The algorithms where applied on signals without noise and with noise ranging beetween 3 noise levels.

Za učinkovito učenje digitalne obdelave signalov je potreben učni pripomoček, s katerim lahko enostavno izdelamo in preizkusimo digitalne sisteme. Izdelali smo razvojni sistem, ki zajema zvočni signal iz poljubnega predvajalnika in ga po digitalni obdelavi, ki jo sprogramira študent, rekonstruira in primerno ojači za predvajanje s slušalkami. Vhodna stopnja sistema je diferencialni ojačevalnik, ki odpravi morebitne sofazne motnje. Sledi mešalnik, ki lahko vhodnemu signalu doda signal enega razširitvenega modula. Razvili smo štiri razširitvene module: generator sinusnega signala, generator belega šuma, predojačevalnik za kitaro in ojačevalnik za mikrofon. Združen signal nato potuje skozi vhodni filter na analogno digitalni pretvornik (ang.: Analog to Digital Converter – ADC). Razvojni sistem ima namesto vgrajenega mikrokrmilnika, podnožje za razvojno ploščico NUCLEOG431KB, s čimer lahko bolj plastično prikažemo, da je digitalni filter le algoritem, ki teče na poljubnem računskem stroju. Mikrokrmilniški razvojni ploščici sledi digitalno analogni pretvornik (ang.: Digital to Analog Converter – DAC) in temu še ojačevalnik za slušalke. Ugotovili smo, da je šumni prag pred ADC in za DAC enak, in sicer znaša –120 dBV2/Hz. Več šuma je pri nižjih frekvencah zaradi vpliva omrežne frekvence. Razmerje med signalom in šumom sistema, za čisti sinusni signal z amplitudo 0,25 V, kar predstavlja zmerno glasnost, znaša 54 dB. Frekvenčni odziv vezja smo preizkušali z virom belega šuma, ki je pokazal, da sistem duši signale višje od 20 kHz. Dokazali smo, da ima generator sinusnega signala najboljši THD pri nižjih frekvencah, kjer znaša 0,68 %. Izmerili smo tudi frekvenčno karakteristiko mikrofona. Presluh med obema kanaloma je enak –54 dB. Prisotnost šuma in presluha sta dovolj majhna, da nista moteča pri poslušanju obdelanega signala. Effective learning of digital signal processing requires a learning tool that allows us to easily build and test digital systems. We designed a development system that captures the sound signal from any player. The sound signal is then digitally processed by program written by students. After that it is reconstructed and suitably amplified for playback with headphones. The input stage of the system is a differential amplifier that eliminates any common mode noise. Next comes the mixer, which can add the signal of one of the expansion modules to the input signal. We have developed four expansion modules: a sine wave generator, a white noise generator, a guitar preamplifier, and a microphone amplifier. The combined signal then travels through an input filter to an analog to digital converter (ADC). Instead of an embeded microcontroller, the development system has a socket for the NUCLEO-G431KB development board. That allows us to show transparently that a digital filter is just an algorithm that runs on any computing machine. The microcontroller development board is followed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a headphone amplifier. We found that the noise floor before the ADC and after the DAC is the same, i.e. –120 dBV2/Hz . There is more noise at lower frequencies due to the influence of the mains frequency. The signal-to-noise ratio of the system, for a pure sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 0,25 V which corresponds to moderate volume is 54 dB. The frequency response of the circuit was tested by a white noise generator, which showed that the system attenuates signals higher than 20 kHz. We proved that the sine signal generator has the best THD at lower frequencies, where it is equal to 0,68 %. We also measured the frequency response of the microphone. The crosstalk between the two channels is equal to –54 dB. The presence of noise and crosstalk is small enough to not affect the perceived quality of the processed signal.

We prove a discrete analogue of the Poisson summation formula.

Struktura i klasifikacija MOSFET tranzistora te njihovo načelo rada, primjene, povijest, svojstva i područja rada. Preklopljena kaskoda izvedena CMOS tehnologijom. Glavna ideja izvedbe preklopljene kaskode, svojstva, parametri, arhitektura, linearizacija i analiza. OTA-C integrator i derivator izvedeni podesivim strminskim pojačalom koje koristi arhitekturu preklopljene kaskode te njihova analiza. Primjer primjene frakcionalnog integratora u generiranju ružičastog šuma iz bijelog šuma te usporedba s izvedbom iz literature. Structure and classification of MOSFET transistors and their working principle, use cases, history, properties, and fields of operation. Folded cascode made with CMOS technology. Main idea of the configuration of the folded cascode, properties, parameters, architecture, linearization and analysis. OTA-C integrator and derivator made with an adjustable transconductance amplifier which uses the folded cascode architecture and their analysis. Example of the use case of a fractional-order integrator for generating white noise from pink noise and its comparison to the implementation from the literature.

Zasnovali smo sistem za oceno kota prihoda signala s tehnologijo nizkoenergij- skega Bluetootha, ki je z namenom bolj natančnega določanja lokacij naprav, v standard verzije 5.1 dodal funkcionalnost za oceno kota prihoda signala (ang. angle of arrival, AoA). Kot prihoda signala se oceni na podlagi faznih razlik, ki nastanejo zaradi različnih dolžin potovanja signala do več anten. Zasnovali smo krožno polje anten z 12 navpičnimi monopolnimi antenami in RF stikali za izbiro aktivne antene. Za oceno kota prihoda signala smo uporabili kombinacijo zasno- vanega polja anten in algoritma MUSIC. Omenjeno kombinacijo smo primerjali s kombinacijo polja anten BOOSTXL-AOA in trivialnega algoritma. Natančneje smo opisali metodi za (1) izračun fazne korekcije zaradi neusklajenosti nosilnih frekvenc sprejemnika in oddajnika ter (2) izračun fazne razlike s trivialnim algo- ritmom. Analizirali smo vplive, ki dodajo fazno napako v sistem. Sistema smo ovrednotili z meritvami v delno kontroliranem okolju in v zaprtem prostoru. Z al- goritmom MUSIC in zasnovanim poljem anten smo v delno kontroliranem okolju dosegli natančnost kota prihoda signala do 1° . V zaprtem prostoru smo zaradi večpotnega razširjanja signala na nekaterih kanalih dobili napačne ocene kotov, ki jih je v enostavnih okoljih možno zaznati in izločiti. Trivialen algoritem v kombi- naciji z uporabljenim poljem anten BOOSTXL-AOA omogoča grobo oceno kota signala v kontroliranem okolju. Zaradi velike razpršenosti ocen je treba izračunati povprečje več ocen kotov prihoda signala. The thesis addresses the implementation of an angle of arrival estimation system using Bluetooth Low Energy, which added an angle of arrival (AoA) estimation feature to more accurately determine the location of devices. The angle of arrival is estimated based on the phase differences caused by the different signal prop- agation times to multiple antennas. We designed a circular antenna array with 12 vertical monopole antennas and RF switches to select the active antenna. We used the combination of the designed antenna array and the MUSIC algorithm to estimate the angle of arrival of the signal. This combination was compared with the combination of the BOOSTXL-AOA antenna array and the trivial algorithm. We have described the methods for (1) calculating the phase correction due to mismatches in the carrier frequency of the receiver and transmitter (2) calculating the phase difference using a trivial algorithm. We analyzed the influences that add phase errors to the system. We evaluated the system with measurements in a partially controlled environment and in a confined space. Using the algorithm MUSIC and the designed antenna array, we were able to achieve an estimate of the angle of arrival within 1° in a partially controlled environment. In the con- fined space, we obtained an incorrect angle estimate for some channels due to the effect of multipath signal propagation, which can be detected and filtered out in simple environments. The trivial algorithm combined with the BOOSTXL-AOA antenna array provides a rough estimate of the signal angle in a controlled envi- ronment. Due to the large scatter of angle estimates, it is necessary to calculate the average of several angle estimates.

The article discusses probability theory difficulties such as determining the likelihood of a set of co-occurring, free, connected, and non-co-occurring occurrences, as well as the probability of non-co-occurring events.

Algebraic network information theory is an emerging facet of network information theory, studying the achievable rates of random code ensembles that have algebraic structure, such as random linear codes. A distinguishing feature is that linear combinations of codewords can sometimes be decoded more efficiently than codewords themselves. The present work further develops this framework by studying the simultaneous decoding of multiple messages. Specifically, consider a receiver in a multi-user network that wishes to decode several messages. Simultaneous joint typicality decoding is one of the most powerful techniques for determining the fundamental limits at which reliable decoding is possible. This technique has historically been used in conjunction with random i.i.d. codebooks to establish achievable rate regions for networks. Recently, it has been shown that, in certain scenarios, nested linear codebooks in conjunction with “single-user” or sequential decoding can yield better achievable rates. For instance, the compute–forward problem examines the scenario of recovering $L \le K$ linear combinations of transmitted codewords over a $K$ -user multiple-access channel (MAC), and it is well established that linear codebooks can yield higher rates. This paper develops bounds for simultaneous joint typicality decoding used in conjunction with nested linear codebooks, and applies them to obtain a larger achievable region for compute–forward over a $K$ -user discrete memoryless MAC. The key technical challenge is that competing codeword tuples that are linearly dependent on the true codeword tuple introduce statistical dependencies, which requires careful partitioning of the associated error events.

