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Tumors in the hand are relatively uncommon but 95% are benign. Tumors occurring in the hand, forearm and arm often have unique growth patterns and potential for metastasis that may be different from those seen elsewhere in the body. Secondary metastatic tumors in the hand are very rare (0.1%). Diagnosis is mainly clinical, but X-ray, USG and MRI help as a diagnostic aid. The aim of the study was to early diagnosis, see the pattern and proper management of the hand tumor and ensure good hand function. This prospective study was done from January 2004 to July 2019. We found 220 hand tumors in the hand unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka Bangladesh. Among 220 patients, male were 114(51.81%) and female were 106 (48.19%). Out of 220 patients we found 190(86.36%) benign tumor and tumor like lesions and 30(13.64%) was malignant hand tumors. Out of 190 benign lesions, benign tumor was 158(83.15%) and 32(16.85%) was tumor like lesions. Among 158 benign tumor, bone tumors were 40(25.31%) and soft tissue tumours were 138(74.69%). Out of soft tissue tumor, peripheral nerve tumor was 20(12.66%). Enchondroma and Giant cell tumors are the most common among the benign bone tumors, on the other hand giant cell tumors of tendon sheath, Glomus tumor, haemangioma, neurofibroma, schwanoma are the common soft tissue tumors. Compound palmar ganglion, fibromatosis and tuberculosis of phalanx are the most common tumor like lesions. Synovial sarcoma 10(33.33%), osteosarcoma 03(10%), chondrosarcoma 03(10%), ewings sarcoma 02(6.66%), fibrosarcoma 04 (13.33%), Malignant fibrous histocytoma 01(3.33%), soft tissue sarcoma 01(3.33%), Merkel cell tumor 01(3.33%), pleomorphic Rabdomyosarcoma 01(3.33%), malignant melanoma 01(3.33%), clear cell sarcoma of tendon and aponeurosis 01(3.33%), undifferentiated carcinoma 01(3.33%) and extra skeletal chondro sarcoma 01(3.33%) were the malignant tumors. Most of the benign lesions recovered fully after excision except neurofibroma and malignant tumors were treated with excision (including amputation) and chemo-radiotherapy successfully, but 4 patients were refereed to higher center due to recurrence and deteriation of hand function and one patient died due to metastasis. Malignant hand tumor management is very difficult even after amputation with multidisciplinary approach. Hand tumor is uncommon and malignant tumors are rare but any abnormal lump or bump in the hand or wrist is considered as tumor. Early detection and intervention are essential for better prognosis and survival for malignant tumors of hands and upper limbs.

Rhodium-103 Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPNDs) are used in typical Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) for flux measurement. They are slow responding neutron detectors. The slow response of Rhodium-103 SPND restricts its direct use for monitoring, control and determination of parameters like neutron flux distribution, local flux peaking. These reactor parameters are indirectly calculated in terms of Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) & Linear Heat Generation Rate (LHGR), so that the extracted power limits from Fuel Assembly do not exceed the design limit. Whereas benefits offered by Rhodium-103 SPNDs like simple response, ease in handling and replacement from core etc., make them suitable candidates for this applications. In this paper, the goal is to develop a Discrete-Time Kalman Filter (DTKF) based delay compensator to improve the response time of Rhodium-103 SPNDs. The simulation results of delay compensation algorithm of Rhodium-103 SPND are compared with the collected data from 1000 MWe VVER units-1&2, Kudankulam, India. It is established that the simulation output is in very good agreement with the prompt responding Ex-core (Ion chamber) detectors. This puts the possibility of using Rhodium-103 detectors for fuel health monitoring inside reactor core.

Sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) is one of the oldest and most nutritional oilseed crops, of which domestication history has been poorly understood. This study suggested that sesame has undergone domestication bottleneck during its use for a long time. In this investigation, the molecular analysis included 4.4 Mbp of the genomic DNA of sesame comprising stearoyl acyl desaturase (sad), fatty acid desaturase 2 (fad2) and omega 3 fatty acid desaturase (o3fad) genes in 99 accessions of four populations of sesame germplasm namely: wild species, landraces, improved cultivars and introgressed lines. Results indicated that the improved cultivars and landraces lost 46.6 and 36.7% of nucleotide diversity, respectively, which indicate that the genetic diversity of the crop had been eroded due to selection after domestication. However, there was no significant reduction in genetic diversity of improved cultivars compared with landraces, indicating that unique improved cultivars generated through crosses were of less frequency in this population. Moreover, introgressed lines retained only 17.77% (π) and 4.57% (θ) of landrace diversity. To evaluate the impact of selection across fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, individual nucleotide diversity at three major genes involved in the pathway was surveyed. The analysis between wild and improved cultivars supported positive selection infad2ando3fadloci. Though locus-to-locus sequence variation was observed, positive results with two most important loci supported selection after domestication. Reduced diversity in these critical quality governing genes in improved cultivars suggested that future sesame cultivation would benefit from the incorporation of alleles from sesame's wild relatives.

Wireless Power Transfer to long distance objects has been a much awaited task for researchers and scientists but old technologies like magnetic resonance coupling method were failed to provide any satisfactory result for long distance power transfer though it was good for small or very near distance power transfer. Far distant moving objects like space stations, lunar modules, rovers, unmanned aerial vehicles or drones largely suffer from lack of power providing mechanism resulting in short flight time of these vehicles. Major limitation is poor endurance for helicopters and quad-copters due to their very less efficient design and nature of vertical take-off and landing in comparison to those vehicle having fixed wings. Unlimited flight endurance can be achieved by using laser power beaming to recharge any target having optical tracking system done by beam riding method. Here wireless power transmission using a high intensity laser beaming (HILB) system by illuminating vertical multi-junction solar cell (VMJSC) has been discussed and its performance is studied and analyzed. Many of the HILB systems have been used to examine the performance of VMJSC under different types of conditions. Here many of the methods like optimal receiver geometry, parallel cell back-feeding, laser wavelength, thermal effects and non-uniform illumination at high intensities are studied and analyzed. Suggestions are made to further improve the system and to achieve sufficient power densities. Study shows that VMJSC mechanism can be used for high intensity laser beaming to power transfer without being damaged and retaining its efficiency.

The present text provides information regarding introductory concept of wireless power transfer by studying some of the existing technologies and evaluate its quality factor as well as deals with certain methods of improving the efficiency of wireless power transfer. In addition to this, calculation and analysis has also been done for its figure of merit, transfer loss, quality factor and efficiency.

Topical vitamin A acid 0.05 % in lotion and cream forms were tried in 55 patients. All of them except one had some form of local reaction, which started usually after a week and showed maximum intensity in between second and third week. Improvement started after 4-6 weeks and clearing of lesions were noticed in 8 weeks time. The occurrence of local reaction was often beneficial to the patient and served as a guide for effective therapy. The single patient without any reaction did not improve at all. Lotion seemed to be more effective than the cream preparations. 83.6% patients showed excellent response with papulo-pustular and comedone acne, whereas response was poor in nodules and cystic lesions. Vitamin A acid improved the complexion in majority of patients indicating its mild demelanising property observed in this study.

RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful technique to investigate the complexity of gene expression in the human brain. We used RNA-seq to survey the brain transcriptome in high-quality postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 11 individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) and from 11 age- and gender-matched controls. Deep sequencing was performed, with over 350 million reads per specimen. At a false discovery rate of

The aim of this study is to assess the optimum rehabilitation and the functional outcome of open repaired Achilles tendon ruptures. This study was conducted for the 18 consecutive patients of complete ruptures at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2012 to 2013. Two groups were considered during 6 to 18 months post-operative observation and each group consist 9 patients. In the Group I, modified Teuffer's and in Group II, Lindholm operative methods were employed for the open repair of Achille tendon. The post operative outcomes were assessed for both of the groups through the modified Thermann's scores. In this study the patients median age was seen 39 years with 72.2% male and 27.8% female. The Thompson test was found positive in pre-operative and negative in post-operative outcome. The results shown that Achilles tendon ruptures occurred in 4 to 6cm rupture site, where the rupture side was 61.1% left and 38.9% right. The subjective overall assessment of total Thermann's scores were found very good (91 to 96) in 4 cases and (90 to 98) in 3 cases for Group I and Group II, respectively. Both of the operative techniques were found accountable results for rehabilitation. Therefore, based on the further statistical evidence of higher correlations and errors it may be concluded that Achilles tendon ruptures can be treated by modified Teuffer's or Lindholm technique.

