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Importance: The degree to which children and adolescents are infected by and transmit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. The role of children and adolescents in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on susceptibility, symptoms, viral load, social contact patterns, and behavior. Objective: To systematically review the susceptibility to and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents compared with adults. Data Sources: PubMed and medRxiv were searched from database inception to July 28, 2020, and a total of 13_926 studies were identified, with additional studies identified through hand searching of cited references and professional contacts. Study Selection: Studies that provided data on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents (younger than 20 years) compared with adults (20 years and older) derived from contact tracing or population screening were included. Single-household studies were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis: PRISMA guidelines for abstracting data were followed, which was performed independently by 2 reviewers. Quality was assessed using a critical appraisal checklist for prevalence studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken. Main Outcomes and Measures: Secondary infection rate (contact-tracing studies) or prevalence or seroprevalence (population screening studies) among children and adolescents compared with adults. Results: A total of 32 studies comprising 41_640 children and adolescents and 268_945 adults met inclusion criteria, including 18 contact-tracing studies and 14 population screening studies. The pooled odds ratio of being an infected contact in children compared with adults was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.37-0.85), with substantial heterogeneity (I2_=_94.6%). Three school-based contact-tracing studies found minimal transmission from child or teacher index cases. Findings from population screening studies were heterogenous and were not suitable for meta-analysis. Most studies were consistent with lower seroprevalence in children compared with adults, although seroprevalence in adolescents appeared similar to adults. Conclusions and Relevance: In this meta-analysis, there is preliminary evidence that children and adolescents have lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, with an odds ratio of 0.56 for being an infected contact compared with adults. There is weak evidence that children and adolescents play a lesser role than adults in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a population level. This study provides no information on the infectivity of children.

Background: The ProtecT trial reported intention-to-treat analysis of men with localised prostate cancer (PCa) randomly allocated to active monitoring (AM), radical prostatectomy, and external beam radiotherapy. Objective: To determine report outcomes according to treatment received in men in randomised and treatment choice cohorts. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study focuses on secondary care. Men with clinically localised prostate cancer at one of nine UK centres were invited to participate in the treatment trial comparing AM, radical prostatectomy, and radiotherapy. Intervention: Two cohorts included 1643 men who agreed to be randomised; 997 declined randomisation and chose treatment. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Health-related quality of life impacts on urinary, bowel, and sexual function were assessed using patient-reported outcome measures. Analysis was carried out based on treatment received for each cohort and on pooled estimates using meta-analysis. Differences were estimated with adjustment for known prognostic factors using propensity scores. Results and Limitations: According to treatment received, more men receiving AM died of PCa (AM 1.85%, surgery 0.67%, radiotherapy 0.73%), whilst this difference remained consistent with chance in the randomised cohort (p = 0.08); stronger evidence was found in the exploratory analyses (randomised plus choice cohort) when AM was compared with the combined radical treatment group (p = 0.003). There was also strong evidence that metastasis (AM 5.6%, surgery 2.4%, radiotherapy 2.7%) and disease progression (AM 20.35%, surgery 5.87%, radiotherapy 6.62%) were more common in the AM group. Compared with AM, there were higher risks of sexual dysfunction (95% at 6 mo) and urinary incontinence (55% at 6 mo) after surgery, and of sexual dysfunction (88% at 6 mo) and bowel dysfunction (5% at 6 mo) after radiotherapy. The key limitations are the potential for bias when comparing groups defined by treatment received and outdating of the interventions being evaluated during the lengthy follow-up required in trials of screen-detected PCa. Conclusions: Analyses according to treatment received showed increased rates of disease-related events and lower rates of patient-reported harms in men managed by AM compared with men managed by radical treatment, and stronger evidence of greater PCa mortality in the AM group. Patient Summary: More than 90 out of every 100 men with localised prostate cancer do not die of prostate cancer within 10 yr, irrespective of whether treatment is by means of monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy. Side effects on sexual and bladder function are much better after active monitoring, but the risks of spreading of prostate cancer are more common.