In this work we investigate dynamical systems designed to approach the solution sets of inclusion problems involving the sum of two maximally monotone operators. Our aim is to design methods which guarantee strong convergence of trajectories towards the minimum norm solution of the underlying monotone inclusion problem. To that end, we investigate in detail the asymptotic behavior of dynamical systems perturbed by a Tikhonov regularization where either the maximally monotone operators themselves, or the vector field of the dynamical system is regularized. In both cases we prove strong convergence of the trajectories towards minimum norm solutions to an underlying monotone inclusion problem, and we illustrate numerically qualitative differences between these two complementary regularization strategies. The so-constructed dynamical systems are either of Krasnoselskii-Mann, of forward-backward type or of forward-backward-forward type, and with the help of injected regularization we demonstrate seminal results on the strong convergence of Hilbert space valued evolutions designed to solve monotone inclusion and equilibrium problems., 30 pages, 21 figures

Previous composite face studies have shown that an unattended face half that differs in identity or in expression from the attended face half distracts face perception. These studies have typically not controlled for the amount of information in different face halves. We investigated feature integration while participants discriminated angry and happy expressions. The stimuli were scaled using individual thresholds to control the expression strength in face halves. In the first experiment, we varied the relative amount of information in upper and lower parts. In the second experiment, participants tried to ignore one half of the face, which was either congruent or incongruent with the attended half. We found both beneficial and obligatory integration of face halves. A robust face composite effect was found both when attending eyes or mouth, and both for congruent and incongruent expressions, suggesting similar processing of face halves when the amount of information is controlled for.

This research focuses on the time- domain identification of modal parameters using impact response excitation from signals with a relatively small dynamic range and high noise contamination (e.g., from high-speed cameras). The information required to identify the modal parameters is limited and is contained mostly at the beginning of the signal. In order to perform an identification from such a response, the following challenges have to be overcome: a good frequency- domain separation (for close modes), a good localisation in the time domain and an over- determination (to reduce uncertainty). To overcome these challenges this research introduces the Morlet-wave modal identification method as an extension of the Morlet-wave damping identification method, which has already proven capable of identifying the damping of short signals. Here, the method is extended to the modal parameters and an over-determination approach is proposed to reduce the uncertainty. The method identifies each mode shape separately from 10 to a maximum of 400 oscillations and at damping levels from 0.02% to 2% with a strong presence of noise in the signal. The method is tested on an experimental example and the results are compared to the classical modal identification methodology.

This work uses estimation of error as a way to estimate per voxel data certainty, through which, to the best of our knowledge, we achieve the first known localisation of pathologies in noisy Helmholtz-based EPT reconstructions of brain tissue conductivity. We estimate data certainty by comparing the same voxels across two different conductivity reconstructions (H-EPT and CR-EPT) as well through estimating boundary error (as the simplified Helmholtz equation used in our data assumed piece-wise constant conductivity) and its propagation through the computation of the spatial derivative required to evaluate the Helmholtz equation. Diplomska naloga uporabi pristope modeliranja gotovosti podatkov preko katerih doseže prvo nam znano instanco lokalizacije patologij v šumnih Helmholtz-osnovanih EPT rekonstrukcijah prevodnosti možganskega tkiva. Gotovost podatkov ocenjujemo s primerjavo istih vokslov v dveh različnih rekonstrukcijah električne prevodnosti (H-EPT in CR-EPT) ter z oceno mejne napake (ker poenostavljena Helmholtzova enačba, uporabljena v naših podatkih, predpostavlja kosovno konstantno prevodnost) in njenega širjenja z izračunom drugega odvoda, ki je potreben za evalvacijo Helmholtzove enačbe.

The topic of this bachelor thesis is "Dependence of noise in the PET image of the liver on the applied activity, weight and BMI of the patient". Positron emission tomography (PET) is currently one of the most widely used examinations in the field of oncological diseases. The goal of the bachelor thesis is to monitor the noise in the PET image of the liver during positron emission tomography (PET) with FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) depending on the applied activity, weight and BMI of the patient. Another goal of this work is to propose an alternative algorithm taking into account BMI in order to maintain the image quality and reduce the radiation exposure associated with the examination in addition to the existing algorithm for determining the activity of the applied amount of FDG based purely on patient weight. In connection with these goals, a hypothesis was developed where, taking into account the patient's BMI in determining the activity of the applied amount of FDG, the radiation exposure associated with the examination can be reduced while maintaining the noise level. In the introduction to this bachelor's thesis, I focused on a detailed description of the principle of the PET imaging method, it´s construction and everything associated with the PET imaging method. A substantial part of the theory of this work is occupied by information related to the quality of the PET image, especially the noise level. I also specified the individual radiopharmaceuticals used in the field of PET and I focused more attention on the radiopharmaceutical FDG, which is crucial for this work. Part of this bachelor thesis also deals with the applied activity and the elements related to it, is weight and BMI. In the last part of the bachelor thesis I focused on the description of the hybrid PET / CT method. The practical part was focused on quantitative research. For this research, it was first determined what parameters will need to be found for the processing of the practical part and then data were collected from patients examined by FDG PET / CT at the PET center in the Hospital of České Budějovice a.s. for the calendar year 2021. This data was then graphically plotted and finally used for analysis. In addition to the dependence of noise on patient weight, a representation of weight on patient BMI was created. The results of the practical part showed that the noise is affected by the applied activity, weight and BMI of the patient and based on further analysis, the initial hypothesis was confirmed. The final results of this work can be further used to optimize the examination protocol in the PET center of the Hospital of České Budějovice a.s.

Syftet med undersökningen var att, ur ett elevperspektiv, öka kunskapen om vad elever i åk 2 anser om studieron under matematiklektionerna och med ett särskilt fokus på elever i SUM(särskilda undervisningsbehov i matematik). Genom en replikationsstudie genomfördes en filmbaserad enkätundersökning med 82 elever i åk 2, varav 9 elever i SUM. Resultatet visade på brister i studieron redan i åk 2. Efter analysen framkom fem faktorer som skiljer mellan de elever som svarade att de får studiero på matematiklektionerna och dem som inte får studiero. De fem faktorerna var; matematik är tråkigt, matematik är svårt, tar inte hjälp från kompisar, inte tillräckligt med utmaningar och får inte vara med och bestämma. I studien framkom också att elever i SUM påverkas i större omfattning av att inte få studiero vilket gör att dessa faktorer är något som bör beaktas redan i lågstadiet.

Detta arbete berör arbetsminnets betydelse för matematikinlärning och hur lärare kan arbetaför att optimera lärandet för elever med svagt arbetsminne. Syftet med arbetet var att göra ensammanställning och översikt om vad forskningen säger angående hur elever imatematiksvårigheter utifrån ett svagt arbetsminne kan stöttas i skolan. Avgränsningargjordes till arbetsminnet och dess funktion kopplat till matematiksvårigheter. Andraavgränsningar vi gjorde i arbetet var att utgå från Baddeleys modell av arbetsminnet och thecognitive load theory. Sökningar gjordes i både ERIC och ERC efter relevanta källor. Vianvände oss mestadels av peer review artiklar men utgick även från tidigare kurslitteratur därvi gjorde kedjesökningar utifrån källor i dessa. Forskningen vi har tagit fram och presenterar idetta arbete visar på att arbetsminnets kapacitet har en stor betydande roll för eleversmatematikinlärning. De olika delarna i arbetsminnet ansvarar för olika arbetsuppgifter menresultatet visar att samarbetet mellan dessa delar är väsentlig för att eleven ska kunna ta in nykunskap. För elever med ett svagt arbetsminne är det viktigt med stöttning för att minskabelastningen på arbetsminnet. Forskningen visade att visuellt stöd, meningsfullt och bekantinnehåll samt repetition är stöttning som lärare borde inkludera i sin undervisning för attstötta matematikinlärningen för elever med ett försvagat arbetsminne.

Práce se zabývá aplikací optovláknových Braggových mřížek (FBG) v senzorice a nalyzuje faktory, které ovlivňují přesnost vyhodnocování snímaných veličin. Zaměřili jsme pozornost na spektrální měření posunu maxima reflexivity snímací mřížky, které má potenciál dosažení nejvyšších přesností měření. V práci analyzujeme skenovací způsob vyhodnocení spektra a jeho změn jako nejvhodnější metodu pro průmyslové aplikace, která poskytuje širokou volbu přijatelného kompromisu mezi rychlostí vyčítání hodnot spektrálních změn a přesností měření. Veličina, která zásadně ovlivňuje přesnost měření, je šum superponovaný v přijímači na časový signál odezvy reflexivity měřící mřížky ozařované periodicky přelaďovaným úzkopásmovým optickým zdrojem. Práce analyzuje vliv tohoto šumu na měření a zkoumá parametry skenovacího optického zdroje a vlastnosti měřící mřížky z pohledu dosažitelné přesnosti měření. Pro hodnocení vhodnosti mřížky a parametrů skenování k přesnému měření zavádíme parametr šumová šířka spektra mřížky a šumová šířka skenování spektra mřížky. V práci sou naznačeny souvislosti technologických kroků výrobního procesu mřížky s odrazivostí mřížky kritickou pro minimalizaci měřících chyb. Význam šířky spektra měřící mřížky na přesnost měření vedl ke zkoumání možností apodizace mřížek, tedy vytváření mřížkových struktur s podélně proměnným profilem amplitudy změn indexu lomu.. Analýza apodizačních profilů a technické možnosti přípravy mřížek s apodizací nás přivedly k řešení čistě apodizovaných mřížkových struktur, které je realizovatelné technikou vícenásobné příčné expozice vlákna interferenčním polem fázové mřížky ozářené výkonným UV laserem. Je představen design mřížky s potenciálem významnéhu zvýšení přesnosti detekce posunu spektra.

