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SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell through the ACE2 receptor and replicates its genome using an RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RDRP). The functional RDRP is released from pro-protein pp1ab by the proteolytic activity of Main protease (Mpro) which is encoded within the viral genome. Due to its vital role in proteolysis of viral polyprotein chains, it has become an attractive potential drug target. We employed a hierarchical virtual screening approach to identify small synthetic protease inhibitors. Statistically optimized molecular shape and color-based features (various functional groups) from co-crystal ligands were used to screen different databases through various scoring schemes. Then, the electrostatic complementarity of screened compounds was matched with the most active molecule to further reduce the hit molecules’ size. Finally, five hundred eighty-seven molecules were docked in Mpro catalytic binding site, out of which 29 common best hits were selected based on Glide and FRED scores. Five best-fitting compounds in complex with Mpro were subjected to MD simulations to analyze their structural stability and binding affinities with Mpro using MM/GB(PB)SA models. Modeling results suggest that identified hits can act as the lead compounds for designing better active Mpro inhibitors to enhance the chemical space to combat COVID-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Textile industry is a key source of contamination of heavy metal ions in water. These heavy metal ions include lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic, nickel, chromium, zinc, and mercury. These metals have been recognized as hazardous heavy metals because of their high degree of toxicity. Initially, copper was selected to determine the effects of metals present in recycled water during the washing process because of its extensive usage in the textile industry. However, copper becomes a part of process water while manufacturing and even a part of recycled water. Furthermore, recycled water contains such traces of metal that can cause problems during its reuse. In the current research, the presence of copper ions in water was simulated with copper sulphate and the obtained water was used for washing of fabric after reactive dyeing. The effects of salt on washing of three different types of reactive dyes, that is, monochlrotriazine, dichlorotriazine and vinylsulphone were evaluated by washing of dyed fabric. Moreover, evaluation process was achieved with different concentrations of salt at different temperatures, pH values, and time intervals. Besides, K/S, fixation%, color uniformity, color change, washing fastness, and rubbing fastness of samples were measured during evaluation. Results were also compared with detergent and water wash. Eventually, the results showed that copper has a prominent effect on fabric. Hence, it would be possible to allow certain concentrations of copper during the process of washing. Index Terms: cotton, exhaust dyeing, metal ions, reactive dye, recycled water

Data Science is a multidisciplinary field that plays a crucial role in extracting valuable insights and knowledge from large and intricate datasets. Within the realm of Data Science, two fundamental components are Information Theory (IT) and Statistical Mechanics (SM), which provide a theoretical framework for understanding dataset properties. IT enables efficient storage and transmission of information, while SM focuses on the behavior of systems comprising numerous interacting components. In the context of data science, SM allows us to model complex interactions among variables within a dataset. By leveraging these tools, data scientists can gain a profound understanding of data properties, leading to the development of advanced models and algorithms for analysis and interpretation. Consequently, data science has the potential to drive accurate predictions and enhance decision-making across various domains, including finance, marketing, healthcare, and scientific research. In this paper, we apply this data science framework to a large and intricate quantum mechanical system composed of particles. Our research demonstrates that the dynamic and probabilistic nature of such systems can be effectively addressed using a Multiscale Entropic Dynamics (MED) approach, derived from the Boltzmann methods of SM. Through the MED approach, we can describe the system's dynamics by formulating a general form of the Nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation and how it can be applied to various systems with particles and quasi-particles, such as electrons, plasmons, polarons, and solitons. By employing this innovative approach, we pave the way for a deeper understanding of quantum mechanical systems and their behaviors within complex materials., Comment: 12 pages

The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of Work-related need satisfaction and Gratitude on Happiness among Doctors. This study is descriptive in nature and the correlation research design is used for the study. Respondents are required to answer a self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic questions. Work-related need satisfaction scale developed by Van den Broeck et al. (2010), The Gratitude Questionnaire–6 (GQ-6) (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002) and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills & Argyle, 2002). There will be a positive correlation among work-related need satisfaction, gratefulness and wellbeing. 2) The level of work-related need satisfaction, gratefulness and contentment will be high in Govt. doctors as compared to private doctors. 3) The level of work-related need satisfaction, gratitude and pleasure will be high among male doctors as compared to female doctors. 4) The level of work-related need satisfaction, gratefulness and contentment will be low among non-local doctors as compared to local doctors. Findings infer that there was a positive and significant relationship between needs satisfaction, gratefulness and wellbeing. However significant correlation was found between work-related need satisfaction and gratefulness with wellbeing. 2) It is found that Need Satisfaction, gratefulness and wellbeing are all non-significant in Govt. doctors as compared to private doctors. 3) It was found that happiness were significantly different in different genders. However, there was non- significant difference among other variable of cross gender. 4) The results showed that there was a significant difference in need satisfaction, gratitude and happiness among local and non-local doctors.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the rising problems in the whole world in wild animals. As we know, countries like India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Pakistan, etc. are considered the home of many endangered wildlife species like the Asian elephant, Rhinoceros, Markhor, Snow Leopard, and Bengal tiger. These countries carry 44% of the burden of TB in the form of human TB, livestock TB, and wildlife TB. The TB pathogen is having a wide host range, therefore it is of great importance and need of the hour to work under one health concept to construct a composite TB control program in the medical as well as veterinary fields. Moreover, further researches are yet to be made on this challenging arena. Globally, many studies have been conducted to discover the types of tuberculosis in wild animals. Recent studies had declared that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not only the causative agent of tuberculosis in wild animals but other mycobacterium species are also a growing threat. It was demonstrated that a wide variety of mycobacterium strains are present in the whole region, particularly in developing countries pointing out its endemic distribution. Tuberculosis in the free-ranging Rhinoceros in South Africa, Nepal, and Sri Lanka is associated with the M. bovis and M. orygis that also signify the threats of TB in other wild animal species including chances of unknown maintenance host. Some other research has revealed that there is a rising challenge of TB in the elephants too in different countries of the World. Being a major reservoir host of tuberculosis, wildlife has become a conservation and public health challenge all over the World.

