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This study presents a simple mapping key suitable for quick and systematic assessments of the types of agricultural and civil engineering structures present in a certain agricultural catchment as well as the impact they may have on the spatial distribution of critical source areas. An application of this mapping key to three small sub-catchments of a case study catchment with an area of several hundred square kilometres (one-stage cluster sampling) in Austria clearly reveals that road embankments with subsurface drainage can exert a major influence on emissions and transport pathways of sediment-bound pollutants like particulate phosphorus (PP). Due to this, the semi-empirical, spatially distributed PhosFate model is extended to separately model PP emissions into surface waters via storm drains along road embankments. Furthermore, the overall share of road embankments with subsurface drainage on all road embankments in the case study catchment is inferred with the help of a Bayesian hierarchical model. The combination of the results of these two models shows that the share of storm drains at road embankments on total PP emissions ranges from about one fifth to one third in the investigated area.

A new generation of infrastructure projects that harness the power of nature can help achieve development goals, including water security and climate resilience. In this report from the World Bank and World Resources Institute, both organizations are calling for green infrastructure, such as mangroves and wetlands, to play a bigger role in traditional infrastructure planning. Integrating nature into mainstream infrastructure systems can produce lower cost and more resilient services. This report guides developing country service providers and their partners on how to seize this opportunity. It reviews approaches and examples of how to integrate green infrastructure into mainstream project appraisal processes and investments.

The paper presents what the commercial accounting of waste water is intended for and how to organize it. The paper considers a solution for creating commercial accounting at the Akademicheskaya CHPP. В работе изложено для чего предназначен коммерческий учёт сточных вод и каким образом его организовать. В работе рассмотрено решение для создания коммерческого учёта на ТЭЦ «Академическая».

To make decisions about correcting illicit or inappropriate connections to storm drains, quantification of non-stormwater entries into storm drains was performed using a water flow balance approach, based on data analysis from 2008 to 2011 in a separate storm drainage system in a Shanghai downtown area of 374 ha. The study revealed severe sewage connections to storm drains; meanwhile, misconnections between surface water and storm drains were found to drive frequent non-stormwater pumping discharges at the outfall, producing a much larger volume of outfall flows in a short period. This paper presented a methodology to estimate quantities of inappropriate sewage flow, groundwater infiltration and river water backflow into the storm drains. It was concluded that inappropriate sewage discharge and groundwater seepage into storm drains were approximately 17,860 m(3)/d (i.e., up to 51% of the total sewage flow in the catchment) and 3,624 m(3)/d, respectively, and surface water backflow was up to an average 28,593 m(3)/d. On the basis of this work, end-of-storm pipe interceptor sewers of 0.25 m(3)/s (i.e., 21,600 m(3)/d) would be effective to tackle the problem of sewage connections and groundwater seepage to storm drains. Under this circumstance, the follow-up non-stormwater outfall pumping events indicate misconnections between surface water and storm drains, featuring pumping discharge equivalent to surface water backflow; hence the misconnections should be repaired. The information provided here is helpful in estimating the magnitude of non-stormwater flow entries into storm drains and designing the necessary pollution control activities, as well as combating city floods in storm events.

Recreational water quality relies on objective water quality criteria. These criteria are based on fecal indicator bacteria monitoring and their concentrations confronted with pre-established standards. Recreational water quality of Alagoas coastal beaches is monitored by the State of Alagoas Environmental Institute (IMA/AL). This study aimed to evaluate the recreational water quality of the main urban beaches of Maceio city over a decade, through the collection and analysis of official data of IMA/AL from 2006 to 2015. In the last three years there has been general worsening on the quality of Pajuçara and Ponta Verde Beaches. Analyses were performed in storm drains that flow into the surroundings of recreational water quality monitoring stations included in this study. Some samples presented fecal indicator concentrations (enterococci) near the concentration found in sewage samples. Information was gathered regarding the sewage collection and transport system in the studied region. It was found that the decline in recreational water quality is directly related to systematic sewer overflows that have been occurring in the collection system, and this sewage has been reaching the beaches through the storm drainage system. The situation exposed in this research emphasizes the importance of publicizing the recreational water quality conditions of the touristic beaches of Maceio city by the competent authorities. CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior FAPEAL - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas A qualidade da água para fins de recreação de contato primário constitui a balneabilidade, sendo necessário para sua avaliação o estabelecimento de critérios objetivos. Esses critérios estão baseados em microrganismos indicadores de contaminação fecal a serem monitorados e seus valores confrontados com padrões preestabelecidos. A balneabilidade das praias do litoral Alagoano é monitorada pelo Instituto do Meio Ambiente do Estado de Alagoas (IMA/AL). O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições de balneabilidade das principais praias urbanas de Maceió ao longo de uma década, através da compilação e análise dos dados oficiais do IMA/AL desde 2006 até 2015. Verificou-se que nos últimos três anos houve piora generalizada na qualidade das Praias de Pajuçara e Ponta Verde. Foram realizadas análises nas galerias pluviais que deságuam no entorno dos pontos de monitoramento de balneabilidade compreendidos neste estudo. Em algumas amostras foram encontradas concentrações de indicadores fecais (Enterococcus) próximas à concentração encontrada em amostras de esgoto. Foram levantadas informações a respeito do sistema de coleta e transporte de esgoto presente na região estudada. Verificou-se que a piora na balneabilidade está diretamente relacionada com extravasamentos sistemáticos de esgoto que vem ocorrendo na rede coletora, sendo que esses esgotos têm chegado às praias através do sistema de drenagem pluvial. A situação levantada nesta pesquisa ressalta a importância da divulgação das condições de balneabilidade das praias turísticas de Maceió pelos órgãos competentes.