Opisali smo naravno vibracijsko okolje škržatkov iz rodu Aphrodes, ki živijo v travniškem habitatu. Vibracijska krajina na travniku se je pokazala kot nizko-frekvenčno okolje, v katerem šibek veter povzroča stalen abiotski vibracijski šum. Vibracijski dogodki, ki so posledica aktivnosti biološke komponente vibracijske krajine, iz tega abiotskega šuma izstopajo predvsem po frekvenci. Vibracijska krajina, ki smo jo registrirali na travniku, se je tekom sezone od maja do oktobra razlikovala tako po abundanci (oz. časovni zasedenosti) kot po sestavi (oz. tipih vibracijskih signalov, ki smo jih registrirali). Pestrost signalov v določenem dnevu ni bila povezana z abundanco. Tekom sezone smo registrirali 56 različnih tipov signalov, vendar akumulacijske krivulje kažejo, da je bila diverziteta signalov po vsej verjetnosti večja, kot smo jo lahko zaznali z našim časovno omejenim terenskim vzorčenjem. Aktivnost vibracijske združbe je bila najvišja v sredini dneva in popoldne ter najnižja ponoči. Dnevno-nočne razlike v aktivnosti vibracijske združbe, so povezane s temperaturo okolja. S stališča sprejemnika, je travniška vibracijska krajina pestra, tako zaradi velikega števila različnih signalov kot tudi zaradi njihove fluktuacije in s tem hitrega speminjanja sestave vibracijske krajine. Prekrivanje vibracijskih signalov je bilo značilno manjše, kot če bi se vibracijski signali v vibracijski krajini pojavljali naključno. Člani raziskovane travniške vibracijske združbe se medsebojnemu motenju izogibajo z razdelitvijo vibracijskega komunikacijskega prostora v času tako, da se izmenjujejo v oddajanju signalov. We described the natural vibrational environment (i.e. vibroscape) of Aphrodes leafhoppers living in a meadow habitat. Meadow vibroscape was a low-frequency environment where wind of low velocity induced in plants nearly constant abiotic vibrational noise. Vibrational events originating from biological sources stood out from abiotic noise primarily in frequency domain. The vibroscape composition was changing throughout the season from May till October in the signal richness (number of different types of vibrationals) as well as in signal abundance (cummulative duration of vibrational signals). Time occupancy of vibrational communication channel was not correlated with signal richness registred on that day. Throughout the season we registered 56 different types of vibrational signal however, signal accumulation curves suggest that signal diversity was most likely higher than revealed by our time-limited field recordings. The signalling activity of vibrational community was highest in the middle of the day and in the afternoon and lowest during the night. Such dial pattern of vibrational activity is regulated by temperature. From the perspective of a receiver, the meadow vibroscape is a complex and dynamic environment, rich in species-specific vibrational signals and characterized by their high turnover. The overlap of vibrational signals was significantly lower that it would by chance. The members of investigated meadow vibrational community were avoiding interference primarily by partitioning vibrational space on fine temporal scale by avoiding signalling at times with hight background biotic noise.

We give upper and lower bounds on the power of subsystems of the Ideal Proof System (IPS), the algebraic proof system recently proposed by Grochow and Pitassi (J. ACM, 2018), where the circuits comprising the proof come from various restricted algebraic circuit classes. This mimics an established research direction in the Boolean setting for subsystems of Extended Frege proofs, where proof-lines are circuits from restricted Boolean circuit classes. Except one, all of the subsystems considered in this paper can simulate the well-studied Nullstellensatz proof system, and prior to this work there were no known lower bounds when measuring proof size by the algebraic complexity of the polynomials (except with respect to degree, or to sparsity). We give two general methods of converting certain algebraic circuit lower bounds into proof complexity ones. However, we need to strengthen existing lower bounds to hold for either the functional model or for multiplicities (see below). Our techniques are reminiscent of existing methods for converting Boolean circuit lower bounds into related proof complexity results, such as feasible interpolation. We obtain the relevant types of lower bounds for a variety of classes (sparse polynomials, depth-3 powering formulas, read-once oblivious algebraic branching programs, and multilinear formulas), and infer the relevant proof complexity results. We complement our lower bounds by giving short refutations of the previously studied subset-sum axiom using IPS subsystems, allowing us to conclude strict separations between some of these subsystems. Our first method is a functional lower bound, a notion due to Grigoriev and Razborov (Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput., 2000), which says that not only does a polynomial f require large algebraic circuits, but that any polynomial g agreeing with f on the Boolean cube also requires large algebraic circuits. For our classes of interest, we develop functional lower bounds where g(x¯¯¯) equals 1/p(x¯¯¯) where p is a constant-degree polynomial, which in turn yield corresponding IPS lower bounds for proving that p is nonzero over the Boolean cube. In particular, we show superpolynomial lower bounds for refuting variants of the subset-sum axiom in various IPS subsystems. Our second method is to give lower bounds for multiples, that is, to give explicit polynomials whose all (nonzero) multiples require large algebraic circuit complexity. By extending known techniques, we are able to obtain such lower bounds for our classes of interest, which we then use to derive corresponding IPS lower bounds. Such lower bounds for multiples are of independent interest, as they have tight connections with the algebraic hardness versus randomness paradigm.

Sum and intersection of linear subspaces in a vector space over a field are fundamental operations in linear algebra. The purpose of this survey paper is to give a comprehensive approach to the sums and intersections of two linear subspaces and their orthogonal complements in the finite-dimensional complex vector space. We shall establish a variety of closed-form formulas for representing the direct sum decompositions of them-dimensional complex column vector space 𝔺mwith respect to a pair of given linear subspaces 𝒨 and 𝒩 and their operations, and use them to derive a huge amount of decomposition identities for matrix expressions composed by a pair of orthogonal projectors onto the linear subspaces. As applications, we give matrix representation for the orthogonal projectors onto the intersections of a pair of linear subspaces using various matrix decomposition identities and Moore–Penrose inverses; necessary and su˚cient conditions for two linear subspaces to be in generic position; characterization of the commutativity of a pair of orthogonal projectors; necessary and su˚cient conditions for equalities and inequalities for a pair of subspaces to hold; equalities and inequalities for norms of a pair of orthogonal projectors and their operations; as well as a collection of characterizations of EP-matrix.

In a Hilbert space $${{\mathcal {H}}}$$ , we study the convergence properties of a class of relaxed inertial forward–backward algorithms. They aim to solve structured monotone inclusions of the form $$Ax + Bx \ni 0$$ where $$A:{{\mathcal {H}}}\rightarrow 2^{{\mathcal {H}}}$$ is a maximally monotone operator and $$B:{{\mathcal {H}}}\rightarrow {{\mathcal {H}}}$$ is a cocoercive operator. We extend to this class of problems the acceleration techniques initially introduced by Nesterov, then developed by Beck and Teboulle in the case of structured convex minimization (FISTA). As an important element of our approach, we develop an inertial and parametric version of the Krasnoselskii–Mann theorem, where joint adjustment of the inertia and relaxation parameters plays a central role. This study comes as a natural extension of the techniques introduced by the authors for the study of relaxed inertial proximal algorithms. An illustration is given to the inertial Nash equilibration of a game combining non-cooperative and cooperative aspects.

Sintetizatori frekvencija se koriste kada je potrebno održavati točno određenu frekvenciju izlaznog signala. Stabilnost sintetizatora osigurava se sklopom za sinkronizaciju faze (Phase- Locking Loop, PLL). U povratnoj vezi PLL-a nalazi se necjelobrojno djelilo frekvencije kojime se odabire točan kanal i smanjuje frekvencija kako bi ostali sklopovi u sintetizatoru mogli raditi na manjim brzinama. Zbog rada na visokim frekvencijama, u projektiranju djelila potrebno je kombinirati CML logički stil (strujom upravljane krugove) i standardnu logiku. U ovome radu se analizira i projektira necjelobrojno djelilo frekvencije za komunikacije na 2 GHz s tehnikama oblikovanja šuma pomoću sigma-delta modulatora. A frequency synthesizer is used to maintain a specific frequency of a signal. A synthesizer is made of a Phase-Locking Loop which ensures the stability of the frequency at its exit. The loop has a negative feedback with a frequency divider which is used for selecting the channels and reducing the frequency so the rest of the loop can work at lower speed. Because of its high operating frequency, the divider design combines CML logic style (Current-Mode Logic) and standard logic at lower frequencies. In this research you can find a complete analyses and design procedure of the fractional frequency divider, including noise shaping using sigma-delta modulator.

Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt är att redogöra för vilka arbetsformer som presenteras i forskning som gynnsamma för elever i matematiksvårigheter i årskurserna F-3. För att kunna besvara detta krävs inledningsvis en redogörelse för vilka olika former av matematiksvårigheter som skrivs fram i forskning som förekommande i årskurserna F-3. Syftet har således delats in i två frågeställningar: Vilka olika former av matematiksvårigheter presenteras i forskning, och vilka förklaringar redogörs för varför elever hamnar i matematiksvårigheter? Samt vilka arbetsformer skrivs fram i forskning som gynnsamma för elever i matematiksvårigheter? Metoden som användes för att finna adekvat forskning var i största utsträckning en datorbaserad litteratursökning, men även manuella sekundärsökningar tillämpades som metod. För att finna relevant forskning att belysa i kunskapsöversikten söktes med hjälp av adekvata nyckelord flertalet forskningsrapporter, doktorsavhandlingar och artiklar upp via databaserna SwePub och ERC. Dessa granskades och säkerställdes att de var av vetenskaplig karaktär. Vidare undersöktes källornas referenslistor i den utvalda forskningen, vilket utmynnade i ett antal sekundärkällor av relevans för kunskapsöversiktens frågeställningar. Som stöd för våra val av källor har Backman (2016) och Östlundh (2017) varit till stor hjälp. Resultatet av den litteratursökning som gjorts mynnade ut i relevant forskning som användes och gav svar på kunskapsöversiktens frågeställningar. Kunskapsöversiktens resultat är tematiskt och uppdelat i två huvudfrågor vilka kom att sätta grunden för rådande underrubriker. Resultatet presenterar specifika- och generella matematiksvårigheter samt särskilda utbildningsbehov i matematik (SUM). Resultatet redogör för kognitiva, medicinska, pedagogiska, känslomässiga och miljömässiga förklaringar och faktorer som beskriver varför elever hamnar i matematiksvårigheter. Det framgår även i resultatet flertalet gynnsamma arbetssätt för elever i matematiksvårigheter. I resultatet redovisas: Inkludering, intensivundervisning, kooperativt arbete, formativ bedömning, högläsning, samt läsplatta. Slutsatsen av resultatet påvisar att det finns flertalet lämpliga metoder för att arbeta med elever i matematiksvårigheter. I slutsatsen redogörs även för eventuella konsekvenser av de olika arbetsformerna. Nyckelord: Dyskalkyli, generella matematiksvårigheter, inkludering, kooperativt arbete, matematiksvårigheter, specifika matematiksvårigheter, SUM, särskilt stöd

U ovom radu dizajnirani su naponski kontrolirani oscilatori sa strujnim zrcalom za napajanje. Specifikacije koje su postvljene su centralna frekvencija 2.4 GHz i raspon ugađanja frekvencije +/- 10% od centralne frekvencije. Projektirane su dvije verzije oscilatora s unakrsno spojenim NMOS parom te 2 unakrsno spojena NMOS i PMOS para. Napravljena je optimizacija s obzirom na amplitudu oscilacija, disipaciju snage, frekvencijski raspon ugađanja i fazni šum. In this paper, voltage controlled oscillators with a current mirror power supply are designed. The specifications are: the 2.4 GHz center frequency and the frequency tuning range +/- 10% of the center frequency. Two versions of the oscillator with cross-coupled NMOS pair and 2 cross-coupled NMOS and PMOS pairs have been designed. Optimization was made with respect to oscillation amplitude, power dissipation, frequency tuning range, and phase noise.

Iako najčešće zahvaća gornji respiratorni sustav sa simptomima vrućice, kašlja i umora, novi virus SARS-COV-2 može dovesti do pneumonije i težih komplikacija poput multiorganskog zatajenja. Kako pandemija pogađa sve veći broj osoba, pojavljuju se sve više simptomi koji nisu usko povezani s gornjim dišnjim sustavom. Javljaju se gastrointestinalni simptomi, neurološki i kardiološki simptomi, kožne promjene, te simptomi unutrašnjeg i srednjeg uha, poput gubitka sluha, tinitusa, otalgije i vrtoglavica. Moguća patogeneza virusno-induciranog gubitka sluha je u izravnom oštećenju stuktura unutrašnjeg uha ili u imunološki posredovanom odgovoru. Cilj rada je bio analizirati i prikazati bolesnike s audiovestibularnim simptomima kao kliničkim manifestacijama SARS-COV-2 infekcije. Analizirirali smo 25 bolesnika u dobi između 33 i 70 godina koji su se javili u audiološku ambulantu u vremenu od 01. prosinca 2020. godine do 06. veljače 2021. godine sa simptomima gubitka sluha, tinitusom i vrtoglavicom. Rezultati studije pokazuju da je došlo do akutnog jednostranog gubitka sluha u 2 bolesnika, a do akutnog obostranog u jednog bolesnika tijekom SARS-COV-2 infekcije. U jednog bolesnika došlo je do potpunog oporavka sluha nakon kortikosteroidne terapije, a u dvojice do djelomičnog oporavka. Do gubitka sluha samo u visokim frekvencijama na 4000 i 6000 Hz obostrano, došlo je u 13 bolesnika. Radi se ujedno o najkarakterističnijem i najčešćem nalazu sluha. Također vidimo da je došlo do egzacerbacije tinitusa u 4 bolesnika, a do novonastalnog tinitusa u 11 bolesnika. Vrtoglavica se javila u 3 bolesnika i radi se o novonastalim vrtoglavicama. Iako smo otkrili vezu između koronavirusa i gubitka sluha, tinitisa i vrtoglavice, još uvijek ne znamo prevalenciju audioloških manifestacija bolesti, jer je i dalje fokus na težim i životno ugrožavajućim stanjima, pa se smetnje sluha i ravnoteže često zanemaruju ili se čeka na mogući spontani oporavak i time gubi dragocjeno vrijeme za liječenje i mogući brži oporavak.

Early efforts in order to be able to detect and remedy mathematical difficulties are of great importance for students mathematical knowledge development. Students in need of special education in mathematics (SEM) all have the same right to, based on their ability, receive the right guidance and stimulus for optimal development. The purpose of this study is to investigate which changes in the basic number sense comprehension of students in SEM can be detected after an intervention with Vektor and how this change manifests itself. A group of students age 6-7 and educators participated in the study. The study was conducted through both student interviews and an intervention. Before and after the intervention, the students were interviewed in order to discover whether the intervention has contributed to any changes in the students basic number sense comprehension. The results of the study show that the change in the understanding of number sense has been predominantly positive for the students who participated in the study. The semiconcrete representations that are in the application have been supportive during the work. Both for the students who need to consolidate their knowledge and the students who with the help oft the support have been able to generalize their previous knowledge. The conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that Vektor, as a complement to good teacher-led teaching, can contribute to SEM students mathematical development. From a special educational perspective, Vektor, through its adaptive ability, is a good tool for stimulating and motivating students in SEM. This means that the combination of Vektor and teacher-led teaching can create increased accessibility to mathematics for all students.

Este documento plantea el proceso y la aplicación de una investigación que diseñó una estrategia didáctica mediada por las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicación (TIC) para promover el aprendizaje de la operación adición a un niño con Síndrome Down. Esta buscó determinar el desarrollo de la noción suma a través de una prueba diagnóstica para diseñar y aplicar actividades que fortalecerían la operación adición. Finalmente, a través de la observación y los resultados propios de la estrategia se evaluó su efectividad, permitiendo de esta manera realizar modificaciones finales a la estrategia. Guiados por el paradigma cualitativo y teniendo como diseño metodológico el estudio de caso, se buscó mejorar las prácticas educativas. Mediante la estrategia didáctica se orientaron los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la dimensión matemática, más específicamente la operación adición, en un niño con síndrome Down. La estrategia destaca la importancia de generar inclusión en el sistema educativo a niños Down para favorecer el aprendizaje en matemáticas y en la operación adición, siendo esta propuesta una forma de intervenir tanto en el trastorno como en los procesos de aprendizaje. A través de la estrategia se desarrolló el aprendizaje de una noción matemática adecuada teniendo en cuenta que el trastorno hace hincapié en procesos cognitivos y de aprendizaje, de modo que, el trastorno es una variable que se relaciona en el diseño y desarrollo de las actividades. Esto facilitó la atención en las clases virtuales generando un impacto significativo en el niño Down, afrontando la pandemia actual y sintiéndose motivado por el contexto educativo virtual. Introducción 15 Capítulo I. Planteamiento del Problema 16 Descripción del Problema 16 Justificación 19 Supuestos de investigación 22 Objetivos 23 Objetivo General. 23 Objetivos Específicos. 23 Capítulo II. Marco de Teórico y Referencial 24 La Inclusión 25 Aproximación sobre la educación inclusiva. 29 El ambiente de aprendizaje del aula inclusiva 31 Estrategias de Enseñanza de las Matemáticas 34 Uso De La Tecnología 36 Estado del arte 38 Antecedentes 38 Antecedentes Internacionales 38 Antecedentes Nacionales 42 Antecedentes Locales 44 Marco Conceptual 46 9 Síndrome de Down (Sd) 46 Definición 46 Características Psicológicas y del Aprendizaje en Personas con SD 49 Marco Normativo 51 Capítulo III. Metodología 54 Método de estudio 54 Fases método de investigación 55 Fases del proceso 56 Fase de reflexión 56 Fase de observación y diagnóstico. 57 Fase de planificación. 61 Fase de ejecución. 63 Población, Participantes y Selección de la Muestra 64 Instrumentos de recolección de datos 64 Prueba diagnóstica 65 Observación – Diarios Pedagógicos 65 Rejillas de relación y análisis 67 Consentimientos Informados 67 Herramientas Mediada por las TIC 68 Procedimiento en la aplicación de instrumentos 69 Análisis de datos 69 Diseño de la estrategia 69 Categorías 72 Planificación del Proceso de Enseñanza 72 Estrategias Didácticas mediada por las TIC 73 Recursos 74 Perfil del Maestro 75 Desarrollo y aplicación de la estrategia 76 Categorías 78 Funcionamientos Cognitivos 78 Motivación y Autoestima 79 Aspectos Relevantes Frente al SD 80 Triangulación 81 Capítulo IV. Resultados 84 Resultados Categorías: Diseño de la Estrategia 86 Planificación del proceso de enseñanza 86 Estrategia Didáctica mediada por las TIC 87 Recursos 90 Perfil Maestro 91 Resultados categorías: Desarrollo y aplicación de la estrategia 93 Funciones Cognitivas 93 Motivación y Autoestima 96 Aspectos Relevantes del SD 97 Capítulo V Conclusiones 99 Hallazgos 99 Recomendaciones 105 Referencia 108 Apéndices 115 Maestría This document presents the process and the application of an investigation that tried to design a didactic strategy mediated by ICT (Information and Communication Technology) to promote the learning of the addition operation to a child with Down Syndrome. As specific objectives, the development of the sum notion was first determined through a diagnostic test, then activities were designed and applied to strengthen the addition operation. Finally, through observation and the results of the strategy, its effectiveness was evaluated. This allowed for modifications to the strategy. Guided by the qualitative paradigm and having the case study as a methodological design, we sought to improve educational practices. Through the didactic strategy, the teaching and learning processes were oriented in the mathematical dimension, more specifically the addition operation, in a child with Down syndrome. The strategy highlights the importance of generating inclusion in the educational system for Down children to promote learning in mathematics and in the addition operation, this proposal being a way of intervening both in the disorder and in the learning processes. Through the strategy, the learning of an adequate mathematical notion was developed, taking into account that the disorder emphasizes cognitive and learning processes, so that the disorder is a variable that is related in the design and development of activities. This facilitated attention in virtual classes generating a significant impact on the Down child, facing the current pandemic and feeling motivated by the virtual educational context.