A general theorem for the Stokes flow over a plane boundary with mixed stick-slip boundary conditions is established. This is done by using a representation for the velocity and pressure fields in the three-dimensional Stokes flow in terms of a biharmonic function and a harmonic function. The earlier theorem for the Stokes flow due to fundamental singularities before a no-slip plane boundary is shown to be a special case of the present theorem. Furthermore, in terms of the Stokes stream function, a corollary of the theorem is also derived, providing a solution to the problem of the axisymmetric Stokes flow along a rigid plane with stick-slip boundary conditions. The formulae for the drag and torque exerted by the fluid on the boundary are established. An illustrative example is given.

A preliminary, and perhaps the first, study of astrophysical applications of Delbruck scattering in a gamma-ray emitting celestial object like a gamma-ray burst ( GRB ) has been made. At energies≥100 MeV the elastic scattering of gamma-ray photons off the molecular dust surrounding the GRB site is dominated by Delbruck scattering. Expressions for Delbruck-scattered gamma-ray flux as a function of time has been obtained for a few selected energies by assuming a simple model of GRB . These are compared with Compton-scattered flux. At certain situations, interestingly, the former is found to exceed the latter for the first few milliseconds of the burst. The issue of detectability of Delbruck-scattered gamma-ray echo from the cloud of a GRB is discussed. Although it is observed that the detection of such an echo is not within the capability of the presently operating gamma-ray missions such as Fermi LAT, a rough estimate shows that one can be optimistic that future generation gamma-ray telescopes might be able to see such photons' contribution to the total flux.

Present investigation looks into the effect of ferrite grain size on ratcheting behavior of 0.14% carbon Nb-bearing microalloyed steel. Ferrite grain size has been varied by annealing treatment at 925, 1000, and 1075°C for one hour. Ratcheting behavior of the steels has been studied by asymmetrical cyclic stressing for 500 cycles at three different mean stresses, 5, 10, and 15% yield stress, but keeping the stress amplitude fixed at the yield stress level, corresponding to the respective ferrite grain size. It is observed that with increase in ferrite grain size final ratcheting strain decreases. Further, with increasing mean stress higher ratcheting strain develops in the specimens irrespective of grain size. It is also observed that while ratcheting strain with number of cycle follow different pattern depending upon ferrite grain size, the variation of maximum ratcheting strain with mean stress obeys a linear relationship for all the grain sizes. Effect of ratcheting on subsequent Low cycle fatigue (LCF...

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a heavy feeder of nutrients. To maintain the continuous growth and fruiting, heavy doses of fertilizers should be applied at frequent intervals which may lead to unsustainability of the present day agricultural system causing soil deterioration and environmental pollution. Hence, there is a need to shift from conventional nutrient management system to integrated nutrient management system. As the biofertilizers are the essential components of integrated nutrient management, an investigation was conducted at Horticulture Research Station of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mondouri, Nadia, West Bengal to study the efficacy of PSM (Bacillus megatherium + Aspergillus awamori) and VAM (Glomus mosseae + G. fasciculatum) biofertilizers with graded levels of phosphorus (P 2 O 5 at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g) on growth and nutrient uptake of papaya. Maximum plant height (192.67 cm), girth (24.00 cm) and total number of leaves (25.17) were observed in VAM + 200 g P 2 O 5 . VAM were also found more effective in increasing height and girth than PSM. Early flowering was noticed due to application of increased phosphorus level and biofertilizer inoculation. Highest yield (64.85 tonnes/ha) was resulted due to the inoculation effect of PSM and 200 g P 2 O 5 treatment combination. P and K content of leaves increased with increasing phosphorus level and biofertilizer application.