Graph search planning algorithms for navigation typically rely heavily on heuristics to efficiently plan paths. As a result, while such approaches require no training phase and can directly plan long horizon paths, they often require careful hand designing of informative heuristic functions. Recent works have started bypassing hand designed heuristics by using machine learning to learn heuristic functions that guide the search algorithm. While these methods can learn complex heuristic functions from raw input, they i) require a significant training phase and ii) do not generalize well to new maps and longer horizon paths. Our contribution is showing that instead of learning a global heuristic estimate, we can define and learn local heuristics which results in a significantly smaller learning problem and improves generalization. We show that using such local heuristics can reduce node expansions by 2-20x while maintaining bounded suboptimality, are easy to train, and generalize to new maps & long horizon plans., 5 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for presentation at ICAPS 2023 (International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling)

Objectives: This study assessed the reliability and validity of the DASS-21 self-reported measure in the context of COVID-19 on anxiety, stress, and depression. Through this Study, the psychological effect of COVID-19 on anxiety, tension, and depression amongst samples of students enrolled in 201 Malaysian private universities was assessed. Methods: The data were collected from university students through an online survey because of Malaysian Government Movement Control Order (MCO) restrictions. Two separate intervals were used for data collection (i.e., May and September 2020), as this period was associated with the pandemic. For scale validation, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity criteria were used. Results: The outcome of a CFA model for DASS-21 yielded factor loading that is very significant. Therefore, the measure of the root means square error approximation (RMSEA) and the comparative fit index (CFI) are acceptable values that were produced, demonstrating a good fit for the data. Conclusions: This study was conducted in the Malaysian context to validate depression, anxiety, and stress among university students using the DASS-21 scale. Our findings support the reliability of using DASS-21 in the Malaysian cultural context. Lastly, we testified to the presence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students through descriptive statistics and provided empirical evidence in this regard. Our results suggested that there was a significant presence of DASS among university students.

InGaN quantum wells (QWs) grown on c-plane sapphire substrate experience strain due to the lattice mismatch. The strain generates a strong piezoelectric field in QWs that contributes to THz emission under ultrafast excitation. Physical parameters such as QW width, period number, and Indium concentration can affect the strength of the piezoelectric field and result in THz emission. Experimental parameters such as pump fluence, laser energy, excitation power, pump polarization angle, and incident angle can be tuned to further optimize the THz emission. This review summarizes the effects of physical and experimental parameters of THz emission on InGaN QWs. Comparison and relationship between photoluminescence properties and THz emission in QWs are given, which further explains the origin of THz emission in InGaN QWs.

The aim of this paper is to show that it is possible to combine language learning withentrepreneurship learning to create an effective, efficient, flexible and creative learningprocess through reference creation. The process of conscious and unconscious learningby activating personal impressions, individual experiences of activated senses andpositive emotions resulting from experiencing successes of trade transactions and earning money while operating as an entrepreneur, is what we refer to as “ReferenceCreation.” T he “ edu- preneurial” method of teaching allows the participants to learn the basicvocabulary of a totally unknown language using an entrepreneurial network set up,which is a very effective because it uses positive emotions combined with activating allsenses to create references in a personal mindset. An authentic dynamic learningenvironment is the context that encompasses the edupreneurial method to providegrounds for conscious and unconscious learning through reference creation. The paperargues the role of specially developed entrepreneurship Lego-game (the simulation game LE Game) to provide an authentic entrepreneurial setting of this kind for languagelearning. The learning method has been tested in several experiments using languagessuch as Chinese, Korean and Hindi. The Korean pilot showed elements of what Illerisrefers as mislearning, Chinese and Hindi showed quite stable results in teaching andlearning the basic vocabulary.

Maize Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is considered an economically important pest and becoming the main threat to food security. This polyphagous pest is widely distributed in various countries of the world especially tropical and subtropical regions. The toxicity of two entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were evaluated against 2nd instar larvae of FAW under controlled conditions. The results showed that among tested entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana was found more toxic than M. anisopliae. B. bassiana caused 79% larval mortality while M. anisopliae 59%. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were showed LT50 of 84.01 h and 80.99 h, respectively. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were showed LC50 of 1.3×107 and 1.8×107 spores ml−1, respectively. The current study concluded that Entomopathogenic fungi can give effective control against early instar and further studies are needed to check the efficacy against older instars under field and laboratory conditions.

Modern era of agriculture is concerned with the environmental influence on crop growth and development. Shading is one of the crucial factors affecting crop growth considerably, which has been neglected over the years. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was aimed to investigate the effects of shading at flowering (S1) and pod development (S2) stages on nitrogen (N) dynamics, carbohydrates and yield of rapeseed. Two rapeseed genotypes (Chuannong and Zhongyouza) were selected to evaluate the effects of shading on 15N trace isotopes, enzymatic activities, dry matter, nitrogen and carbohydrate distribution and their relationship with yield. The results demonstrated that both shading treatments disturbed the nitrogen accumulation and transportation at the maturity stage. It was found that shading induced the downregulation of the N mobilizing enzymes (NR, NiR, GS, and GOGAT) in leaves and pods at both developmental stages. Shading at both growth stages resulted in reduced dry matter of both varieties but only S2 exhibited the decline in pod shell and seeds dry weight in both years. Besides this, carbohydrates distribution toward economic organs was declined by S2 treatment and its substantial impact was also experienced in seed weight and seeds number per pod which ultimately decreased the yield in both genotypes. We also revealed that yield is positively correlated with dry matter, nitrogen content and carbohydrates transportation. In contrast to Chuannong, the Zhongyouza genotype performed relatively better under shade stress. Overall, it was noticed that shading at pod developmental stage considerable affected the transportation of N and carbohydrates which led to reduced rapeseed yield as compared to shading at flowering stage. Our study provides basic theoretical support for the management techniques of rapeseed grown under low light regions and revealed the critical growth stage which can be negatively impacted by low light.

Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop consumed globally, by the virtue of its antioxidant-rich phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. Identifying genotypes with high antioxidant capacities and nutritionally rich phytochemicals is imperative for improving human health. The present study aimed to analyze 21 antioxidant and nutritional compounds in 93 geographically diverse, high yielding, better quality, stress tolerant tomato genotypes (hybrids, parental lines, inbred lines, and advanced lines). Significant variation (p < 0.05) was detected for investigated traits among the tested genotypes. Principal component analysis revealed the hybrids NIAB-Jauhar, Iron-lady F1, NBH-258, Ahmar F1, NIAB-Gohar, the parents H-24, B-25, AVTO1080, Astra and AVTO1003, as well as the lines LBR-17, AVTO1315, AVTO1311 and Lyp-1 revealed superior performance for the traits such as chlorophylls, lycopene, total carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, protease, alpha-amylase and total flavonoid content. Whereas the hybrids Surkhail F1, NBH-204, NBH-229, NBH-151, NBH-196, NBH-152, NBH-261, NBH-228, NIAB-Jauhar, NBH-256 and NBH-255, the lines 21354, AVTO1315, Newcherry, LA4097, AVTO1311 and UAF-1 together with the parents Naqeeb, NCEBR-5, M-82 and LBR-10 exhibited significant contribution to the traits such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid, esterase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the semi-determinate and determinate tomato genotypes together with the categories parent and line with positive factor scores of 3.184, 0.015, 0.325 and 0.186 in PC- I, exhibited better performance for the trait such as total chlorophylls, lycopene, total carotenoids, total oxidant status, protease, alpha-amylase, total antioxidant capacity, esterase and total flavonoid content. Whereas again the semi-determinate and indeterminate tomato genotypes along with the category hybrid with positive factor scores of 2.619, 0.252 and 0.114 in PC- II, exhibited better performance for the traits such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, chlorophyll b, malondialdehyde content, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Hybrid vigor was observed in the hybrids for investigated traits. The aforementioned tomato genotypes showing outstanding performance in the respective traits can be exploited in the breeding programs to improve nutritional quality of tomato that can further improve human health.