International audience; Several studies suggest that neurons from the lateral region of the SuM (SuML) innervating the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) display a dual GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission and are specifically activated during paradoxical (REM) sleep (PS). The objective of the present study is to characterize the anatomical, neurochemical and electrophysiological properties of the SuML-DG projection neurons and to determine how they control DG oscillations and neuronal activation during PS and other vigilance states. For this purpose, we combine structural connectivity techniques using neurotropic viral vectors (rabies virus, AAV), neurochemical anatomy (immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization) and imaging (light, electron and confocal microscopy) with in vitro (patch clamp) and in vivo (LFP, EEG) optogenetic and electrophysiological recordings performed in transgenic VGLUT2-cre male mice. At the cellular level, we show that the SuML-DG neurons co-release GABA and glutamate on dentate granule cells and increase the activity of a subset of DG granule cells. At the network level, we show that activation of the SuML-DG pathway increases theta power and frequency during PS as well as gamma power during PS and waking in the DG. At the behavioral level, we show that the activation of this pathway does not change animal behavior during PS, induces awakening during slow wave sleep and increases motor activity during waking. These results suggest that the SuML-DG pathway is capable of supporting the increase of theta and gamma power in the DG observed during PS and plays an important modulatory role of DG network activity during this state.

In the paper, by virtue of the binomial inversion formula, a general formula of higher order derivatives for a ratio of two differentiable function, and other techniques, the authors compute several sums in terms of the beta function and its partial derivatives, polygamma functions, the Gauss hypergeometric function, and a determinant. These results generalize known ones in combinatorics. This preprint has been formally published as "Feng Qi and Chuan-Jun Huang, Computing sums in terms of beta, polygamma, and Gauss hypergeometric functions, Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales Serie A Matematicas, Vol. 114, Paper No. 191, 9 pages (2020); available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-020-00927-y."

Glavni cilj ovog rada je analiza nepristranih igara. U tu svrhu objašnjene su neke strategije koje se javljaju u kombinatornim igrama. Kako bi pokazali posebna svojstva koje imaju nepristrane igre, definirane su pozicije i opcije u igri, te suma igara. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na igru nim pomoću koje je definirana vrijednost pod nazivom nimberi. To je klasa beskrajno malih vrijednosti koje se ne ponašaju kao nijedna vrijednost s kojima smo se do sada susreli, a poprimaju je nepristrane igre. Jedan od najbitnijih rezultata ovog rada je Sprague-grundy teorem po kojem je svaka nepristrana igra ekvivalenta nim-hrpi. Zbog toga igra nim ima veliku ulogu u analizi nepristranih igara., The main objective of this master’s thesis is the analysis of impartial games. For this purpose, some strategies that occur in combinatorial games are explained. In order to show the special properties that impartial games have, positions and options in the game are defined, as well as the sum of games. Special emphasis is placed on the game nim by which is defined the value nimbers. It is a class of infinitesimals that do not behave like any values that we have yet encountered. They occur naturally as the values of the impartial game. One of the most important results of this master’s is Sprague-grundy theorem according to which any impartial game is equivalent to a nim-heap. Therefore, nim plays a mayor role in the analysis of impartial games.

U ovom radu opisan je matematički model zvuka. Opisano je nastajanje zvuka u nekoj prostoriji na mjestu slušatelja, što podrazumijeva opis direktnog zvuka, ranih refleksija i odjeka prostorije. Uz te opise, kratko je navedeno što je to akustički komfor i kako su navedeni modeli primjenjivi u stvarnosti, te zašto je akustička obrada prostora bitna. U privitku rada nalazi se programski kod za simulator akustike prostora, a u radu su opisane metode simulacije zvuka na računalu općenito, kao i konkretna implementacija simulatora iz privitka. This paper describes a mathematical model of sound. The formation of sound in a room in the place of the listener is described, which implies a description of direct sound, early reflections and impulse response of a room. In addition to this, the paper briefly describes what acoustic comfort is and how the examples given are useful in reality, and why acoustic treatment of rooms is important. Attached to the paper is the program code for the room acoustics simulator, and the paper describes the methods of sound simulation on a computer in general, as well as the specific implementation of the simulator from the attachment.

The article analyzes the rates of credit turnover by branches of the economy and by types of loans using indicators of the dynamic range, indices of average values and aggregate indicators. The purpose of the article is to provide a business case for efficiently managing credit resources in commercial banks based on a factor analysis of credit turnover by sector of the economy as a condition for optimizing a bank’s activities. The analysis of the literature shows that the management of credit resources in commercial banks is limited to the use of Western methods that are not adapted to the Ukrainian reality. The relevance of the article is the need to use the methods of economic and mathematical modeling to optimize the process of managing borrowed funds in the banking industry of Ukraine. Calculated average balances of credit investments. The article analyzes the hourly repayment of interest on loans by enterprises. Calculations of the volume of credit turnover are based on real indicators of the financial statements of Credit Agricole Bank. The study period was elected 2016-2017. Calculated the share of loans by industry in the portfolio of the bank. Defined one-day turnover on the repayment of bank loans by business entities. Calculated the duration of use of bank loans by business entities. The factors affecting the change in the rate of turnover of credit operations using the index method are analyzed. The index of the average duration of use of the loan of a constant composition is calculated. The average duration of use of bank loans by business entities has been determined. The structural change index, variable composition index, constant composition index, structure influence index are calculated. The article used the methods of factor analysis, probability theory, methods of economic and mathematical statistics. The effectiveness of borrowed funds management in the banking industry of Ukraine (on the example of Credit Agricole Bank) was confirmed by the data of a factor analysis of the loan turnover. The system of tasks solved by the proposed models includes the calculation of reasonable limits for attracting each type of resources and the effective interest rate to ensure increasing returns from the production of bank credit products and an increase in the share of the banking sector in creating the gross domestic product of the country. В статті проаналізовано темпи кредитного обороту по галузях економіки і за видами кредитів з використанням показників динамічного діапазону, індексів середніх значень і сукупних показників. Мета статті полягає в економічному обґрунтуванні ефективності управління кредитними ресурсами в комерційних банках на основі факторного аналізу кредитного обороту по галузях економіки як умови оптимізації діяльності банку. Опрацювання літератури засвідчує, що управління кредитними ресурсами в комерційних банках обмежується застосуванням неадаптованих до українських реалій західних методик. Актуальність статті полягає в необхідності використання методів економіко-математичного моделювання для оптимізації процесу управління позиковими коштами в банківській індустрії України. Розраховані середні залишки кредитних вкладень. Аналізується погашення кредитів суб'єктами господарювання. Розрахунки обсягів кредитного обороту спираються на реальні показники фінансової звітності Креді Агріколь Банку. Періодом дослідження обрано 2016-2017 роки. Розрахована частка кредитів по галузях у портфелі банку. Виконано розрахунки одноденного обороту з погашення банківських кредитів суб'єктами господарювання. Розрахована тривалість використання банківських кредитів суб'єктами господарювання. Проаналізовано фактори, які впливають на зміну швидкості обороту кредитних операцій з використанням індексного методу. Наведено розрахунки індексу середньої тривалості використання кредиту постійного складу. Визначено середня тривалість використання банківських кредитів суб'єктами господарювання. Розраховані індекс структурних змін, індекси змінного і постійного складу, індекс впливу структури. У статті використано методи факторного аналізу, теорії ймовірності, методи економіко-математичної статистики. Ефективність управління позиковими коштами в банківській індустрії України (на прикладі Креді Агріколь Банку) була підтверджена даними факторного аналізу оборотності кредитів. В систему завдань, що вирішуються пропонованими моделями, включається розрахунок обґрунтованих меж залучення кожного виду ресурсів і ефективної процентної ставки для забезпечення зростаючої віддачі від виробництва банківських кредитних продуктів та підвищення частки банківського сектора у створенні валового внутрішнього продукту країни.

In the paper, the authors find the sum of the Lah numbers and make sure that the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function 1F1(n+ 1; 2; z) has only n− 1real and negative zeros.

