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En la historia de España, los años sesenta del siglo XX son los años del desarrollismo y del crecimiento de las ciudades. Nuestro propósito con este artículo ha sido mirar al desarrollismo franquista, pero no desde la ciudad. Lo hemos hecho desde el mundo rural, desde el fenómeno de la emigración y desde la historia de las mujeres, pero no de las que se fueron, sino de las mujeres que se quedaron. El artículo, posándose en testimonios inéditos y en documentación novedosa procedente de los archivos locales, sostiene que la realidad de la emigración masculina contribuyó a modificar los roles y responsabilidades asumidas por las mujeres del mundo rural andaluz y extremeño. La ausencia de sus maridos, aunque no acabó con la jerarquía de género y con la desigualdad que caracterizaba la relación entre hombres y mujeres, sí las llevó a asumir nuevos deberes adicionales e hizo que su faceta adquiriera muchas veces la imagen de jefa de familia o de sostenedoras de hogares. Lo que asumieron, lo que aprendieron, lo que hablaron, lo que leyeron y hasta lo que compraron esas mujeres del rural, caracterizadas como viudas blancas, desafía las suposiciones de su pasividad y aislamiento que siempre las han caracterizado. A la història d'Espanya, els anys seixanta del segle XX són els anys del desenvolupamentisme i del creixement de les ciutats. El nostre propòsit amb aquest article ha estat mirar el desenvolupament franquista, però no des de la ciutat. Ho hem fet des del món rural, des del fenomen de l'emigració i des de la història de les dones, però no de les que se'n van anar, sinó de les dones que s'hi van quedar. L'article, posant-se en testimonis inèdits i en documentació nova procedent dels arxius locals, sosté que la realitat de l'emigració masculina va contribuir a modificar els rols i les responsabilitats assumides per les dones del món rural andalús i extremeny. L'absència dels seus marits, tot i que no va acabar amb la jerarquia de gènere i amb la desigualtat que caracteritzava la relació entre homes i dones, sí que les va portar a assumir nous deures addicionals i va fer que la seva faceta adquirís moltes vegades la imatge de cap de família o de sostenidores de llars. El que van assumir, el que van aprendre, el que van parlar, el que van llegir i fins i tot el que van comprar aquestes dones del rural, caracteritzades com a vídues blanques, desafia les suposicions de la seva passivitat i aïllament que sempre les han caracteritzat. In the history of Spain, the 1960s is the period of the development and the growth of cities. Our purpose with this article is to look at Franco's developmentalism, but not from the city perspective. We consider it from the rural viewpoint, considering the phenomenon of emigration and the history of women, but not basing it on those who left, but rather on the women who stayed. The article, based on unpublished testimonies and novel documentation from local archives, maintains that the reality of male emigration contributed to modifying the roles and responsibilities assumed by women in rural Andalusia and Extremadura. Although the absence of their husbands did not end the gender hierarchy and the inequality that characterized the relationship between men and women, it did lead women to assume additional duties, often leading to them acquiring the role of head of family or household breadwinners. What they assumed, what they learned, what they spoke about, what they read and even what these rural women, characterized as white widows, bought defies the assumptions of their passivity and isolation that have previously them. Na história da Espanha, os anos sessenta do século XX são os anos de desenvolvimento e crescimento das cidades. Nosso objetivo com este artigo foi olhar para o desenvolvimentismo de Franco, mas não a partir da cidade. Fizemos isso a partir do mundo rural, do fenômeno da emigração e da história das mulheres, mas não das que partiram, mas das que ficaram. O artigo, baseado em testemunhos inéditos e documentação inédita dos arquivos locais, sustenta que a realidade da emigração masculina contribuiu para modificar os papéis e responsabilidades assumidos pelas mulheres na Andaluzia rural e na Extremadura. Embora a ausência de seus maridos não acabasse com a hierarquia de gênero e a desigualdade que caracterizava a relação entre homens e mulheres, levou-os a assumir novas funções "adicionais", muitas vezes levando sua faceta a adquirir a imagem de "chefe de família" ou "provedores de família". O que assumiram, o que aprenderam, o que falaram, o que leram e até o que essas mulheres rurais, caracterizadas como "viúvas brancas", compraram desafia os pressupostos de sua passividade e isolamento que sempre as caracterizaram.