The study is based on using SeDeM expert system in developing controlled-release tramadol HCl osmotic tablets and its in-silico physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation. A Quality by Design (QbD) based approach in developing SeDEM-driven full factorial osmotic drug delivery was applied. A 24 Full-factorial design was used to make the trial formulations of tramadol HCl osmotic tablets using NaCl as osmogen, Methocel K4M as rate controlling polymer, and avicel pH 101 as diluent. The preformulation characteristics of formulations (F1-F16) were determined by applying SeDeM Expert Tool. The formulation was optimized followed by in-vivo predictive pharmacokinetic assessment using PBPK “ACAT” model of GastroPlus™. The FTIR results showed no interaction among the ingredients. The index of good compressibility (ICG) values of all trial formulation blends were ≥5, suggesting direct compression is the best-suited method. Formulation F3 and F4 were optimized based on drug release at 2, 10, and 16 h with a zero-order kinetic release (r2 = 0.992 and 0.994). The SEM images confirmed micropores formation on the surface of the osmotic tablet after complete drug release. F3 and F4 were also stable (shelf life 29.41 and 23.46 months). The in vivo simulation of the pharmacokinetics of the PBPK in-silico model revealed excellent relative bioavailability of F3 and F4 with reference to tramadol HCl 50 mg IR formulations. The SeDeM expert tool was best utilized to evaluate the compression characteristics of selected formulation excipients and their blends for direct compression method in designing once-daily osmotically controlled-release tramadol HCl tablets. The in-silico GastroPlus™ PBPK modeling provided a thorough pharmacokinetic assessment of the optimized formulation as an alternative to tramadol HCl in vivo studies.

Zinc (Zn), which is regarded as a crucial micronutrient for plants, and is considered to be a vital micronutrient for plants. Zn has a significant role in the biochemistry and metabolism of plants owing to its significance and toxicity for biological systems at specific Zn concentrations, i.e., insufficient or harmful above the optimal range. It contributes to several cellular and physiological activities of plants and promotes plant growth, development, and yield. Zn is an important structural, enzymatic, and regulatory component of many proteins and enzymes. Consequently, it is essential to understand the interplay and chemistry of Zn in soil, its absorption, transport, and the response of plants to Zn deficiency, as well as to develop sustainable strategies for Zn deficiency in plants. Zn deficiency appears to be a widespread and prevalent issue in crops across the world, resulting in severe production losses that compromise nutritional quality. Considering this, enhancing Zn usage efficiency is the most effective strategy, which entails improving the architecture of the root system, absorption of Zn complexes by organic acids, and Zn uptake and translocation mechanisms in plants. Here, we provide an overview of various biotechnological techniques to improve Zn utilization efficiency and ensure the quality of crop. In light of the current status, an effort has been made to further dissect the absorption, transport, assimilation, function, deficiency, and toxicity symptoms caused by Zn in plants. As a result, we have described the potential information on diverse solutions, such as root structure alteration, the use of biostimulators, and nanomaterials, that may be used efficiently for Zn uptake, thereby assuring sustainable agriculture.

The core objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of baking/frying times and temperatures on the formation of acrylamide in bakery, snack, and fried products such as biscuits, muffins, pizza, cakes, samosa, paratha rolls, nuggets, and potato cutlets during baking/frying at different times and temperature conditions. First of all, the raw material, especially flour, was tested for its proximate composition and rheological characteristics. The quantification of acrylamide produced during the processing of different products was carried out through the HPLC method. A sensory evaluation of these food samples was also carried out to find out the acceptability differences. The raw material was found to have good rheological properties and proximate composition. The results revealed that different times and temperature regimes influenced the formation of acrylamide in those products. Among the bakery products, the highest concentrations of acrylamide were observed in biscuits (126.52 μg/kg) followed by muffins (84.24 μg/kg), cake (71.21 μg/kg), and pizza (62.42 μg/kg). The higher contents of acrylamide were found in paratha roll (165.92 μg/kg) compared to samosa (100.43 μg/kg), whereas among snacks, potato cutlets (135.71 μg/kg) showed higher concentrations than nuggets (43.04 μg/kg). It was observed that baking or frying all the investigated products at higher temperatures produced slightly more acrylamide concentrations. The prepared products in the present study were also accepted sensorially by the panel of judges. So, it was concluded that baking or frying at higher temperatures resulted in higher concentrations of acrylamide compounds in different products in the present study.

Work stress adversely affects individual and organizational performance. This paper aims at investigating the perceived stress among the employees of textile industry employees and how the employees’ perceived stress level (EPSL) is linked with different demographic variables. Data was collected from 1212 employees working in 23 export-based textile organizations using primarily Sheldon Cohen’s PSS-10. Descriptive analysis, t-tests, and ANOVA-tests were performed to achieve the objectives of the study. 70% of the participants were found to be undergoing stress amongst 21% were in the severe level of stress while 40% in higher level. The demographic variables: gender, marital status, salary, position, job experience, family size, and size of the organization, were found to have significant effect on the perceived stress levels. The study revealed numbers of variables (demographic) that directly or indirectly affect the employees’ perceived stress level (EPSL). There is a need to understand the complexity of stress phenomenon using a proactive approach, so that the stress management and interventions strategies can be designed to be effective and implemented accordingly. Findings of this research support the research community in an attempt to unfold complexity of stress phenomenon and study results can be utilized as a job design guideline for more acceptable and viable stress management interventions.