Ionospheric Electron Content Observations during the Total Solar Eclipse of 16 February 1980

STOKES FLOW BEFORE A PLANE BOUNDARY

Phase Equilibria in Parts of te System CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O based on Retrieved Thermodynamic Data: Applications to Zeolite Equilibria

ON SYMMETRIZING A MATRIX

The paper presents a unique design based on flash type ADCs having a high resolution. A novel cyclic architecture concept has been proposed for its implementation. The most important feature of this ADC is that two reference voltages are employed along with flash ADC logic. An 8 bit conventional flash type ADC requires 255 comparators for its implementation. Following this, a 4 bit flash type ADC requires 15 comparators. But the proposed model employs only three comparators to realize an 8 bit resolution in only four clock cycles. The design is verified in hardware and also simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK software. Relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed with respect to the conventional flash and SAR type ADCs.

ON BITOPOLOGICAL QHC-SPACES

CONCERNING BITOPOLOGICAL QHC EXTENSIONS

A NOTE ON BUTLER’S SPHERE THEOREMS FOR STOKES’ STREAM FUNCTION

In this paper, a new low-pass FIR filter design technique for achieving variable stopband attenuation without altering the passband and stopband edges, is proposed. The filter function is a linear combination of multi-scale Gaussian derivatives. In the frequency domain, the spectral modes corresponding to the continuous Gaussian derivatives have monotonic tails. In discrete domain, this amounts to variable stopband attenuation which depends upon the truncation length of the continuous kernel, the 'scale' and the order of Gaussian derivatives. The proposed algorithm consists of derivation of some useful mathematical relations between the basic design parameters and the parameters of the Gaussian derivatives and an optimization technique that finally produces an equiripple passband lowpass FIR filter with a higher falloff rate at the beginning of the transition band. Such a filter with variable stopband attenuation may be effective at the time of reconstruction of the desired passband signal in a Σ-Δ modulator output.

Streptomyces venezuelae P(10) could produce extracellular chitinase in a medium containing 0.6% colloidal chitin that was fermented for 96 hours at 30 degrees C. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with 80% saturation of ammonium sulfate as shown by chitin affinity chromatography and DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the enzyme showed a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The chitinase was characterized, and antifungal activity was observed against phytopathogens. Also, the first 15 N-terminal amino-acid residues of the chitinase were determined. The chitin hydrolysed products were N-acetylglucosamine and N, N'-diacetylchitobiose.

A representation for the velocity and pressure fields in three-dimensional Stokes flow was presented in terms of a biharmonic function A and a harmonic function B. This representation was used to establish a general theorem for the calculation of Stokes flow due to fundamental singularities in a region bounded by a stationary no-slip plane boundary. Collins's theorem for axisymmetric Stokes flow before a rigid plane follows as a special case of the theorem. A few illustrative examples are given to show its usefulness.

ZnO films doped with different concentrations of aluminum (AZO) have been prepared by the sol-gel technique. The electrical properties of the samples have been measured on as-deposited films. Two of the films have been heat treated in vacuum at 400 °C to determine the changes in transport properties. The electrical properties, i.e. conductivity and Hall coefficient, have been studied from room temperature down to low temperatures. Combining these two it has been possible to determine the Hall mobilities, carrier concentrations and the barrier height at the grain-boundary region. Attempts have been made to explain the barrier height assuming monovalent trapping states at the grain boundary and the density of trapped states has been estimated from the experimental data. As carrier concentration increases after heat treatment of the samples in vacuum the role of non-ionized impurities decreases.

The optical transmission and reflection data for aluminum doped zinc oxide films have been analyzed. The optical absorption coefficient ( α ) and hence the refractive index ( n ), extinction coefficient ( k ) and the band gap ( E g ) have been determined for these films using different methods. The films are prepared by sol–gel technique and are optically transparent. It is observed that the band gap increases with aluminum doping from 3.19 to 3.24 eV, but is less than the bulk ZnO crystal. A qualitative explanation has been put forward for the band gap widening with doping. The width of the band tail states which is connected to localized states in the band gap is least for 1 at% doped aluminum film. The porosity of the films as deduced from the refractive index seems to be of the same order in all the cases, but relatively higher for 1 at% aluminum doped films.