در سال‌های اخیر با پیشرفت فن‌آوری‌های جمع‌آوری و مدیریت‌داده، پایگاه‌داده‌های بسیار بزرگ پدیدار شده‌اند. بسیاری از پرس‌وجوهای تجزیه‌ و تحلیل بر اساس ماهیتشان به تجمیع و خلاصه‌سازی بخش‌­های بزرگی از داده­‌های در حال تجزیه ‌و تحلیل نیاز دارند. مسئله اصلی در حیطه‌ی پایگاه داده پردازش کارآمد پرس‌وجو مخصوصاً در سیستم‌های لحظه‌ای[1] است که نیازمند رسیدن به جواب آنی می‌باشد تا اینکه کاربر زمان زیادی را برای دریافت پاسخ صرف نکند. (AQP (Approximate Query Processingبه‌عنوان روشی جایگزین برای پردازش پرس‌وجو‌ در محیط‌هایی که ارائه یک پاسخ دقیق زمان‌بر است، با هدف ارائه پاسخ تخمینی، کاهش زمان پاسخ را با حذف یا کاهش تعداد دسترسی‌ها به داده‌ی پایه میسر می‌سازد. پردازش [2]In-Database عملکرد شبکه‌های کامپیوتری را بهبود بخشیده و به طراحی مناسب پرس‌وجو‌ها با نتایج نسبتاً سریع و دقیق کمک می‌کند. در این پژوهش عملیات تجمیع (Sum) در پایگاه داده PostgreSQL روی داده‌های رستری بارش به دو روش معمولی و بهینه پیشنهاد شده، انجام شده است. بررسی نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سرعت اجرای تابع Sum با خوشه‌بندی، 2/27 برابر اجرای این تابع بدون خوشه‌بندی است و میانگین اختلاف عددی پیکسل‌های حاصل از اجرای تابع Sum بهینه با اجرای تابع معمولی آن 028/0 می‌باشد.میانگین زمان اجرای پرس‌وجوهای معمولی و بهینه برای تابع Sum به ترتیب 211 و 754/7 ثانیه می‌باشد که نشانگر کارآمد بودن روش پیشنهاد شده در این تحقیق می‌باشد. نتایج تحقیق حاضر که در حقیقت کاهش معنی دار زمان پاسخ آنالیزهای داخل پایگاه داده‌ای در داده‌های رستری می‌باشد، می‌تواند در ارائه سرویس‌های رئال تایم تحت وب مانند هواشناسی، ترافیک و ... که نیازمند تحلیل‌های آنی و جواب لحظه‌ای می‌باشند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. [1]- Real time [2]- درون پایگاه‌داده

Cossette, Marceau, and Perreault derived formulas for aggregation and capital allocation based on risks following two bivariate exponential distributions. Here, we derive formulas for aggregation and capital allocation for 18 mostly commonly known families of bivariate distributions. This collection of formulas could be a useful reference for financial risk management.

Several studies suggest that neurons from the lateral region of the SuM (SuML) innervating the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) display a dual GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission and are specifically activated during paradoxical (REM) sleep (PS). The objective of the present study is to characterize the anatomical, neurochemical and electrophysiological properties of the SuML-DG projection neurons and to determine how they control DG oscillations and neuronal activation during PS and other vigilance states. For this purpose, we combine structural connectivity techniques using neurotropic viral vectors (rabies virus, AAV), neurochemical anatomy (immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization) and imaging (light, electron and confocal microscopy) with in vitro (patch clamp) and in vivo (LFP, EEG) optogenetic and electrophysiological recordings performed in transgenic VGLUT2-cre male mice. At the cellular level, we show that the SuML-DG neurons co-release GABA and glutamate on dentate granule cells and increase the activity of a subset of DG granule cells. At the network level, we show that activation of the SuML-DG pathway increases theta power and frequency during PS as well as gamma power during PS and waking in the DG. At the behavioral level, we show that the activation of this pathway does not change animal behavior during PS, induces awakening during slow wave sleep and increases motor activity during waking. These results suggest that the SuML-DG pathway is capable of supporting the increase of theta and gamma power in the DG observed during PS and plays an important modulatory role of DG network activity during this state.

In the paper, the authors review origins, motivations, and generalizations of a series of inequalities involving several exponential functions and sums, establish three new inequalities involving finite exponential functions and sums by finding convexity of a function related to the generating function of the Bernoulli numbers, survey the history, backgrounds, generalizations, logarithmically complete monotonicity, and applications of a series of ratios of finite gamma functions, present complete monotonicity of a linear combination of finite trigamma functions, construct a new ratio of finite gamma functions, derives monotonicity, logarithmic convexity, concavity, complete monotonicity, and the Bernstein function property of the newly constructed ratio of finite gamma functions, and suggest two linear combinations of finite trigamma functions and two ratios of finite gamma functions to be investigated., 21 pages

