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The epididymis is a common site of obstruction in obstructive azoospermia (OA). Vasoepididymostomy has become an important method for the treatment of epididymal OA since 2000. There are two challenges in classic microscopic vasoepididymostomy. First, anastomosis of the vas deferens and epididymis is performed with double-needle sutures. However, there is a lack of good-quality and cost-effective double-needle sutures in China, which leads to increased difficulty and poor success rates of anastomosis. Second, the separation of the vas deferens does not retain vasculature, although the vas deferens vasculature plays an important role in the blood supply to the vas deferens, epididymis, and testis. This affects the blood supply to the anastomotic area and epididymis. Therefore, this team has made innovative improvements to address these problems. Good-quality, cost-effective, single-needle sutures, which are easy to purchase in China and other countries, were used in microsurgical longitudinal intussusception vasoepididymostomy. This can optimize the operation procedure and shorten the operation time while ensuring the success rate of the anastomosis. The surgical method of preserving the vas deferens vessels was innovatively proposed because the etiology of epididymal OA is mostly inflammatory in China. The protection of the blood supply to the vas deferens and epididymis is maximized using microsurgical forceps to separate and protect the vasculature. Patency reached 81.7% in the postoperative follow-up, indicating a better surgical treatment effect.

To explore the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the rat model of orchialgia and its possible mechanisms.According to Yoshioka's method, the male rats in the control group were injected with 0.2 ml saline, and those in the experimental group with 0.2 ml 2% acetic acid solution. Then we tested the behavioral responses of the rats and determined the expressions of the subunits NR1 and NR2B of the NMDA receptor in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal dorsal horn by Western blot, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining.The withdrawal latency was decreased in the model rats, reaching the lowest value at 4 hours after modeling, significantly lower than in the controls (［4.15 ± 0.84］ vs ［12.32 ± 1.05］, P0.05). Compared with the controls, the model rats showed remarkably increased mRNA and protein expressions of NR2B in the dorsal root ganglion (P0.05) but not in the spinal dorsal horn at 4 hours. However, no statistically significant difference was found in the expression of NR1 either in the dorsal root ganglion or in the spinal dorsal horn between the two groups (P0.05).The NMDA receptor plays an important role in pathogenesis of orchialgia in rats. In the early stage of pain, upregulating the expression of the subunit NR2B of the NMDA receptor can mediate peripheral hyperalgesia and consequently orchialgia.

The angular distribution and polarization of the x-ray photoemission of highly charged helium-like ions is studied following the K—LL dielectronic recombination of initially hydrogen-like ions. Calculation is carried out within the framework of the density matrix theory combined with the multiconfiguration Dirac—Fock approach. Attention is paid to magnetic sublevel alignment in the resonant intermediate state and to its nonuniform radiative decay processes. It is shown that the Breit interaction between the incident and target electrons plays a significant role for the alignment of the resonant state and thus causes a substantial change in the x-ray emission characteristic, when compared to the incorporation of only the (non-relativistic) Coulomb interaction. The most prominent difference in alignment parameter is found in the 2s2p1/2 J = 1 resonant state for a wide range of atomic numbers from 9 to 92. For this resonant state of helium-like ions, the Breit interaction becomes significant for ions with nuclear charge Z ~ 30 already.

Based on the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method and the theory of density matrix, we have calculated the magnetic sublevel captured cross section of intermediate doubly-excited state 1s2s22p3/2J = 1 formed by dielectronic recombination of lithium-like ions (26 Z 92). Then, we obtain the angular distribution and linear polarization of X-rays of electric-dipole radiation 1s2s22p3/2J = 11s22s2J = 0. In this study, emphasis is placed on the effects of the Breit interaction on the relevant physical quantities. We find that the influences of the Breit interaction on the alignment for the capture to the doubly-excited state 1s2s22p3/2J = 1 are dramatic, resulting in the remarkable change in the angular distribution and polarization properties of the X-ray emission.

The radiative and Auger decay processes of K-shell ionized Np ions are studied theoretically using the flexible atomic code (FAC). Relativistic effects, Breit interaction, QED corrections and nuclear finite mass and volume effects are considered systematically. The resulting calculated K x-rays and Auger spectra of Np are compared with the measured spectra emitted after the electron-capture (EC)-decay of mass-separated 237Pu. The general consistency between theory and experiment is good; the relative intensities and relative positions of the peaks in the measured spectra are reproduced with good accuracy, in spite of the existence of different ways to produce the primary K-shell vacancy, enabling identification of the observed structure in the experimental spectra. We find that most of the radiative transition rates are greater than the Auger transition rates, and the latter decrease rapidly with the transfer of initial vacancies to the outer shell.

Based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method, the level structures and decay processes of the inner-shell excited states （1s2s22p2 and 1s2s2p3） created by 1s-2p photoexcitation of C Ⅱ ion have been studied systematically, which the correlation and relaxation effects, relativistic radiative corrections have been considered in the calculations. Auger and radiative transition energy, decay rate and linewidth for each inner-shell excited states of C Ⅱ ion has been calculated. Correspondingly, lifetimes of those autoionization states can be obtained via the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. A comparison of the present calculations with the latest experimental and available theoretical results is also presented.

Based on the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method, with the recently developed program for the calculation of cross section of dielectronic recombination (DR), the KLL DR process of highly charged mercury and uranium ions from helium-like to boron-like have been systematically studied. For Hg ions, the contributions to the level of doubly excited state from Breit effect and quantum electrodynamic (QED) effect, KLL DR resonant energies, total line width and corresponding DR resonant strength have been calculated and analyzed. A good overall agreement was found between the present calculations and the previous theoretical and experimental result. Based on the calculation of Hg ions, the KLL DR process of highly charged uranium ions was studied theoretically. The comparison of present results with the other theoretical and experimental results has been made.

Based on the conclusion that the contribution of correlated decay of two vacancies in atoms is small，the de-excitation process of Mg1+(1s-1) hollow magnesium ions with single K-vacancy and Mg2+(1s-2) double K-vacancy were treated by applying the radiative-single Auger - double Auger cascade model（RACDA）. The final-charge-state distribution(FCSD) of these hollow ions were calculated，and compared with that obtained with the radiative-single Auger cascade model（RAC）. The probability of tetravalent ion production via the de-excitation of Mg1+(1s-1) obtained by RACDA model is considerable，but tetravalent ion is not produced in the by RAC model. The probability of hexavalent ion production via the de-excitation of Mg2+(1s-2) obtained by RACDA model is very large，but hexavalent ion is not produced in the RAC model.

On the basis of full relativistic theory, transition probabilities of 2p4f—2p3d for NⅡ have been calculated using multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method. The results are well consistent with experimental value. In the present work, the influence of relativistic effects, electron correlation, relaxation effects, Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamic effects on fine structure and transition probabilities are investigated in detail. The results show that the relativistic effects, electron correlation and relaxation effects are important to the calculations of energy structure and transition probabilities.