This paper presents a design of multi-axis tactile force sensor using the fringe effect of an electric field between stationary patterned electrodes. The unique configuration of the electrodes consisting of four separate square-shaped sensing electrodes, with each encircled by excitation electrodes, allows to achieve enhanced fringe field effect and hence sensitivity. The proposed sensor can decouple the normal, shear and angular shear applied forces. The sensor is fabricated using low-cost rapid prototyping techniques with flexible Ecoflex 00–30 and silicone rubber RTV-528 as the elastomers for contact with the environment. An analytical model is developed that correlates the nominal capacitance of the sensor with that of the geometric dimensions of the stationary electrodes and air cavity height between the electrodes and elastomer. The force measurement ranges in the normal, shear, and angular axis are 5 N, 1.5 N, and 1 N respectively. The sensor shows a perfectly linear response, repeatability, and a low hysteresis error, thermal stability and robustness to the environmental interferences that makes it suitable to be used for force feedback in minimally invasive robotic surgery.

Sustainable Development Agenda is gaining importance, acknowledging its importance right adaptation of interventions for housing regarding vector-borne disease prevention as suggested by “Keeping the Vector Out” can make cities and human settlements vector-proof and sustainable.Objective: To assess community perceptions regarding chikungunya vector-proof housing for sustainable development. MethodS: Descriptive cross-sectional study included 400 households of Aziz Bhatti Town, Lahore. A semi-structured questionnaire administered by personal interview method to the available and willing adult member of the household by Researcher with the environmental inspector and lady sanitary patrol of Dengue and Polio survey teams of DDO office Aziz Bhatti Town Lahore, using simple random sampling technique after consent and ethical approval. The questionnaire was pre-tested (Pilot). Data analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Among 400 households interviewed, the majority 69.7% were living in houses that were built >9 years ago, 86.8 % were concrete. Climatic change and global warming can increase disease carried by mosquito AedesAegypti believed by 90.2 % and their impact can be mitigated by improved housing reported by 91.5%. Regarding community perceptions about vector-proof housing, 74.6% believed that improved house design can prevent entry and breeding of mosquitoes therefore, 86.3% screened windows doors and eaves, 83.0% believed that they always checked cracks and crevices in the wall, floor and roof and cemented them. But 58.7% believed that they do not consider mosquito prevention housing interventions as one of the important factors when constructing their house as among barriers 73.5% could not afford modern building materials, 73.5% lack detailed knowledge and 13.8% thought screening as an obstruction to ventilation. Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika disease are spread by Aedes mosquito species believed by 78% who (agreed and strongly agreed) still 81.8% urged for health education regarding chikungunya vector proof housing.Conclusion: Housing improvement can mitigate the impacts of climatic change and vector-borne disease. But health program planners need to identify and facilitate the removal of barriers for adoption of Vector proof housing.

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered the upcoming industrial and academic revolution in the technological world having billions of things and devices connected to the Internet. These connected devices are heterogeneous. They have different standards and technologies which communicate through different protocols. Therefore, the implementation of IoT on a large scale is difficult due to these heterogeneity challenges. This motivated us to overcome the scaling problem of IoT by identifying the challenges from the literature and providing solutions. This study is based on the identification of the heterogeneous challenges with solutions via a systematic literature review. A total of 81 primary sources were selected. After extracting and synthesizing the data, we identified 14 different IoT heterogeneity challenges. Some of the identified challenges are “heterogeneity of devices,” “heterogeneity in formats of data,” “heterogeneity in communication,” and “interoperability issue due to heterogeneity.” The identified challenges have been analyzed from digital libraries and timeframe perspectives. Furthermore, we have found a total of 81 solutions for those challenges, with at least 5 unique solutions for each challenge. In the future, we will categorize the challenges and prioritize the solutions by using a multi-criteria decision-making problem.

Additional file 1: Supplementary information. Text S1: Calculation of the C allocation. Text S2: FTICR-MS sample preparation. Text S3: Isopycnic density gradient centrifugation and quantitative PCR. Text S4: Amplicon high-throughput sequencing data processing. Text S5: Metagenome sequencing and data processing. Text S6: Detailed information about data analyses. Figure S1: Assessment of labeling, centrifugation, and sequencing. Figure S2: The relational dendrograms of rhizodeposits. Figure S3: Relative abundance of peanut rhizodeposits. Figure S4: Correlations between the relative abundance of main categories of peanut rhizodeposits. Figure S5: Species composition of active bacterial communities. Figure S6: Correlation between belowground carbon allocation and species richness of active bacteria. Figure S7: Significantly different bacterial genera between P1 and P5 treatments. Figure S8: Random Forest model determining the key factors affecting the biodiversity of active rhizosphere microbiome. Figure S9: Mantel test investigating the relationship between microbial structure and changes in soil physicochemical properties. Figure S10: Correlation between potential transformations and concentration of peanut rhizodeposits. Figure S11: Principal coordinate analysis on the functional potentials of active bacterial communities. Figure S12: Mantel test investigating the relationship between functional potentials of active bacterial communities and rhizodeposits composition and changes in soil physicochemical properties. Figure S13: Correlations between relative abundance of abundant differential KO functional categories and soil physicochemical properties. Figure S14: Correlation between relative abundance of differential KEGG pathways and biodiversity of active bacteria, chemodiversity of rhizodeposits, and relative abundance of main categories of rhizodeposits. Table S1: Physicochemical properties of experimental soils. Table S2: The PERMANOVA investigating the structural difference of bacterial community in different CsCl buoyant density gradient of DNA fractions. Table S3: Detailed information about primers and PCR conditions. Table S4: Data size of metagenome sequences. Table S5: Two-way ANOVA investigating the factors affecting the belowground photosynthesized C allocation, chemodiversity and potential transformations of peanut rhizodeposits. Table S6: Correlations between belowground C allocation and plant and soil physicochemical properties. Table S7: Correlations between soil physicochemical properties and rhizodeposits chemodiversity. Table S8: Two-way PERMANOVA investigating the factors affecting the composition of rhizodeposits and structure of the active bacterial community in the peanut rhizosphere.

We investigate the use of Android permissions as the vehicle to allow for quick and effective differentiation between benign and malware apps. To this end, we extract all Android permissions, eliminating those that have zero impact, and apply two feature ranking algorithms namely Chi-Square test and Fisher's Exact test to rank and additionally filter them, resulting in a comparatively small set of relevant permissions. Then we use Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest Classifier algorithms to detect malware apps. Our analysis indicates that this approach can result in better accuracy and F-score value than other reported approaches. In particular, when random forest is used as the classifier with the combination of Fisher's Exact test, we achieve 99.34\% in accuracy and 92.17\% in F-score with the false positive rate of 0.56\% for the dataset in question, with results improving to 99.82\% in accuracy and 95.28\% in F-score with the false positive rate as low as 0.05\% when only malware from three most popular malware families are considered.