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon used to study materials by recording the interaction of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiations with the nuclei placed in a strong magnetic field. The spectroscopic technique, used to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei, is called NMR spectroscopy. Modern NMR spectroscopy measurements, especially in condensed matter physics, have a trend of continuous decrease of magnitude of receiving signals, which is a problem because, as response signal levels decrease, the background noise of the used NMR spectroscopy systems gradually becomes a bigger problem. Indeed, the assurance of high measuring sensitivity is one of the most challenging issues for any NMR spectroscopy system today. In this thesis, an accurate noise model of the entire probe-to-spectrometer receiving chain for condensed matter physics is proposed. It is based on the concept of noise figure. The model predicts both the signal and noise levels in every component of the NMR spectroscopy receiving chain. Furthermore, it enables identification of the "weakest" component and, therefore, the optimization of the whole system. The most important property of the proposed model is the possibility to find system parameters that reduce the measurement time by an a priori calculation, rather than an a posteriori approach. The model was tested experimentally by NMR measurements on several different samples. It was found that the measurement time can still be significantly shortened, down to at least one half of the measurement time, starting from optimized conditions with commercially available components. Thus, the proposed model can be used as a tool for both quantitative analysis of the noise properties and a sensitivity prediction of practical NMR systems in physics and material science. A Python-written program, which calculates noise figure and predicts input and output signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the NMR receiving chain, based on the described noise model of the receiving chain, has been created and made available online. Additionally, an electromagnetic model of the NMR probe, which predicts SNR level at its output, has been developed and presented in this thesis. This model has been compared to the proposed noise model of the receiving chain, and the comparison results showed to be satisfactory. Finally, two possible upgrades of NMR preamplifiers: one in terms of power gain level enhancement with the addition of a second stage amplifier, and the other in terms of a new proposed scheme, PCB layout and proper electronic components selection for the NMR preamplifier, have been proposed in order to further improve noise properties of the NMR spectroscopy system receiving chain. Ovaj doktorski rad opisuje rezultate istraživanja u području niskošumnih radiofrekvencijskih (RF) prijemnika za primjenu u sustavima kriogene spektroskopije nuklearne magnetske rezonancije (NMR spektroskopije). Najveći problem u konstrukciji RF prijemnika sustava kriogene NMR spektroskopije jest mali odnos signal-šum koji ograničava osjetljivost sustava. Taj se problem u komercijalnim NMR sustavima u fizici kondenzirane tvari obično rješava korištenjem kriogeničke antene-sonde i usrednjavanjem rezultata mjerenja. Iako je usrednjavanje signala efikasno, ono uzrokuje vrlo dugo vrijeme mjerenja, koje ponekad prelazi i 10 sati. U ovoj disertaciji predlaže se metoda skraćenja vremena mjerenja zasnovana na optimizaciji šumnih svojstava sklopovlja cjelokupnog prijemnog lanca kriogene NMR spektroskopije. Postignuti teorijski i eksperimentalni rezultati pokazuju da je optimizacijom komponenti i njihovog položaja u mjernom lancu moguće skratiti ukupno vrijeme mjerenja na manje od 50% početne vrijednosti. U ovome radu primjenjuje se znanje mikrovalne i RF elektronike na sustavima NMR spektroskopije korištenih u fizici kondenzirane tvari s ciljem teorijskog i numeričkog opisa navedenih sustava sa stajališta šuma. Na ovaj način moguće je odrediti usko grlo sustava NMR spektroskopije i njegova ograničenja te predložiti potencijalna unapređenja uskog grla, kao i cjelokupnog sustava, s ciljem maksimalnog povećanja mjerne osjetljivosti. Ideja rada je da razvijene metode budu razumljive i fizičarima čvrstog stanja, kao i RF inženjerima. Prvi dio rada opisuje princip NMR-a, metodu NMR spektroskopije i sustave NMR spektroskopije koji se koriste u fizici kondenzirane tvari. Na taj način RF inženjeri imaju kratak uvod u vrstu sustava koji će biti analiziran i poboljšavan. S druge strane, ovdje se pripadnici fizičarske zajednice mogu ili podsjetiti, ili mogu učvrstiti svoje znanje o NMR-u. U drugome dijelu rada prelazi se sa pogleda na sustave NMR spektroskopije sa stajališta fizičara čvrstog stanja na pogled sa strane RF inženjera, gdje se navedeni sustavi analiziraju koristeći koncept faktora šuma. Nadalje, određena su uska grla sustava NMR spektroskopije, te su predložena odgovarajuća poboljšanja. Nadalje, dana je osnovna definicija šuma i njegovih glavnih svojstava, kao i konkretan opis šuma u sustavima NMR spektroskopije, s ciljem da fizičari čvrstog stanja utvrde njegove mehanizme nastajanja, njegova svojstva i ograničenja sustava koja diktira šum. Između ostaloga, ovaj dio rada služi i kako bi se RF inženjerima prikazalo korištenje njihovih alata na sustavu NMR spektroskopije. S druge strane, fizičari čvrstog stanja mogu utvrditi razloge kako i zašto implementirana poboljšanja sustava NMR spektroskopije rade, njihova ograničenja, te moguće dodatne nadogradnje koje znatno mogu povećati mjernu osjetljivost sustava. U 1. poglavlju (“Introduction” – „Uvod”) dana je motivacija koja se krije iza samog istraživanja u ovome radu. Navode se osnovna ograničenja postojeće NMR tehnologije, s posebnim naglaskom na problematiku osjetljivosti prijemnog sustava, i daje pregled tradicionalnih rješenja u sustavima kriogene NMR spektroskopije u fizici kondenzirane tvari. Ističe se nužnost interdisciplinarnog pristupa zbog potrebe za znanjima iz RF inženjerstva, elektronike i fizike. U 2. poglavlju (“Nuclear magnetic resonance” – „Nuklearna magnetska rezonancija”) daje se pregled fizikalnih osnova, počevši od kvantnih veličina nuklearnoga spina i gradijenta električnog polja, preko mjerenja izmjeničnoga odziva jezgre, pa sve do uspostavljanja njezine spektralne karakteristike. Opisani su principi NMR-a i nuklearne kvadrupolne rezonancije (NQR-a) te metoda NMR spektroskopije. Opisana su dva osnovna tipa mjerenja: tzv. free induction decay (FID) mjerenje i tzv. spin-echo mjerenje, te su dani primjeri tri osnovna mjerenja: tzv. longitudinalnog relaksacijskog vremena (T1), tzv. transverzalnog relaksacijskog vremena (T2) i frekvencijskog spektra odzivnog signala. Navode se inženjerski parametri NMR sustava i naglašava potreba optimizacije u cilju skraćenja vremena mjerenja. Daju se fizikalne informacije koje se mogu dobiti pravilnom interpretacijom NMR mjerenja. Na kraju poglavlja navedene su osnovne primjene sustava NMR spektroskopije. U 3. poglavlju (“The system of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy” – „Sustav spektroskopije nuklearne magnetske rezonancije”) dan je opis općenitog načina rada sustava NMR spektroskopije koji se koriste u fizici kondenzirane tvari. Opisuje se eksperimentalni sustav kriogene NMR spektroskopije za primjenu u fizici kondenzirane tvari kao RF odašiljački lanac koji preko male magnetske antene pobuđuje mjerni uzorak, dok se elektromagnetski (EM) odziv uzorka, uzrokovan Larmorovom precesijom, obrađuje u prijemnom lancu. Također, dan je detaljan pregled najvažnijih dijelova sustava (a to su spektrometar, duplekser, sonda i predpojačalo) i njihovih funkcija – kao dio sustava, ali i kao zasebnih elemenata. Na kraju poglavlja daju se osnovni teorijski principi, kao i inženjerski parametri sustava s primjerima raspoloživih tehnoloških rješenja. U 4. poglavlju (“Noise in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy system” – „Šum u sustavu spektroskopije nuklearne magnetske rezonancije”) predstavljen je koncept šuma. Osnovni tipovi šuma (termički šum, 1= f šum i šum sačme) koji se javljaju u svim RF prijemničkim sustavima, pa tako i u prijemničkom sustavu NMR spektroskopije, opisani su u ovome poglavlju, a najvažniji elementi sustava NMR spektroskopije raspoređeni su prema tipu šuma koji je u njima dominantan. Također, uvedena je mjera koja uspoređuje razinu željenog signala s razinom neželjenog pozadinskog šuma (tzv. odnos signal-šum), kao i mjera koja opisuje degradaciju odnosa signal-šum kroz sustav (tzv. faktor šuma). Na kraju poglavlja daje se pregled metoda analize lanca šumnih četveropola. U 5. poglavlju (“Electromagnetic model of the probe” – „Elektromagnetski model sonde”) opisan je razvijeni elektromagnetski model NMR sonde koji služi za procjenu odnosa signal-šum na izlaznim krajevima sonde. Pokazuje se da se sonda sustava NMR spektroskopije može modelirati kao mala antena-petlja (magnetski dipol) koja radi u bliskome polju. Izvedeni su aproksimativni izrazi za inducirani prijemni signal i odnos signal-šum, uzevši u obzir temperaturni gradijent okoline. U 6. poglavlju (“Noise model of the receiving chain” – „Šumni model prijemničkog lanca”) opisan je razvijeni model najosjetljivijeg dijela sustava NMR spektroskopije sa stajališta šuma–njegovog prijemnog lanca. Predloženi model omogućuje predikciju i optimizaciju osjetljivosti sustava. Izvedeni izraz koji opisuje šumna svojstva prijemnog lanca dan je u ovome poglavlju, kao i opis njegova izvoda, te zaključke koji se mogu izvući iz navedenog izraza. Predloženi model zasnovan je na faktoru šuma kaskade četveropola koji se nalaze na različitim temperaturama. Uvodi se efektivni odnos signal-šum koji uzima u obzir sklopovske i programske postavke spektrometra, uključujući i usrednjavanja signala. U 7. poglavlju (“Experimental verification of the developed models” – „Eksperimentalna verifikacija razvijenih modela”) prikazana je eksperimentalna verifikacija modela prezentiranih u prethodna dva poglavlja. Također, navedeni modeli uspoređeni su međusobno, čime je njihova točnost analizirana, testirana i verificirana. Opisana su mjerenja nekoliko različitih uzoraka s različitom sklopovskom organizacijom sustava i različitim programskim postavkama. Rezultati potvrđuju ispravnost razvijenog modela i pokazuju da je optimizacijom parametara sustava, u slučaju mjerenja uzoraka sa slabim odzivom, moguće skratiti vrijeme mjerenja na manje od 50% početne vrijednosti. Na kraju, potencijalna poboljšanja sustava NMR spektroskopije su analizirana, komentirana i predložena. U 8. poglavlju (“Design and optimization of high-gain and low-noise NMR preamplifiers” – „Projektiranje i optimizacija niskošumnih NMR predpojačala visokog pojačanja”) dan je teorijski prikaz općenitog procesa dizajna i optimizacije mikrovalnih niskošumnih pojačala. Daje se pregled standardnih metoda projektiranja jednostupanjskih i dvostupanjskih predpojačala s naglašavanjem specifičnosti dizajna za NMR sustave. Nadalje, prikazan je praktični primjer optimizacije komercijalnog kriogenog niskošumnog NMR predpojačala dodavanjem drugog stupnja pojačanja. Konačno, prikazan je praktični primjer analize, dizajniranja i konstrukcije niskošumnog NMR predpojačala visokog pojačanja. Projektirano je i konstruirano NMR predpojačalo s HEMT-ovima kao aktivnim elementima, izmjereni su njegovi parametri i uspoređeni su s komercijalnim NMR predpojačalima. U Zaključku (“Conclusion” – „Zaključak”) predstavljen je summa summarum zaključaka cijelog istraživanja. Pokazano je da je pravilnim odabirom ključnih komponenata sustava NMR spektroskopije moguće skratiti trajanje NMR mjerenja na jednu polovinu početnog trajanja. Također, pokazano je da su potencijalne nadogradnje sustava NMR spektroskopije daleko od svojih gornjih granica, što znači da postoji i više nego dovoljno prostora za relativno lako postizanje povećanja mjerne osjetljivosti u ovakvim sustavima. Dakle, sažeti su svi postignuti rezultati istraživanja, ukratko je objašnjena njihova izvornost i dane su preporuke za buduća istraživanja. Konačno, u dodatku na kraju rada (“Appendix A. Receiving chain noise figure calculator” – „Dodatak A. Kalkulator faktora šuma prijemničkog lanca”) nalazi se programski kôd, napisan u programskom jeziku Python, a koji služi za izračun faktora šuma prijemnog lanca sustava NMR spektroskopije, kao i za procjenu odnosa signal-šum na ulazu, odnosno izlazu, navedenog lanca. Ovaj programski kôd temelji se na šumnome modelu prijemnog lanca NMR spektroskopije opisanome u 6. poglavlju. Navedeni program dostupan je online korištenjem GitHub-a ili Dropbox-a, a poveznice na program dostupne su u popisu literature ovog doktorskog rada. U rezultatima istraživanja opisanoga u ovoj disertaciji ostvareni su sljedeći izvorni znanstveni doprinosi: • Model šumnih svojstava antene-sonde i prijemnog lanca sustava kriogene NMR spektroskopije • Poboljšanje mjerne osjetljivosti prijemnog lanca sustava kriogene NMR spektroskopije s ciljem smanjenja vremena mjerenja • Optimizacija parametara radiofrekvencijskog predpojačala kriogene NMR spektroskopije s ciljem poboljšanja odnosa signal-šum i eksperimentalna verifikacija Zaključak istraživanja opisanoga u ovoj disertaciji je sljedeći: Najveći problem kod današnjih mjerenja NMR spektroskopijom, posebno u fizici kondenzirane tvari, jest kontinuirani trend smanjenja razina odzivnih signala. Kako se razine odzivnih signala smanjuju, pozadinski šum korištenih sustava NMR spektroskopije postepeno postaje sve veći problem. Usrednjavanje rezultata više mjerenja, koje se u zadnjih tridesetak godina pokazalo kao moćan alat prilikom raznih mjerenja signala niskih razina, počinje konzumirati znatne količine vremena: neka današnja NMR mjerenja mogu potrajati i preko 10 sati. Primijenjene nadogradnje, poput procesa kriogeničkog hlađenja NMR sonde i, u novije vrijeme, NMR predpojačala, pokazuju vidljiva poboljšanja sustava NMR spektroskopije, ali te su nadogradnje utvrđene empirijski, bez dubljeg razumijevanja njihovih načina rada ili njihovih gornjih granica. Znanstveno istraživanje, opisano u ovoj disertaciji, izrodilo je teorijski opis najosjetljivijeg dijela sustava NMR spektroskopije sa stajališta šuma, što je njegov prijemni lanac, a točnost ovog teorijskog opisa potvrđena je i eksperimentalno i numerički. Nadalje, izveden je elektromagnetski model sonde koji omogućuje predikciju odnosa signal-šum na njenom izlazu, a taj model uspoređen je sa razvijenim modelom prijemnog lanca sustava NMR spektroskopije. Rezultati usporedbe potvrdili su točnost oba razvijena modela. Ne samo da razvijeni teorijski opis prijemnog lanca sustava NMR spektroskopije objašnjava kako i zašto primijenjene nadogradnje sustava rade, nego su i jasno vidljiva potencijalna buduća poboljšanja sustava. Pokazano je da je pažljivim odabirom ključnih elemenata sustava NMR spektroskopije moguće skratiti vremena mjerenja na manje od polovice početne vrijednosti. Također je pokazano da su primijenjene nadogradnje sustava daleko od svojih gornjih granica, što znači da postoji dovoljno mjesta da se i već primijenjene nadogradnje znatno poboljšaju na relativno jednostavne načine. Na kraju, predložena su dva potencijalna poboljšanja NMR predpojačala: prvo je povećanje razine pojačanja dodavanjem drugog stupnja pojačanja, a drugo je nova predložena shema, dizajn tiskane pločice i pravilni odabir elektroničkih komponenti za NMR predpojačalo, oboje s ciljem dodatnog poboljšanja šumnih svojstava prijemnog lanca sustava NMR spektroskopije.

