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Phenolic compounds are important bioactive components in plant kingdoms with ubiquitous distribution amid immense structural diversity. They are indispensable in developmental and physiological stages of a plant besides having specific response in protection, adaptability, environmental and climatic resilience. In the present study, total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated in 9 different rice ecotypes (PB- 1, PB-1121, PB-1509, Pusa-RH-10, CSR-30, PR-126, HKR-47, Govind and Sharbati) belonging to basmati and non-basmati rice varieties. TPC distribution was measured in both shoot and root system at 14 days old seedling stage. In shoot, the average TPC distribution was 254.38 μg of GAE/gm FW, ranged from 170.33 μg to 357.62 μg of GAE/gm FW. For root, the TPC ranged from 64.58 μg to 105.27 μg of GAE/gm Fw with an average of 84.82 μg of GAE/gm FW. Hence, increased TPC was observed in shoots compared to roots, also there was a positive correlation in TPC distribution between shoot and root. Furthermore, the TPC distribution was more profound in shoot and root of basmati varieties compared to non-basmati varieties. Therefore, differential TPC distribution represents significant physiological feature during the developmental process for optimum growth and metabolism within the rice varieties according to their ecological behavior.

The present investigation was carried out to characterize four different types of psyllium seeds including one landrace for their nutritional, structural, antioxidant profile and biological active compounds. DSC analysis showed the highest peak temperature (TP) of 107.57 ºC in RI-89 and end set temperature (TE) of 130.2 ºC for HI-5 cultivar. FT-IR analysis displayed strong absorption bands at frequencies 960, 1380, 1740, 2280 and 3280cm-1. SEM micrographs of each cultivar showed compact and irregular mass of fiber at various magnifications. Protein, fat, ash and total carbohydrate content of psyllium seed flour were recorded up to 13.33, 0.38, 5.0 and 77.88 %, respectively. Ethanol was found to be a suitable solvent than methanol to extract the phytonutrients from psyllium seed flour. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) of methanolic and ethanolic extract varied between 31 to 39 % and 38.9 to 43 %, respectively. However, ABTS-FRSA varied between 31.7 to 32.9 % and 33.2 to 34.3 %, for methanolic and ethanolic extract, respectively. Total flavonoids and total phenolic content was recorded up to 2.92 mg RE/g and 4.37 mg GAE/g, in ethanolic extract. The reducing power (RP) and Metal chelating activity (MCA) also varied significantly (p≤0.05) among the cultivars. The MCA ranged from 33.20 to 34.81 % in methanolic extracts and 34.62 to 36.07 % in ethanolic extracts. The lowest absorbance for reducing power was found in methanolic extract of landrace (0.16), whereas, the highest was found in ethanolic extract of RI-89 (0.37). Physico-chemical properties including oil and water absorption capacity of both seed and flour did not vary significantly among the cultivars, whereas significant difference was observed in seed hydration capacity among cultivars evaluated. Among the physical properties, L/W ratio ranged from 1.80 to 199, whereas porosity and angle of repose were of 59.2 to 67.7 % and 23.20 to 27.02º, respectively. Static coefficient of friction was found less using steel (0.484 to 0.667) as a test surface compared to wood (0.679 to 0.744) and plastic (0.536 to 0.560). Bulk density, true density and porosity of various psyllium seed cultivars varied between 0.57 to 0.63 g/cm3 and 1.50 to 1.77 g/cm3 and 58.2 to 67.7%, respectively. Geometric mean diameter (Dg), Arithmetic mean diameter (Da) and surface area of seeds (A) varied from 1.49 to 1.60 mm and 1.68 to 1.79 mm and 5.91 to 6.78 mm2, respectively.

It has been shown that competing molecular interactions of atypical protein kinase C isoforms regulate neuronal polarity. For instance, silencing one particular isoform known as protein kinase M- ζ or overexpression of a second isoform known as protein kinase C- λ in hippocampal neurons alters neuronal polarity, resulting in neurons with extra axons. In contrast, the overexpression of protein kinase M- ζ prevents axon specification. These data suggest that antagonistic competition between PKC isoforms could contribute to the development of polarity and axon specification. Here, an excitatory and inhibitory non-linear network model is employed to describe neuronal polarity under different conditions. The model shifts the balance of excitation and inhibition to replicate a variety of scenarios during axon outgrowth, which are then compared with experimental results.

The stimulatory material produced in milk by two strains of Streptococcus cremoris (KH and HC) which enhanced the rate of acid production by S. cremoris R 6 in milk has been identified as guanine by ultraviolet spectral analysis and other properties. Pure preparations of purines like adenine, guanine, and guanosine behaved similarly and enchanced acid production and proteolysis in milk by S. cremoris R 6 .