Purpose: To develop and validate a stability-indicating reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of glucosamine sulphate (GS) and curcumin (Cur) in drug solution and formulation.Methods: The optimized chromatographic conditions were achieved by passing various compositions of mobile phases over different reverse phase chromatographic columns. Various validation parameters, including linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, specificity and system suitability were performed and evaluated. Stability studies under stressed conditions were done to evaluate the effects of acid, alkali, oxidation, heat and degradation by UV light.Results: The validated method was linear over the concentration range of 0.094 to 1.5 mg/mL for GS and 0.125 to 1.5 mg/mL for Cur, with a correlation coefficient > 0.999. The Intra and inter-day precision were 1.9 % for GS and 0.5 % for Cur, while accuracy was 96 and 102 % for GS and Cur, respectively. Stability studies showed that GS was highly sensitive to acid, alkali and oxidation and less sensitive to heat and UV. Cur was stable against acid, heat and oxidation but sensitive to alkali and UV.Conclusion: The developed and validated method was precise and accurate for both GS and Cur and can potentially be utilized for their identification and quantification at industrial, research and quality control laboratories.

Water is the main factor for the healthy life of plant. One of the main negative effects of climate change is the increasing scarcity of water that is lethal for plant. Globally, for water deficit regions (arid and semi-arid), drought is the main factor responsible for low production of agriculture, especially for cotton. Great efforts have been and are being made to find alternatives to water saving practices. This study aimed to examine the effects of partial rhizosphere drying (PRD, half of the root system irrigated at one event, and the other half irrigated in the next event, and so on) with and/or without various mulching treatments on physiological and biochemical traits of cotton. To explore this objective, we laid out experiments in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2016. Two factors included were four mulching treatments (M0, no mulching; M1, black plastic mulching; M2, wheat straw mulching; and M3, cotton sticks mulching) and two irrigation levels (I0, control (full irrigation); and I1, PRD). Fisher’s analysis of variance among means of treatments was compared using least significant difference test at 5% probability level. Results revealed that the maximum plant height, leaf area, leaf gas exchange (photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance), chlorophyll, proline and total sugar contents, and enzyme activities were higher under M2 than under other three mulching treatments. As for irrigation levels, higher values of plant height, photosynthesis and water related parameters (leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential, etc.) were recorded. Contents of total sugar and proline and activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in PRD-treated plants than in control plants. It was concluded that combined application of PRD and mulching was more effective than the rest of the treatments used in the experiment. Similar study can be conducted in the field by applying irrigation water in alternate rows in semi-arid regions.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has strongly advocated health systems' preparedness for effective management of crisis situations globally for more than two decades. Pakistan is known for its high vulnerability to hazards and lack of coping and adaptive capabilities. Health systems' preparedness for locales with such high-risk profile is essential, yet there is a dearth of studies addressing the status of such preparedness in the country.This study aimed to assess the status of preparedness of health-system components for crisis management in the most disaster prone districts of Pakistan.A purposive sample of 12 of the most disaster prone districts in two provinces of Pakistan was evaluated for preparedness using the WHO's toolkit for assessing health-system capacity for crisis management. Six core functions of the Health Systems Framework, with a total of 229 indicators, were evaluated at the district management as well as secondary and tertiary health care facilities level. Proportions of indicators prepared were calculated and preparedness was classified as Acceptable (≥ 66%), Partial (36-65%) or Inadequate (≤ 35%).Seventy-two percent, 95% Confidence Interval [46.0, 90.0] of indicators in these most vulnerable districts were evaluated as partially or inadequately prepared for appropriate management of crises. Even the highest scoring core function, Leadership and Governance was partially prepared with a score of 53.6% (52.4, 54.9). Process elements were found to be less prepared compared with structure components.Federal level strategic planning, implementation, management and follow-up aimed at ensuring health-systems' preparedness need to be reviewed and strengthened.تأهب النظام الصحي في باكستان لإدارة الأزمات: دراسة تقييمية مقطعية.ضياء الحق، بشارات حسين شاه، محمد أرداكاني، سعيد أكبر خان، سليم محمد، سعيد فاروق، ساردار حيات خان، قدسية هدى.أيدت منظمة الصحة العالمية بشدة تأهب النُظُم الصحية لإدارة الأزمات بفاعلية على مستوى العالم لما يزيد عن عقدين من الزمن. وتُعرف باكستان بقابلية تعرضها المرتفعة للمخاطر وعدم توافر القدرة على التصدي لها والتكيف. ويعد تأهب النُظُم الصحية في الأماكن ذات المرتسم مرتفع المخاطر ضروريًا، ومع ذلك تندر الدراسات التي تتناول حالة هذا التأهب في البلد.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم حالة تأهب عناصر النظام الصحي لإدارة الأزمات في أكثر المناطق المعرضة للكوارث في باكستان.تم تقييم عينة مقصودة ضمت 12 من أكثر المناطق المعرضة للكوارث في محافظتين بباكستان من حيث التأهب، باستخدام مجموعة أدوات منظمة الصحة العالمية لتقييم قدرة النظام الصحي على إدارة الأزمات. كما جرى تقييم الوظائف الأساسية الستة لإطار عمل النُظُم الصحية، بما يشتمل على 229 مؤشرًا، على مستوى إدارة الأزمات بالمناطق المحددة وعلى مستوى مرافق الرعاية الصحية الثانوية والثالثية. وتم حساب نسب المؤشرات من حيث التأهب، وتم تصنيف التأهب على أنه مقبول (≥ 66 %) أو جزئي (36 – 65 %) أو غير كافٍ (≤ 35 %).تم تقييم اثنين وسبعين بالمائة، فاصل الثقة ٩٥ % = (٤٦٫٠٩٠٫٠ = CI) من المؤشرات في هذه المناطق الأكثر عرضة للخطر على أنها تتمتع بالتأهب الجزئي أو غير الكافي لإدارة الأزمات بشكل مناسب. حتى في الوظيفة الأساسية الأعلى نقاطًا، تعد القيادة والحوكمة متأهبة جزئيًا بعدد نقاط [٩ ٫ ٤ ٥ ٫ ٤ ٫ ٢ ٥] % ٦ ، ٣ ٥. ووُجِدَ أن عناصر العملية أقل تأهبًا مقارنة بعناصر الهيكل.يجب استعراض وتعزيز التخطيط الاستراتيجي على المستوى الاتحادي، والتنفيذ، والإدارة، والمتابعة التي تهدف إلى ضمان تأهب النُظُم الصحية.Préparation du système de santé pakistanais à la gestion de crise : étude transversale.Depuis plus de deux décennies, l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) recommande vivement que les systèmes de santé soient prêts à gérer efficacement les situations de crise à l’échelle mondiale. Le Pakistan est connu pour son importante vulnérabilité face aux risques et pour son manque de capacités de réaction et d’adaptation. La préparation des systèmes de santé dans les zones présentant un profil de risque élevé est essentielle. On observe cependant que très peu d’études sont consacrées à l’état de cette préparation dans le pays.La présente étude avait pour objet d’évaluer l’état de préparation des composantes du système de santé pour la gestion de crise dans les districts du Pakistan les plus exposés aux catastrophes.Un échantillon choisi à dessein de 12 des districts les plus exposés aux catastrophes dans deux provinces du Pakistan a été évalué pour ce qui concerne la préparation, à l’aide des outils de l’OMS destinés à évaluer la capacité du système de santé en matière de gestion de crise. Six fonctions essentielles du cadre des systèmes de santé, comprenant un total de 229 indicateurs, ont été évaluées, au niveau de la gestion par les districts ainsi que par les établissements de soins de santé secondaires et tertiaires. Les indicateurs pris en compte exprimés en proportions ont été calculés afin d’évaluer le niveau de préparation considéré comme étant acceptable (≥ 66 %), partiel (36–65 %) ou insuffisant (≤ 35 %).Soixante-douze pour cent (intervalle de confiance à 95 % = 46,0, 90,0) des indicateurs dans ces districts les plus vulnérables présentaient un niveau de préparation partiel ou insuffisant pour assurer une gestion appropriée des crises. Même la fonction essentielle, Leadership et Gouvernance, dont le score était le plus élevé, présentait un niveau de préparation partielle, avec un résultat de 53,6 % [52,4, 54,9]. L’étude a montré que le niveau de préparation des éléments de processus était moindre que celui des composantes de structure.Au niveau fédéral, la planification stratégique, la mise en oeuvre, la gestion et le suivi visant à assurer la préparation des systèmes de santé doivent être révisés et renforcés.