During obesity, macrophages infiltrate the visceral adipose tissue and promote inflammation that contributes to type II diabetes. Evidence suggests that the rewiring of cellular metabolism can regulate macrophage function. However, the metabolic programs that characterize adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) in obesity are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that ATM from obese mice exhibit metabolic profiles characterized by elevated glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, distinct from ATM from lean mice. Increased activation of HIF-1α in ATM of obese visceral adipose tissue resulted in induction of IL-1β and genes in the glycolytic pathway. Using a hypoxia-tracer, we show that HIF-1α nuclear translocation occurred both in hypoxic and non-hypoxic ATM suggesting that both hypoxic and pseudohypoxic stimuli activate HIF-1α and its target genes in ATM during diet-induced obesity. Exposure of macrophages to the saturated fatty acid palmitate increased glycolysis and HIF-1α expression, which culminated in IL-1β induction thereby simulating pseudohypoxia. Using mice with macrophage-specific targeted deletion of HIF-1α, we demonstrate the critical role of HIF-1α-derived from macrophages in regulating ATM accumulation, and local and systemic IL-1β production, but not in modulating systemic metabolic responses. Collectively, our data identify enhanced glycolysis and HIF-1α activation as drivers of low-grade inflammation in obesity.

Background Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a diffuse manifestation of atherothrombosis, is a major cardiovascular threat. Although platelets are primary mediators of atherothrombosis, their role in the pathogenesis of PAD remains unclear. Objectives The authors sought to investigate the role of platelets in a cohort of symptomatic PAD. Methods The authors profiled platelet activity, mRNA, and effector roles in patients with symptomatic PAD and in healthy controls. Patients with PAD and carotid artery stenosis were recruited into ongoing studies (NCT02106429 and NCT01897103) investigating platelet activity, platelet RNA, and cardiovascular disease. Results Platelet RNA sequence profiling mapped a robust up-regulation of myeloid-related protein (MRP)-14 mRNA, a potent calcium binding protein heterodimer, in PAD. Circulating activated platelets were enriched with MRP-14 protein, which augmented the expression of the adhesion mediator, P-selectin, thereby promoting monocyte–platelet aggregates. Electron microscopy confirmed the firm interaction of platelets with monocytes in vitro and colocalization of macrophages with MRP-14 confirmed their cross talk in atherosclerotic manifestations of PAD in vivo. Platelet-derived MRP-14 was channeled to monocytes, thereby fueling their expression of key PAD lesional hallmarks and increasing their directed locomotion, which were both suppressed in the presence of antibody-mediated blockade. Circulating MRP-14 was heightened in the setting of PAD, significantly correlated with PAD severity, and was associated with incident limb events. Conclusions The authors identified a heightened platelet activity profile and unraveled a novel immunomodulatory effector role of platelet-derived MRP-14 in reprograming monocyte activation in symptomatic PAD. (Platelet Activity in Vascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Events [PACE]; NCT02106429; and Platelet Activity in Vascular Surgery for Thrombosis and Bleeding [PIVOTAL]; NCT01897103)

Background The degree to which children and young people are infected by and transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus is unclear. Clinical series and testing cohorts based upon screening of symptomatic cases provide biased estimates of susceptibility in children. The role of children and young people in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on susceptibility, symptoms, viral load, social contact patterns and behaviour. Methods We undertook a rapid systematic review of contact-tracing studies and population-screening studies to address the question What is the susceptibility to and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children and adolescents compared with adults? We searched PubMed and medRxiv on 16 May 2020 and identified 6327 studies, with additional studies identified through handsearching of cited references (2) and professional contacts (4). We assessed quality, summarized findings and undertook a random effects meta-analysis of contact-tracing studies. Results 18 studies met inclusion criteria; 9 contact-tracing, 8 population-screening and 1 systematic-review. Meta-analysis of contact tracing studies showed that the pooled odds ratio of being an infected contact in children compared with adults for all contact tracing studies was 0.44 (0.29, 0.69) with substantial heterogeneity (63%). Findings from a systematic review of household clusters of COVID-19 found 3/31 (10%) were due to a child index case and a population-based school contact tracing study found minimal transmission by child or teacher index cases. Findings from population-screening studies were heterogenous and not suitable for meta-analysis. Large studies from Iceland, the Netherlands and Spain and an Italian municipal study showed markedly lower SARS-CoV-2 prevalence amongst children and young people, however studies from Stockholm, England and municipalities in Switzerland and Germany showed showed no difference in infection prevalence between adults and children. Conclusions There is preliminary evidence that children and young people have lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, with a 56% lower odds of being an infected contact. There is weak evidence that children and young people play a lesser role in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a population level. Our study provides no information on the infectivity of children.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are characterized by extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) fragmentation and inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which these events are coupled thereby fueling focal vascular damage are undefined. Here we report through single-cell RNA-sequencing of diseased aorta that the neuronal guidance cue netrin-1 can act at the interface of macrophage-driven injury and ECM degradation. Netrin-1 expression peaks in human and murine aneurysmal macrophages. Targeted deletion of netrin-1 in macrophages protects mice from developing AAA. Through its receptor neogenin-1, netrin-1 induces a robust intracellular calcium flux necessary for the transcriptional regulation and persistent catalytic activation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) by vascular smooth muscle cells. Deficiency in MMP3 reduces ECM damage and the susceptibility of mice to develop AAA. Here, we establish netrin-1 as a major signal that mediates the dynamic crosstalk between inflammation and chronic erosion of the ECM in AAA., Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are characterized by extensive extracellular matrix degradation. Here Hadi et al. identify a netrin-1/neogenin-based crosstalk between macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), leading to the secretion of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-3 by VSMCs and subsequent matrix degradation in AAA lesions.