Esterase isozyme polymorphism was documented for digestive juice and haemolymph of the tropical multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L., breed CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines (CB5Lm(e)-1, CB5Lm-2 and CB5Lm-5) using alpha- and beta-naphthylacetate separately as nonspecific substrates (Ogita, Z., Kasai, T., 1965. Genetico-biochemical analysis of specific esterases in Musca domestica. Jpn. J. Genet. 40, 173-184). Polymorphism existed in the isozyme pattern of alpha-esterase with two or three bands in digestive juice and three to five bands in haemolymph. No polymorphism was observed in beta-esterase isozyme pattern having four bands in digestive juice and two bands in haemolymph. During the course of esterase isozyme studies, the presence of some specific alpha-esterase bands (Est-1, 4 and 5) in haemolymph and beta-esterase bands (Est-1, 2 and 3) in digestive juice were observed. But both alpha- and beta-esterase bands Est-3 and 4 in digestive juice and Est-2 and 3 in haemolymph were found to be nonspecific. Nonspecific beta-esterase band (Est-3) in haemolymph of CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines withstood a temperature up to 80+/-1 degrees C for 10 min. No thermostable band was observed in the isozyme zymogram of alpha-esterase in digestive juice and haemolymph or beta-esterase in digestive juice. Overall, this study discusses the presence of esterase heterogeneity in the CB5 (GP) genepool, syngenic lines development, occurrence of specific alpha- and beta-esterase bands in digestive juice and haemolymph and thermostable beta-esterase band Est-3 in haemolymph in tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Machine components normally experience fatigue cycling during operation. Failure of these components is mostly due to fatigue. So, it is important to know the fatigue damage behavior and fatigue life of the material before selecting these steels for making different machine components. The En-8-grade (equivalent to SAE/AISI 1040) steel is generally used as a machine component in the annealed or hardened-and-tempered condition. The fatigue life (fatigue/endurance limit) is also dependent upon the tensile properties of any material. By suitable heat treatment, one can manipulate the tensile properties of any steel. The present work reports the effect of fatigue damage in En-8-grade heattreated steel (annealed and hardened and tempered), under different cyclic loading conditions at room temperature (25 °C), on the impact and dynamic fracture-toughness properties. The results indicate higher fracture toughness and impact toughness in hardened-and-tempered steel than in annealed steel. Cyclic hardening and softening occurs in both the hardened-and-tempered as well as the annealed steel. With the increase of peak stress and number of fatigue cycles, the KID and CVN values decrease in hardened-and-tempered steels. The results are discussed in terms of dislocations, slip bands, and their density, microstructure, and fracture morphology.

The granulites and granitoids around Rayagada in the north central part of the Eastern Ghats belt display structural and petrological differences when compared to similar rocks from Chilka and Jenapore in the northern Eastern Ghats. The impress of F1 deformation is almost erased while that ofF 3 is muted. The metapelites have a restricted chemical range and are non-migmatitic. There are two varieties of leptynitic granitoids, one of which is interlayered with yet another S-type granite containing cordierite. The maximum recorded temperature from geothermometers is 780‡C, but the magnitude of pressure is comparatively low, the highest value being 6.3 kbar. Another distinctive feature of the pressuretemperature record is the absence of evidence of decompression in the lower realms of pressure and temperature. Metamorphic reactions that could be identified indicate cooling, a noteworthy reaction being the sillimanite to andalusite transformation. Integration of data from pressure-temperature sensors suggest cooling at two pressures, 6 and 5 kbar. The generation of two types of granitoids from metapelites is interpreted to be due to intersection with solidus curves for pelitic and graywacke-like compositions, constrained by recent experiments, at 6 and 5 kbar. The first melting occurred on a prograde path while the second one was due to increase in temperature during exhumation at tectonic rates.