The rapid generation of large amounts of information about the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19 makes it increasingly difficult to gain a comprehensive overview of current insights related to the disease. With this work, we aim to support the rapid access to a comprehensive data source on COVID-19 targeted especially at researchers. Our knowledge graph, CovidPubGraph, an RDF knowledge graph of scientific publications, abides by the Linked Data and FAIR principles. The base dataset for the extraction is CORD-19, a dataset of COVID-19-related publications, which is updated regularly. Consequently, CovidPubGraph is updated biweekly. Our generation pipeline applies named entity recognition, entity linking and link discovery approaches to the original data. The current version of CovidPubGraph contains 268,108,670 triples and is linked to 9 other datasets by over 1 million links. In our use case studies, we demonstrate the usefulness of our knowledge graph for different applications. CovidPubGraph is publicly available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

We conceptualize that safety culture (SC) has a positive impact on employee’s safety performance by reducing their psychosocial hazards. A higher level of safety culture environment reduces psychosocial hazards by improving employee’s performance toward safety concerns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how psychosocial hazard mediates the relationship between safety culture and safety performance. Data were collected from 380 production employees in three states of Malaysia from the upstream oil and gas sector. Structural equation modeling was implemented to test the suggested hypotheses. The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. A stratified sampling with a Likert 5-point scale was used to distribute the questionnaires. Furthermore, the proposed model was tested using the simulation of the structural equation and partial. According to our findings, all hypotheses were significant. A review of prior studies was used to select the items of the dimension for the data collection. Safety culture was assessed with psychosocial hazard to determine its direct and indirect impact on safety performance. Results suggest that to enhance safety performance (leading and lagging), psychosocial concerns in the workplace environments should be taken into consideration by employees. In addition, the findings showed that the psychosocial hazard fully mediates the relationship between safety culture and safety performance.

Introduction: Till date, no proven therapy exists for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), though different types of treatment modalities are being practiced around the world. Different studies regarding Convalescent Plasma (CP) therapy from COVID-19 recovered donors have shown favorable results with fewer adverse consequences. In this systematic review, we aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of CP as a therapy for COVID-19. Methods and Materials: The English language databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched up to 22 May 2020. Eligibility for inclusion, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction from the included studies were determined and a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: A total of 12 studies were selected for review. The overall risks of bias were moderate to high. The results revealed significance in the initiation of CP therapy during the early stages of viremia from a safety and efficacy viewpoint. The patients also received concomitant drugs and other supportive therapies in most cases. Some cases of mortality were reported in 3 studies. Viral loads were documented to decrease and become negative in 8 studies within 3-26 days post-transfusion. The improvement in clinical symptoms following CP therapy was demonstrated in 9 studies. Most of the patients experienced very few adverse effects. Conclusions: The rational practice of CP therapy based on a risk-benefit judgment can prove to be an efficacious therapeutic option as a last resort until the approval of any therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent(s). The substantial randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to validate the effectiveness of such therapy.