Infectious diseases in livestock are a major source of economic loss, decreased welfare, and antimicrobial usage. Typical interventions rely on treatment of the host and/or environmental modifications to reduce pathogen exposure and disease occurrence and/or severity. Various host genetic factors influence the resistance of animals to infectious diseases. In particular, mutations in genes of the immune system can alter disease susceptibility. Collagenous lectins (CLs) are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system that contribute to disease resistance by binding surface glycans of bacteria and other potentially pathogenic organisms. Studies in humans and animals have shown that mutations in certain CL genes are associated with infectious diseases. The main objectives of this thesis were to further investigate genetic variation in CLs in cattle, horses, and pigs, and their relationship to infectious disease resistance. Pooled, targeted next-generation sequencing of the CL genes identified 43 missense mutations in cattle, 11 of which were predicted to impact protein structure. In horses, 1 nonsense and 43 missense mutations were identified, including 14 predicted to be functionally relevant. In particular, one missense mutation in the collagen-like domain of MBL1 was found that is similar to a triple-helix disrupting mutation in human MBL2 associated with susceptibility to infectious disease. Allele frequencies were compared to identify alleles (74 in cattle, 113 in horses) associated with infectious diseases. Additional in silico analysis of the equine variants associated with infectious diseases identified 2 variants predicted to impact miRNA binding, 8 variants that impacted transcription factor binding sites, and 1 missense variant. In pigs, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis identified 298 eQTLs in innate immune genes, 74 of which were genotyped in 1013 pigs (592 healthy, 421 with infectious disease). Variants that altered expression of these genes were associated with Mycoplasma, E. coli, swine influenza virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. These studies identified polymorphisms in CL genes that are associated with infectious diseases of livestock. These alleles represent potential candidates for genetic selection for enhanced resistance to infectious diseases of livestock, and expand our understanding of the roles of collagenous lectins in innate immunity.

The VoxTox research programme has applied expertise from the physical sciences to the problem of radiotherapy toxicity, bringing together expertise from engineering, mathematics, high energy physics (including the Large Hadron Collider), medical physics and radiation oncology. In our initial cohort of 109 men treated with curative radiotherapy for prostate cancer, daily image guidance computed tomography (CT) scans have been used to calculate delivered dose to the rectum, as distinct from planned dose, using an automated approach. Clinical toxicity data have been collected, allowing us to address the hypothesis that delivered dose provides a better predictor of toxicity than planned dose., JES was supported by Cancer Research UK through the Cambridge Cancer Centre. NGB, ASP and MG are supported by the National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. KH, MR AMB, EW and SJB were supported by the VoxTox Research Programme, funded by Cancer Research UK. DJN is supported by Addenbrooke’s Charitable Trust and Cancer Research UK through the Cambridge Cancer Centre. FMB was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council. MPDS was part supported by the VoxTox Research Programme, funded by Cancer Research UK. RJ was part supported by the VoxTox Research Programme, funded by Cancer Research UK. LS is supported by the Armstrong Trust. XC was supported by the Isaac Newton Trust. CBS acknowledges support from the EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging, the Leverhulme Trust, the EU-RISE project CHiPS and the Cantab Capital Institute for the Mathematics of Information. NT was supported by a Gates-Cambridge Scholarship, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PLY and SYKS by the Singapore Government.