Förskoleklassen har en speciell position mellan två skilda kulturer där utveckling och lärande har olika betydelse. Avhandlingens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om förskoleklasslärares möjligheter att följa och främja alla elevers utveckling och lärande i matematik. Avhandlingen består av fyra studier. Studie I utgjordes av en intervention med en intervention- och en kontrollgrupp som både följdes genom observationer och utvärderades genom för- och eftertest. Interventionen bestod av undervisningsmaterialet Tänka, resonera och räkna i förskoleklass (TRR), samt tillhörande fortbildning. Två uppföljningsstudier genomfördes. I Studie II undersöktes vilka effekter TRR hade på matematikutvecklingen på kort och lång sikt. Studie III undersökte eventuella skillnader på nationella provet gällande prestation på olika matematikområden. Slutligen i studie IV undersöktes genom en textanalys, hur policydokument har potential att styra införandet av bedömningsstödet Hitta matematiken (HM) i förskoleklass utifrån framskrivandet av eleven, matematiken och bedömning. Genom studie I, II och IV besvaras hur stöd- och undervisningsmaterial formar förskoleklasslärares föreställningar och förmågor relativt matematik, bedömning och elever som riskerar att hamna i matematiksvårigheter. Studie I, II och III besvarar hur TRR påverkar kunskapsutveckling i matematik hos elever som riskerar att hamna i matematiksvårigheter (i-risk-elever) på såväl kort som lång sikt. Resultaten i avhandlingen visar att förskoleklasslärares förmåga att följa i-risk-elevers kunskapsutveckling i TRR ökade med förskoleklasslärarnas medvetenhet om sina egna ämneskunskaper. Denna ökning ägde rum trots att bedömning var en perifer aspekt i TRR. Resultaten visar vidare att med TRR blev tillfällen för bedömning en naturligt integrerad process i undervisningen. I vilken förskoleklasslärarna i sina bedömningar identifierade innehåll i undervisningen och svårigheter i lärandet av ett matematiskt innehåll snarare än elever. Detta skiljer sig från bedömningsstödet, för vilket resultatet visar att bedömnings-tillfällen framställs som en avgränsad planerad aktivitet där målet är just att kontrollera elevernas kunskaper. Bedömning är i bedömningsstödet, i motsats till i TRR, framställd som ett behov att fånga elevens inre föreställningar, tänkande och brister. Resultaten visar också att elevernas kunskapsutveckling var större i TRR-gruppen än i kontrollgruppen, särskilt för i-risk-elever. Detta indikerar att inkluderande matematikundervisning med fokus på resonemang om representationer av tal ger möjligheter att utveckla god räkneförmåga för alla elever och är särskilt stödjande för i-risk-elevers lärande. Avhandlingens resultat visar alltså en positiv effekt för i-risk-elever, och kanske lika viktigt, inga indikationer på att TRR skulle vara sämre för elever som inte är en i-risk-elev. The Swedish preschool-class is a unique type of schooling between preschool and school, intended as a bridge between two cultures, where development and learning have different meanings. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of preschool-class teachers’ opportunities to track and promote the development and learning of all students in mathematics. The thesis consists of four studies. Study I was a controlled intervention. The intervention consisted of the teaching material Think, reason and count in preschool-class (TRC) and an auxiliary professional development programme. Both the TRC group and the control group were followed by observations and evaluated by pre- and post-tests. Two follow-up studies were carried out. Study II investigated the effect of TRC on mathematics development in the short and long term. Study III looked further into differences in results on the subtests of the national test in grade 3. Study IV examined how the student, mathematics and assessment are fabricated in policy documents regarding the imposition of the assessment material for preschool-class, Find the mathematics (FM). Together, Study I, II and IV answer how support and teaching materials shape preschool-class teachers’ ideas and abilities regarding mathematics, assessment and students at risk of mathematical difficulties. Study I, II and III answer how TRC affects the mathematical development of students who are at risk of mathematics difficulties (at-risk-students) in the short and long term. The results show that, with TRC, the preschool-class teachers’ ability to track the knowledge development of at-risk-students increased with awareness of the teachers’ own subject knowledge, despite the fact that assessment was a peripheral aspect of TRC. The results show that, with TRC, assessment became a naturally integrated process in teaching, where preschool-class teachers identified difficult content and obstacles in learning mathematical content rather than identifying students. In contrast, the results show that in FM, assessment opportunities are presented as defined, planned activities where the goal is to check students’ knowledge. In FM, assessment is fabricated as a need to capture the student’s inner beliefs, thinking and shortcomings. In addition, the results show that students’ mathematical development was greater in the TRC group than in the control group, especially for at-risk-students. This indicates that inclusive mathematics teaching with a focus on reasoning about representations of numbers provides opportunities to develop good numeracy for all students and is particularly supportive to at-risk-students. The results show a positive effect for at-risk-students, and perhaps just as important: no indication that TRC hamper students who are not at-risk-students.

วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มทร.ธัญบุรี, 10, 1, 161-169

Adaptivno vođenje alatnih strojeva prema istrošenosti reznog alata se, zbog nemogućnosti direktnog mjerenja stanja oštrice tijekom procesa obrade, oslanja na indirektno mjerenje signala povezanih s trošenjem i njihovu estimaciju kako bi se dobile informacije o stanju rezne oštrice u realnom vremenu. Unutar snimljenih signala obuhvaćeni su i oni signali koji nisu izravno povezani s procesom trošenja, a javljaju se prilikom obrade odvajanjem čestica. Pogreška estimacije neizbježna je u procesu regulacije. Kako bi se smanjile neželjene smetnje, poremećaji i šumovi, signale je potrebno obraditi, odnosno filtrirati. Filtriranjem se nepoželjni utjecaji potiskuju na prihvatljivu razinu, odnosno smanjuje se pogreška estimacije i njezin utjecaj u regulacijskom krugu nadzora obradnog stroja prema istrošenosti reznog alata. U ovom radu korištene su dvije vrste filtra, FIR i IIR filtar. Oba filtra korištena su u tri modifikacije kao filtri 2., 4. i 6. reda. Realizacija filtara ostvarena je putem dinamičke neuronske mreže. Cilj je usporediti rezultate obrade signala svih šest filtara te izvesti zaključak utječe li vrsta filtra i njegov red na uspješnost potiskivanja poremećaja u signalu obrade. Signal obrade predstavljaju eksperimentalno prikupljeni podaci iz procesa obrade tokarenjem.

V zaključnem delu sem sestavil precizijsko tehtnico z natančnostjo pod 100 mg. Predstavljene so različne merilne celice, njihove fizikalne lastnosti ter njihove uporabe v različnih industrijah. Za izdelavo tehtnice sem uporabil merilno celico z uporovnimi lističi, ovrednotil tako njene lastnosti kot lastnosti ostalih delov v tehtnici. Opisal sem uporabljene algoritme za zmanjšanje šuma ter pretvorbo bitnega števila v gramski zapis. The thesis presents the assembly of a precision weighing scale with an accuracy of better than 100 mg. It presents different load cells, their physical properties and their use in various industries. It evaluates the features of the strain gauge load cell and the features of other components of the scale. It also contains a description of algorithms used for the reduction of noise and conversion from bits to grams.

Kako bi se došlo do primjene kamere unutar elektroenergetskog sustava, potrebno je poznavati fiziku kamere, mogućnosti koje takva kamera daje, kako prilikom snimanja tako i prilikom obrade termograma putem FLIR-ovog programa za obradu. Izbor kamere, leće, kuta snimanja, vrste detektora , poznavanja efekata poput šumova i osjetljivosti samog osjetnika presudni su za stručno korištenje ovakvog alata unutar elektroenergetskog sustava. Uspoređuju se najbolje termovizijske kamere ponuđene na tržištu sa prethodno navedenim karakteristikama, te se opisuje izbor mjernog opsega elektromagnetskog spektra i predlažu načini snimanja s obzirom na okolinu. Kamere se primjenjuje u trafostanicama širom elektroenergetskog sustava područja distribucije, te daje najisplativija rješenja primjerice zamjene rasporeda limova ili jednostavnijih primjerice zatezanja držača sabirnica ili kabela unutar elektroenergetskog sustava. In order to use the camera within the power system, it is necessary to know the physics of the camera, the abilities that camera have, both when recording and when processing thermograms through a FLIR processing program. Choosing a camera, lens, shooting angle, detector type, knowledge of effects such as wave interference and the sensitivity of the sensor itself are crucial for expert use of such a tool within the power system. The best infrared cameras on the market are compared with before mentioned characteristics, and described the choice of electromagnetic measuring spectrum and techniques used to record with respecting of environment. IR Cameras are used in substations all over the power system of the distribution area and provides the most effective solutions, such as sheet metal replacement or easier, such as tightening a nut on a bus or cable within a power system.