Codeswitching in the context of single or multiple conversations has been a myth for language experts. Matrix language framework (MLF) model proposed by Myers Scotton (1993) has become very popular for the analysis of language pairs, and is influential in determining matrix language in different language pairs. The aim of this study is to identify matrix and embedded language in Urdu-English data sets of health and science theme. MLF model is applied to an original article on Covid-19. Data sets include language pairs from a published article on the nature of coronavirus. A qualitative design was followed to arrange data sets, language pairs were identified, transcribed and coded carefully according to the Canonical Trilinear Representation. Three layers of data with the first layer of roman Urdu, the second layer of gloss and the third layer of English translation were further analyzed syntactically and morphosyntactically to show how they grammatically occur in the bilingual complementiser phrases. The findings of this study reveal that code-switching was permissible even when it led to structural asymmetry. English insertions received different Urdu markers of gender and number wherever required. Urdu adjectives played a significant role in realizing nouns. Some data sets allowed English insertions without Urdu markers. Moreover, the data supported matrix language frame, morpheme order principle and system morpheme principle and no counter example appeared against MLF model. Thus, the present study is a significant contribution in the related area.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>= 65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target-1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023-we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45.8 (95% uncertainty interval 44.2-47.5) in 1990 to 60.3 (58.7-61.9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2.6% [1.9-3.3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010-2019 relative to 1990-2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0.79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388.9 million (358.6-421.3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3.1 billion (3.0-3.2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968.1 million [903.5-1040.3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people-the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close-or how far-all populations are in benefiting from UHC., Lucas Guimaraes Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (Capes) -Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Olatunji O Adetokunboh acknowledges South African Department of Science & Innovation, and National Research Foundation. Anurag Agrawal acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship IA/CPHS/14/1/501489. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi acknowledges Grant U01HG010273 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as part of the H3Africa Consortium. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi is further supported by the FLAIR fellowship funded by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Sciences. Syed Mohamed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu, and Adrian Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDSUEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Till Winfried Barnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Juan J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). Felix Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma TransitA3ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Jan-Walter De Neve acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe acknowledges support by Wellcome Trust grant number 201900/Z/16/Z as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Claudiu Herteliu acknowledges partial support by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Praveen Hoogar acknowledges the Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education(MAHE), Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalghatgi. Bing-Fang Hwang acknowledges support from China Medical University (CMU108-MF-95), Taichung, Taiwan. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through the Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Aruna M Kamath acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health T32 grant (T32GM086270). Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15) and an NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02). Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). Kewal Krishan acknowledges support from the DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716 Fogarty International Center/NIMH. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. Ivan Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciA3n (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENACYT), Panama. Jeffrey V Lazarus acknowledges support by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, European Union [CP18/00074]). Peter T N Memiah acknowledges CODESRIA; HISTP. Subas Neupane acknowledges partial support from the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital. Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). Alberto Ortiz acknowledges support by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. George C Patton acknowledges support from a National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship. Marina Pinheiro acknowledges support from FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 -Norma transitA3ria. Alberto Raggi, David Sattin, and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 -Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Daniel Cury Ribeiro acknowledges support from the Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship -Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/111). Perminder S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC Australia. Abdallah M Samy acknowledges support from a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez acknowledges institutional support from University of Applied and Environmental Sciences in Bogota, Colombia, and Carlos III Institute of Health in Madrid, Spain. Maria Ines Schmidt acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges a fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. Aziz Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Kenji Shibuya acknowledges Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos acknowledges partial support from grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, Australia. Marcello Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary, AB, Canada., "Peer Reviewed"

Machine learning algorithms have enabled computers to predict things by learning from previous data. The data storage and processing power are increasing rapidly, thus increasing machine learning and Artificial intelligence applications. Much of the work is done to improve the accuracy of the models built in the past, with little research done to determine the computational costs of machine learning acquisitions. In this paper, I will proceed with this later research work and will make a performance comparison of multi-threaded machine learning clustering algorithms. I will be working on Linear Regression, Random Forest, and K-Nearest Neighbors to determine the performance characteristics of the algorithms as well as the computation costs to the obtained results. I will be benchmarking system hardware performance by running these multi-threaded algorithms to train and test the models on a dataset to note the differences in performance matrices of the algorithms. In the end, I will state the best performing algorithms concerning the performance efficiency of these algorithms on my system., Comment: The research paper consists of seven pages and contains twenty nine figures

Bioinformatics education has been a hot topic in South Asia, and the interest in this education peaks with the start of the 21st century. The governments of South Asian countries had a systematic effort for bioinformatics. They developed the infrastructures to provide maximum facility to the scientific community to gain maximum output in this field. This article renders bioinformatics, measures, and its importance of implementation in South Asia with proper ways of improving bioinformatics education flaws. It also addresses the problems faced in South Asia and proposes some recommendations regarding bioinformatics education. The information regarding bioinformatics education and institutes was collected from different existing research papers, databases, and surveys. The information was then confirmed by visiting each institution’s website, while problems and solutions displayed in the article are mostly in line with South Asian bioinformatics conferences and institutions’ objectives. Among South Asian countries, India and Pakistan have developed infrastructure and education regarding bioinformatics rapidly as compared to other countries, whereas Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal are still in a progressing phase in this field. To advance in a different sector, the bioinformatics industry has to be revolutionized, and it will contribute to strengthening the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and molecular sectors in South Asia. To advance in bioinformatics, universities’ infrastructure needs to be on a par with the current international standards, which will produce well-trained professionals with skills in multiple fields like biotechnology, mathematics, statistics, and computer science. The bioinformatics industry has revolutionized and strengthened the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and molecular sectors in South Asia, and it will serve as the standard of education increases in the South Asian countries. A framework for developing a centralized database is suggested after the literature review to collect and store the information on the current status of South Asian bioinformatics education. This will be named as the South Asian Bioinformatics Education Database (SABE). This will provide comprehensive information regarding the bioinformatics in South Asian countries by the country name, the experts of this field, and the university name to explore the top-ranked outputs relevant to queries.

Given a record of geo-tagged activities, how can we suggest groups, or cohorts of likely companions? A brute-force approach is to perform a spatio-temporal join over past activity traces to find groups of users recorded as moving together; yet such an approach is inherently unscalable. In this paper, we propose that we can identify and predict such cohorts by leveraging information on social ties along with past geo-tagged activities, i.e., geo-social information. In particular, we find groups of users that (i) form cliques of friendships and (ii) maximize a function of common pairwise activities on record among their members. We show that finding such groups is an backslashmathbf NPNP-hard problem, and propose a nontrivial algorithm, COVER, which works as if it were enumerating maximal social cliques, but guides its exploration by a pruning-intensive activity driven criterion in place of a clique maximality condition. Our experimental study with real world data demonstrates that COVER outperforms a brute-force baseline in terms of efficiency and surpasses an adaptation of previous work in terms of prediction accuracy regarding groups of companions, including groups that do not appear in the training set, thanks to its use of a social clique constraint.

Convexity plays an important role in many areas of mathematics, especially in the study of optimization problems where they are distinguished by a number of convenient properties. Our aim is to introduce a more extended version of convexity. In this paper, we introduced interval-valued generalized ηh convex function and proved Hermite–Hadamard-, Jensen-, and Ostrowski-type inequalities in this generalization. The presented results are generalizations of many existing results of literature.