Objectives To present the baseline patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) randomized trial comparing active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and external-beam conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer and to compare results with other populations. Materials and Methods A total of 1643 randomized men, aged 50–69 years and diagnosed with clinically localized disease identified by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, in nine UK cities in the period 1999–2009 were included. Validated PROMs for disease-specific (urinary, bowel and sexual function) and condition-specific impact on quality of life (Expanded Prostate Index Composite [EPIC], 2005 onwards; International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire- Urinary Incontinence [ICIQ-UI], 2001 onwards; the International Continence Society short-form male survey [ICSmaleSF]; anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), generic mental and physical health (12-item short-form health survey [SF-12]; EuroQol quality-of-life survey, the EQ-5D-3L) were assessed at prostate biopsy clinics before randomization. Descriptive statistics are presented by treatment allocation and by men’s age at biopsy and PSA testing time points for selected measures. Results A total of 1438 participants completed biopsy questionnaires (88%) and 77–88% of these were analysed for individual PROMs. Fewer than 1% of participants were using pads daily (5/ 754). Storage lower urinary tract symptoms were frequent (e.g. nocturia 22%, 312/1423). Bowel symptoms were rare, except for loose stools (16%, 118/754). One third of participants reported erectile dysfunction (241/735) and for 16% (118/731) this was a moderate or large problem. Depression was infrequent (80/1399, 6%) but 20% of participants (278/1403) reported anxiety. Sexual function and bother were markedly worse in older men (65– 70 years), whilst urinary bother and physical health were somewhat worse than in younger men (49–54 years, all P < 0.001). Bowel health, urinary function and depression were unaltered by age, whilst mental health and anxiety were better in older men (P < 0.001). Only minor differences existed in mental or physical health, anxiety and depression between PSA testing and biopsy assessments. Conclusion The ProtecT trial baseline PROMs response rates were high. Symptom frequencies and generic quality of life were similar to those observed in populations screened for prostate cancer and control subjects without cancer.

Existe una crítica cada vez mayor a los actores de protección por ignorar las estrategias de resolución de problemas y las capacidades de los autóctonos, lo que debería impulsar que se reconsideraran radical y creativamente las actitudes y los enfoques.

During obesity, macrophages (Mø) accumulate in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), giving rise to a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that promotes insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that activation of HIF-1α in highly-metabolically active Mø sustains inflammation in obese VAT and promotes metabolic dysfunction. We show that hypoxic Mø, like M1-polarized Mø, shift their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, leading to the accumulation of HIF-1α-stabilizing intermediates. Extracellular flux analysis showed that treating Mø with the hypoxia mimetic CoCl2 or the saturated fatty acid palmitate reduced cellular oxygen consumption and increased the rate of extracellular acidification indicative of enhanced glycolysis. Metabolites known to accumulate during persistent glycolysis, such as succinate and lactic acid, activated HIF-1α in Mø and promoted inflammatory gene expression. To test the role of Mø HIF-1α in promoting VAT inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity, we fed wild type or Mø-specific HIF-1α knock-out mice a high-fat diet (60% kcal fat) for 20 weeks. Notably, the ablation of HIF-1α in Mø reduced VAT inflammation as indicated by the reduced accumulation of F4/80+ cells and decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, MCP-1). In addition, adipose tissue Mø isolated from Mø-HIF-1α knock-out mice showed increased expression of markers characteristic of M2 reparative Mø (Ym1, Fizz1, Aldh2) and reduced expression of M1 inflammatory Mø markers (Ccl2, Il1b), compared to Mø from WT mice. Furthermore, Mø-HIF-1α knock-out mice showed improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, and reduced plasma insulin and free fatty acid levels compared to WT mice. Together, these data indicate that activation of HIF-1α in VAT Mø during obesity promotes tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.