We present an O(n^3) noniterative heuristic algorithm and describe an implementation of p-adic arithmetic to solve the linear programming problems error-free. An optimality test as well as numerical examples depict the scope of such an algorithm. In the few cases where it did not lead to the optimal solution, it did provide a nonnegative solution of the system Ax=b, which could be used as the basic feasible solution for any one of the widely used simplex methods, say, the revised simplex algorithm without the need to include artificial variables in Ax=b for consistency check. Thus the algorithm could be at least a pre-processor for any simplex algorithm and avoids the enhancement of dimensions of the constraint matrix A and consequent additional space, computational complexities, and errors.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal association in mulberry saplings var. S1, together with two levels of phosphate, on growth characters, leaf yield and phosphorus uptake. The experiment was conducted in the period 1995 to 1997 at the Technical Service Centre, Kashipur, Purulia (West Bengal) under rainfed, lateritic soil conditions. Pooled data analysis revealed that there was no significant variation among the treatments in most of the characters except height of plant and leaf moisture percentage. Plant height in both treatments with Glomus mosseae was significantly less than in the others, while there was significant reduction in moisture percentage in G. fasciculatum with 25 kg of phosphate and G. mosseae with 10 kg of phosphate ha–1 year–1 than in other treatments. There was no significant season–treatment effect on any of the parameters. Considering all the quantitative and qualitative characters, G. fasciculatum together with the most economic dose of phosphate showed more promising performance than G. etunicatum and G. mosseae with different doses of phosphate fertilizer. At 80% of the recommended dose of inorganic phosphate fertilizer, Rs 534.0 were earned as net profit.

Elevated plasma Homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for age related (senile) cataract. Certain nutritional deficiencies, in particular Folate, Vitamin B(12), Vitamin B(6) relate inversely with Homocysteine level. This study was undertaken to evaluate the plasma level of Vitamin B(12), Folate, and Homocysteine of cataract patients and to study the interplay between them. Serum Homocysteine level is significantly increased in cataract patients when compared with control (p0.001). There was a significant decrease in the level of Folate as compared with control (p0.001). There was a negative correlation between Homocysteine vs. Vitamin B(12) (p0.01) and Folate (p0.01) in the Cataract patients. Our findings suggest that increased plasma Homocysteine level is associated with decreased plasma levels of Folate and VitaminB(12) in Cataract patients, which might have a possible role in the root cause of cataract pathogenesis.

For the first time in India, quenched-and-tempered (Q and T) plates of copper-bearing high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel have been commercially developed for naval structural applications. A 50 ton production heat was made through electric arc furnace (EAF)-vacuum are degassing (VAD) route and continuously cast into 170 mm thick slabs. These slabs were conditioned, reheated in walking-beam furnace and hot rolled in plate mill into plates of 10 to 16 mm thickness. The as-rolled plates were hardened through oil quenching and subsequently tempered (aged) at 630 C to achieve the combination of high-strength and good low-temperature impact toughness. The microstructures of heat treated plates showed fine acicular ferrite with grain sizes ranging between ASTM No. 9 and 10. From the standpoint of tensile properties, Q and T plates of all thicknesses exhibited significantly higher yield strengths than the minimum stipulated value of 552 MPa for HY-80/HSLA-80 steels. The elongation (22.20 to 26.00%) and reduction in area (62.12 to 67.62%) values achieved also exceeded the respective minimum requirements of 20 and 50% stipulated for such steels. The trend in variation of Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energies at room temperature, {minus}18, and {minus}62 C not only showed significantly higher values than that stipulatedmore » for HY-80 and HSLA-100 steels at {minus}18 C, but also indicated that the CVN impact energies achieved (105.15 to 144.25 J) at {minus}62 C were higher than the estimated value of 90 J for HSLA-80/HSLA-100 steels at this temperature.« less

Generally, the failure of major machinery parts is due to fatigue damage. Because of the structural inhomogeneity of metals, fatigue damage may sometimes occur significantly below the yield strength of the material due to microplastic deformation at low stress levels. Commercial En-8 grade steel (widely used for making secondary metalworking products) was used to estimate the fatigue damage response during cyclic loading nearer to the fatigue endurance limit. Estimation of fatigue damage was carried out with the aid of a nondestructive testing (NDT) method, that is, Elastosonic measurement of fatigue damping coefficient and slope of fatigue damping curves. Results indicate that fatigue damage increases in annealed En-8 steel with an increase in peak stress and with an increase in the number of cycles. However, for hardened and tempered En-8 steel, experimental results may not provide a true indication of fatigue damage during fatigue loading nearer to the endurance limit, most likely due to the more homogeneous structure. Generally, fatigue failure occurs in this grade of steel due to microcrack generation in the cementite of the pearlite phase of annealed steel.