The Upper Indus Basin, in Pakistan's western Salt Range, is home to the Zaluch Gorge. The sedimentary rocks found in this Gorge, belonging to the Chhidru Formation, were studied in terms of sedimentology and stratigraphy, and provide new insights into the basin paleogeographic evolution from the Precambrian to the Jurassic period. Facies analysis in the Chhidru Formation deposits allowed the recognition of three lithofacies (the limestone facies-CF1, the limestone with clay interbeds facies-CF2, and the sandy limestone facies-CF3) with five microfacies types (mudstone biomicrite-MF-1, wackestone-biomicrite-MF-2, wackestone-biosparite-MF-3, pack-stone-biomicrite-MF-4, and packstone-biosparite-MF-5), as well as their depositional characteristics. The identified carbonate and siliciclastic formations display various facies in a shallow marine environment, with different lithologies, sedimentary features, and energy conditions. It is thought that the depositional characteristics of these microfacies are closer to those of the middle to outer shelf. Because of the progressively coarsening outcrop sequence, this formation seems to be at the very top of the high stand system tract (HST). A modified dynamic depositional model of the Chhidru Formation is further built using outcrop data, facies information, and stratigraphy. According to this concept, the formation was deposited in the middle to inner shelf area of the shallow marine environment, during the Late-Permian period. The Permo-Triassic Boundary (PTB), which is the end of the type-1 series, is marked by this formation's top.

It has been suggested that it is more common than the foremost depression. It has been identified recently that a biggest reason of disability in persons living in under progressed or mounting states is the foremost mood swings. Mood swings are of two types foremost and small. These two cases cause the variation in behavior. The foremost depression is found about 17% cases. It mainly caught females as compared to males. Females are two times more vulnerable to foremost depression as compared to males. The small depression is not well known because of lack of investigation on it. It has various standards of its identification. Small depression is not so harmful. It is less severe than he foremost mood swings. Nonetheless, small mood changes have a strong relationship with disability in comparison with foremost mood swings. The major indications associated with foremost and small mood variations are mental or emotional treatment, chemical drugs for treatment and other somatic therapies. The reactions of various therapies on the depression are different in different examination. 50% mood swings can react successfully against emotional therapy or compounds which revered the effects of depression. The patients who did not react better against various treatments are encountered to more treatment. They persistent to express indications if they are not fully cured. These unresponsive cases are then cured with adjunctive therapy or substitute management stratagem. Keywords: Mood; Depression; Estradiol ; Perimenopause, Ovarian aging.

The pandemic of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a public health emergency of the international concern. The majority of the population is exhibiting signs and symptoms similar to the flu and common cold. Despite that, alveolar damage result in progressive lung failure has also been reported. Although COVID-19 has been reported principally to affect the respiratory system, other system"s involvement has also been reported. Cardiovascular involvement has also been underlined in the literature. Cardiovascular involvement in SARS-COV-2 usually corresponds to three situations: (a) cardiac manifestation of the acute coronary syndrome, (b) cardiovascular manifestations of COVID19 in myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmia, and cardiac arrest (c) cardiac manifestation in patients with comorbidities. The actual disease pathogenesis is unknown; however, direct viral invasion to cardiomyocyte, inflammation of cardiomyocyte due to cytokine and inflammatory markers, activation of the complement system, and lung injury from the virus causing hypoxia leading to oxidative stress, increased oxygen demand, and myocyte injury. Patients with cardiac involvement usually experience a wide range of signs and symptoms such as dyspnea, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, hypercapnia, tachypnea, and elevation in cardiac biomarkers. The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has become a unique challenge for the cardiologist. Various renal manifestations have been observed and reported in many cases, and even renal features may precede the classical respiratory signs and symptoms. In this review, we have summarized the information from published literature including, case reports and open-source data sets, to describe the spectrum of cardiovascular manifestation and complication observed in COVID-19 cases

Objective: To assess the awareness of dengue fever among newly admitted first-year MBBS students of medical college. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Study & duration: In the Central Park Medical College, Lahore for six-months duration from November 2019 to April 2020. Material & method: 134 students of the first year of MBBS were enrolled for the study. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was entered and cleaned up in the SPSS 19 statistical package. The data is presented in the form of tables and graphs. Results: It was observed that few respondents knew that there were four types of dengue fever, quite a large number knew about the causative agent. The incubation period was well known to the students. The vector of the disease is known by a good number; however, half of the students rightly called the species aedes aegypti. As for the time of transmission of the disease students were aware that it was mainly early dawn and students were aware of the fact that the breeding sites of female aedes aegypti mosquitoes are stagnant water sites. Respondents' knowledge of the clinical picture, complications and diagnosis of dengue fever also has a high percentage. Conclusion: Medical students had the highest ability to acquire knowledge and this can be reflected in changing practices. Changes in knowledge were greater than changes in practice, reflecting the fact that these changes take more time and require sustainable education. Closing the knowledge-practice gap will remain an important challenge for dengue control, as well as the setting of dynamic ae reduction targets. aegypti population. Keywords: Dengue, Student research, Mosquito control, Students, Open questionnaire

A large number of deaths throughout the world occur because of depression. The depression is more common in females as compared to males. The chances of deaths in females are 2 times more than the males because of depression. The initiation of indications for pause in menstrual cycle until menopause is the best time for depression in females. The variation in the hormonal level causes the changes in the temper. The age of the female in which she is more affected from swings in temper are the time period before menopause and the menopausal evolution etc. The health findings of the masses reflect how much menopausal evolution affects the variation in moods. In US a study examined the duration of development in males and females. It has been described in this study that each year 1.5 million females reached to the condition of menopause every year. Keywords: Analysis, Regulation, Mood Swings, Menopausal Time. &nbsp

This study contributes to the body of knowledge by measuring the effects of economic freedom indicators on higher education reforms in selected SAARC countries over a period of 1995-2012. The results show a strong linkage between economic freedom indicators and higher education,which support the internationalization policies of higher education institutions in the region. The results indicate that “freedom from corruption” increases higher education expenditures and literacy rate in Bangladesh, while trade freedom, financial development, property rights, and government spending have a positive impact on higher education expenditures and per capita GDP in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Property rights increases the higher education enrollment, higher education spending per student, and R&D expenditures in Pakistan, while government spending in Sri Lanka has a positive relationship with the literacy rate and R&D expenditures. The results of panel fixed effect regression model confirm the importance of economic freedom indicators in higher education reforms in selected SAARC countries. The study concludes that economic freedom indicators enforce the need of higher education reforms, which is prerequisite for internationalization process across the globe.

The growing interest in making use of Knowledge Graphs for developing explainable artificial intelligence, there is an increasing need for a comparable and repeatable comparison of the performance of Knowledge Graph-based systems. History in computer science has shown that a main driver to scientific advances, and in fact a core element of the scientific method as a whole, is the provision of benchmarks to make progress measurable. This paper gives an overview of benchmarks used to evaluate systems that process Knowledge Graphs.

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910-68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Velásquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT, Panamá). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council.