Advances in Li-ion batteries for energy storage have facilitated the success of mobile electronic equipment. In particular, high power densities in combination with low-price materials may also make Li-ion batteries attractive for more heavy-duty automotive applications. To facilitate such developments it is essential to understand the material properties that are responsible for the kinetic performance of Li-ion-battery electrodes. In general it is believed that two-phase reactions in electrode materials, responsible for the flat potential upon (dis)charging, lead to relatively low (dis)charge rates, hence limiting the power density. In this context, spinel Li4Ti5O12 [1–5] is very interesting because it has the unusual combination of fast (dis)charge rates and an extremely flat potential, the latter being due to the two-phase reaction between the end members Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12. [8] In Li4+xTi5O12 a fraction (1/6) of the Ti on the 16d sites is replaced by Li, and for x = 0 the electrochemically active Li ions fully occupy the tetrahedral 8a sites. Lithiation leads to 16c occupation and, in addition, causes Li ions to move from 8a towards 16c positions, most likely because of Coulomb repulsion between nearest Li ions occupying the 8a–16c positions (separated by 1.81 A). Finally, at x = 3 all the electrochemically active Li ions occupy the octahedral 16c sites. Both end members, Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12, are described by the cubic space group Fd–3m and have very similar lattice parameters (8.3595 and 8.3538 A, respectively). As a result the twophase reaction will not lead to substantial structural strain, a favorable property because lattice strains upon cycling are among the main causes of capacity loss in lithium battery electrodes. Although it is established in the literature that at room temperature the (dis)charging in Li4+xTi5O12 proceeds through a two-phase equilibrium, which is responsible for the very flat potential for 0.09 < x < 2.91, the absence of strain and the observation of partial 16c occupation at room temperature and at elevated temperatures indicate that solid-solution behavior could occur close to room temperature. The aim of this contribution is to study the Li4+xTi5O12 structure in detail to gain more understanding of its performance as a battery electrode. The unexpected results completely change our understanding of this material. In contrast to common knowledge, Li4+xTi5O12 as a two-phase system (consisting of the end members Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12) appears to be unstable at room temperature, and relaxes to a homogeneous solid-solution phase for the whole concentration range. True two-phase separation in equilibrium is only observed below 100 K. The relaxation towards equilibrium takes place on the timescale of spontaneous Li-ion diffusion (in absence of an applied gradient), and reveals that faster Li insertion will lead to a kinetically induced effective two-phase reaction, which is commonly observed for Li4Ti5O12. However, unlike previous assumptions, the present results demonstrate that this is actually a nonequilibrium situation. The solid-solution-induced disorder, resulting from the mixed 8a/16c occupation, is most likely responsible for the high rate-capabilities in Li4+xTi5O12. Room-temperature neutron diffraction of chemically lithiated materials, given in Figure 1a, show that only subtle changes take place in the spinel structure upon lithiation. Although hardly visible in Figure 1a, the high intensity and large d-spacing range probed by neutron diffraction on the General Materials Diffractometer (GEM, ISIS, Didcot, UK), lead to a large number of resolved reflections with excellent statistics. As a result of this data quality unusually subtle structural details can be extracted, demonstrated, for instance, by the 1 % occupancy of split Li-ion positions in anatase TiO2. [11] Being an established two-phase system, an attempt was made to fit the intermediate compositions with a combination of the end members Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12. The end members have the same symmetry and the difference between the lattice parameters is very small (Li4Ti5O12: 8.3595 A [1] Li7Ti5O12: 8.3538 A). This should result in overlap of the X-ray and C O M M U N IC A IO N

The stability of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 spinel material in acidic solutions has been examined. Proton exchange with Li ions in Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is observed when in contact with acidic solutions. The spinel structure is retained up to 68% exchanged ions. This is associated with a 0.25% reduction of volume from the initial spinel. The protons reside on the 8a and 48f sites that form alternating planes with 16d Li and Ti sites in the spinel structure. Electrochemical results of the ion exchange material show a general decrease of capacity as more protons are present in the structure. Potential curves suggest that two solid solution phases are found above and below the 1.55 V two-phase plateau. In addition, electrochemical studies have shown that the initial material may react with water from the atmosphere under storage that slightly degrades the performance of this material.

Spinel Li1[Li0.33Ti1.67]O4 is an attractive candidate for the use as anode material in Li-ion batteries. This work focusses on the structural changes of spinel Li1[Li0.33Ti1.67]O4 upon the exchange of Li-ions with protons leading to the composition H0.9Li0.1[Li0.33Ti1.67]O4. The structure has been determined by means of Fourier density difference analysis of neutron diffraction data on the protonated material, collected over a wide range of d-spacings with high counting statistics. The protons replace the Li-ions on the crystallographic 8a sites, and also occupy a fraction of the 48f sites that are located in the same ab-plane as the 8a sites. These positions suggest that the protons prefer to be located near the oxygen atoms. Based on these results, a strong influence on the properties as Li-ion battery electrode material may be anticipated. The small change in unit-cell dimension and the considerable amount of hydrogen that can be hosted in spinel Li1[Li0.33Ti1.67]O4 are favorable for the use as fuel-cell electrolyte material.