Garnet-sillimanite gneisses, locally known as khondalites, occur abundantly in the Chilka Lake granulite terrane belonging to the Eastern Ghats Proterozoic belt of India. Though their chemistry has been modified by partial melting, it is evident that the majority of these rocks are metapelitic, with some tending to be metapsammitic. Five petrographically distinct groups are present within the khondalites of which the most abundant group is characteristically low in Mg:Fe ratios — the main chemical discriminant separating the five groups. The variations in Mg:Fe ratios of the garnets, biotites, cordierites, orthopyroxenes and spinels from the metapelites are compatible with those in the bulk rocks. A suite of granitoids containing garnet, K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz, commonly referred to as leptynites in Indian granulite terranes, are interlayered with khondalites on the scale of exposures; in a few spots, the intercalated layers are thin. The peraluminous character of the leptynites and presence of sillimanite trails within garnets in some of them suggest derivation of leptynites by partial melting of khondalites. Here we examine this connection in the light of results derived from dehydration melting experiments of micas in pelitic and psammitic rocks. The plots of leptynites of different chemical compositions in a (MgO + FeO)-Na2O-K2O projection match the composition of liquids derived by biotite and muscovite dehydration melting, when corrected for co-products of melting reactions constrained by mass balance and modal considerations. The melt components of the leptynites describe four clusters in the M-N-K diagram. One of them matches melts produced dominantly by muscovite dehydration melting, while three clusters correspond to melting of biotite. The relative disposition of the clusters suggests two trends, which can be correlated with different paths that pelitic and psammitic protoliths are expected to generate during dehydration melting. Thus the leptynites evidently represent granitoids which were produced by dehydration melting in metapelites of different compositions. The contents of Ti, Y, Nb, Zr and Th in several leptynites indicate departures from equilibrium melt compositions, and entrainment of restites is considered to be the main causative factor. Disequilibrium in terms of major elements is illustrated by leucosomes within migmatites developed in a group of metapelites. But the discrete leptynites that have been compared with experimental melts approach equilibrium melt compositions closely.

Localized swelling has been observed in 24Cr-24Ni-Nb steel transportation rollers used in the normalizing furnace of a plate mill after prolonged service at high temperature. Due to high localized thermal and mechanical stresses, the chromia layer formed on the roller surface ruptures, exposing the roller substrate to furnace oxygen. Oxidation of second-phase carbides results in the formation of carbon monoxide at very high partial pressure. This leads to formation of voids, leading in turn to localized swelling of the roller material.

Actual nitrogen fixation of root nodules of differentAlbizia-rhizobium symbioses, was compared with the potential nitrogen fixation of isolated bacteroids. The potential nitrogen fixation exceeded actual nitrogen fixation in all symbionts. After addition of nitrate the actual nitrogen fixation decreased more than did potential nitrogen fixation in effective symbiosis, whereas in a less effective symbiosis, the actual and potential nitrogen fixation increased as a result of better photosynthate supply to the roots and nodules. As confirmed by correlation analysis, the nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic yield of suboptimum symbioses were relatively enhanced by dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer.

An extensive investigation has been carried out to study structure-property characteristics and corrosion behavior in three varieties of thermomechanically treated (TMT) reinforcement bars (rebars) produced in an integrated steel plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Three experimental steel heats–one of plain-carbon and two of low-alloy chemistry-were chosen for the study. Of the two lowalloy heats, one was copper-bearing and the other contained both copper and chromium for improved corrosion resistance. Hot-rolled bars for each specific chemistry were subjected to in-line thermomechanical treatment, where quenching parameters were altered to achieve different yield strength levels.

In this paper, an adaptive routing algorithm is presented in Mobile Adhoc Networks using modified AODV by calculating the load on different routes using parameters like nodes remaining energy and aggregate interface queue length. The weight value of each route is computed and stored in a metric. This metric value is used to choose a path to the destination. The AODV protocol is modified in such a way that only the destination node will respond to a route request which greatly reduces the transmission of control data packets in a network. The performance of modified AODV is also evaluated based on metrics like throughput, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing overhead.

The aim of the paper is to find suitable conditions so as to ultimately establish the existence and uniqueness of the extension of a pairwiseθ-continuous map onto an arbitrary extension-space of a bitopological space.