6Li magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of a series of LiMn2O4 spinel samples prepared using different annealing methods. The results show that the annealing conditions affect the number of defect sites within the structure; higher annealing temperatures leading to a spinel sample with fewer defects. Analysis of the peak intensities in the NMR spectra revealed that the structural evolution of the spinel samples with temperature is dependent upon particle size. A series of chemically delithiated samples have also been studied using a combination of 6Li MAS NMR, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy in order to follow the structural changes that occur upon delithiation. The NMR spectra of the delithiated samples, LixMn2O4, exhibit a gradual shift in the position of main spinel resonances (i.e. Li in 8a tetrahedral sites) with decreasing lithium content for 0.3 < x < 1.0. For x < 0.3, the delithiated samples exhibit a new 6Li resonance at ∼950 ppm. This resonance is assigned to lithium present in 8a sites in a Mn4+-rich phase at the centre of the spinel particles. This assignment is supported by FT-IR data and crystallite size measurements (XRD), which suggest that HMn2O4 forms on the surface of the particles in the heavily delithiated samples.

Funder: National Institute for Health Research; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000272, Funder: British Academy, Background: Restrictions on the advertising of less-healthy foods and beverages is seen as one measure to tackle childhood obesity and is under active consideration by the UK government. Whilst evidence increasingly links this advertising to excess calorie intake, understanding of the potential impact of advertising restrictions on population health is limited. Methods and findings: We used a proportional multi-state life table model to estimate the health impact of prohibiting the advertising of food and beverages high in fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) from 05.30 hours to 21.00 hours (5:30 AM to 9:00 PM) on television in the UK. We used the following data to parameterise the model: children’s exposure to HFSS advertising from AC Nielsen and Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board (2015); effect of less-healthy food advertising on acute caloric intake in children from a published meta-analysis; population numbers and all-cause mortality rates from the Human Mortality Database for the UK (2015); body mass index distribution from the Health Survey for England (2016); disability weights for estimating disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Disease Study; and healthcare costs from NHS England programme budgeting data. The main outcome measures were change in the percentage of the children (aged 5–17 years) with obesity defined using the International Obesity Task Force cut-points, and change in health status (DALYs). Monte Carlo analyses was used to estimate 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We estimate that if all HFSS advertising between 05.30 hours and 21.00 hours was withdrawn, UK children (n = 13,729,000), would see on average 1.5 fewer HFSS adverts per day and decrease caloric intake by 9.1 kcal (95% UI 0.5–17.7 kcal), which would reduce the number of children (aged 5–17 years) with obesity by 4.6% (95% UI 1.4%–9.5%) and with overweight (including obesity) by 3.6% (95% UI 1.1%–7.4%) This is equivalent to 40,000 (95% UI 12,000–81,000) fewer UK children with obesity, and 120,000 (95% UI 34,000–240,000) fewer with overweight. For children alive in 2015 (n = 13,729,000), this would avert 240,000 (95% UI 65,000–530,000) DALYs across their lifetime (i.e., followed from 2015 through to death), and result in a health-related net monetary benefit of £7.4 billion (95% UI £2.0 billion–£16 billion) to society. Under a scenario where all HFSS advertising is displaced to after 21.00 hours, rather than withdrawn, we estimate that the benefits would be reduced by around two-thirds. This is a modelling study and subject to uncertainty; we cannot fully and accurately account for all of the factors that would affect the impact of this policy if implemented. Whilst randomised trials show that children exposed to less-healthy food advertising consume more calories, there is uncertainty about the nature of the dose–response relationship between HFSS advertising and calorie intake. Conclusions: Our results show that HFSS television advertising restrictions between 05.30 hours and 21.00 hours in the UK could make a meaningful contribution to reducing childhood obesity. We estimate that the impact on childhood obesity of this policy may be reduced by around two-thirds if adverts are displaced to after 21.00 hours rather than being withdrawn.