本稿においては、農村における女性の活動による地域づくりについて、福祉とのつながりを抽出することを目的として文献レビューを実施した。論文の検索方法は、CiNii（NII学術情報ナビゲータ）を使用し、検索キーワードは、「農業／女性」「農村／女性」「農業／女性／福祉」「農村／女性／福祉」の4つのパターンを検索に使用した結果、本稿のテーマに即した20の文献を抽出した。抽出された文献をコーディングしたところ、「農村女性のエンパワメント」「食と農と福祉の連携」の2つのフレームワークが設けられ、考察の結果、農村女性による地域づくりによって「共生型社会の形成」が具現化される可能性が示された。

This article explores the literature state of Polish research on rural women from 1990 until now. Not only the subject matter is presented here, but also some methodological trends in scientific writing. The main point of this paper is to find gaps in the literature and to propose some new ways and tools in research, the implementation of which will enable the more detailed exploration of the issue. Niniejszy artykuł omawia stan polskich badań nad kobietami wiejskimi z okresu od 1990 r. do dziś. Przedstawiono tu nie tylko tematykę publikowanych opracowań, ale także zwrócono uwagę na trendy metodologiczne w naukowych eksploracjach zagadnienia. Głównym celem pracy jest dostrzeżenie niedostatków i luk w literaturze przedmiotu oraz zaprezentowanie możliwych perspektyw i narzędzi badawczych, których wprowadzenie umożliwi dokładniejsze zbadanie zagadnienia codzienności kobiet ze wsi.

The processing of melon is a means of livelihood in Nigeria, especially among rural women. Its role cannot be overemphasised in the life of rural women who are vulnerable to poverty and food insecurity. Despite the vital role of melon processing on women’s livelihoods, little has been done on its economic potential. This study, therefore, analysed the economics and drivers of profit level of melon processing among women processors in Enugu state, Nigeria. A four-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 150 respondents. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin, logistic and multiple regressions. The results revealed that the majority of melon processors were married, adult, well experienced and had melon processing as their major occupation. Marital status, household size, cooperative memberships, income from melon processing and price of processed melon were the positive factors influencing melon processing while educational qualification negatively influenced it. Women melon processors had a net profit of N18,163.72 (US $47.68) per 50kg melon processed, return on capital invested of 0.39 and an operating ratio of 0.69. Thus, melon processing among the women was a profitable enterprise. The profitability of melon processing was influenced positively by market access, major occupation, price of processed melon and marital status but negatively influenced by the cost of processing and transportation cost. The study recommends government intervention by providing conducive and accessible markets, subsidising shelling machines and transportation cost to reduce the cost of processing which will, in turn, enhance the profitability of melon processing.

The interdependent inequalities in the production and circulation of knowledge in the social sciences have marked the historical development of mostly male canons from the centers. With the impulse of the feminist wave in Latin America, the great contribution of invisible women to the construction of the social sciences has begun to have high relevance. This article introduces for the first time the intellectual and professional trajectory of Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara (1942) from the gender and sociology of knowledge perspectives. Based on her written production and an in-depth interview conducted in July 2022, I focus on the author’s production during her first stay in Mexico between 1966-1985, reconstructing the interrelations between the contexts of production and her contributions contesting modernization processes within the green revolution, the situation of women in peripheral rural contexts and the entangled paradigms of the social sciences from a gendered perspective. Resumo As desigualdades interdependentes na produção e circulação do conhecimento nas ciências sociais marcaram a formação histórica de cânones majoritariamente masculinos e dos centros. Com o impulso da onda feminista na América Latina, o estudo das contribuições das mulheres invisíveis na construção das ciências sociais é um tema que começa a ter maior relevância. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar pela primeira vez a trajetória intelectual e profissional de Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara (1942), segundo uma perspectiva de gênero e da sociologia do conhecimento. A partir de sua produção escrita e de uma entrevista em profundidade realizada em julho de 2022, analiso a etapa mexicana entre 1966-1985, reconstruindo as inter-relações entre contextos de produção e suas contribuições para a modernização, a revolução verde, as mulheres em contextos rurais periféricos, bem como os paradigmas entrelaçados das ciências sociais a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. Resumen Las desigualdades interdependientes en la producción y circulación de conocimientos en ciencias sociales han marcado la formación histórica de cánones mayormente masculinos y de los centros. Con el impulso de la ola feminista en América Latina, el estudio de las contribuciones de mujeres invisibilizadas en la construcción de las ciencias sociales es un tópico que ha comenzado a tener mayor relevancia. Este trabajo se propone presentar por primera vez la trayectoria intelectual y profesional de Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara (1942) desde una perspectiva de género y de sociología del conocimiento. A partir de su producción escrita y una entrevista en profundidad realizada en julio de 2022, analizo la etapa mexicana entre 1966-1985, reconstruyendo las interrelaciones entre contextos de producción y sus aportes en torno a la modernización, la revolución verde, las mujeres en contextos rurales periféricos y los paradigmas entrelazados de las ciencias sociales desde una perspectiva de género.

Resumo: Neste artigo, analisamos a divisão sexual do trabalho no trabalho agroecológico de mulheres que vivem em territórios de Reforma Agrária do Paraná. Os dados de campo apontam para o aumento da autonomia, ‘agência’ e subjetividade ativa das mulheres. Entretanto, identificamos persistências de divisões sexuais do trabalho patriarcais. Esse quadro conduz à ampliação de jornadas de trabalho e esgotamento do corpo das mulheres. Além disso, identificamos redução da organização sociopolítica e migração para o âmbito da produção e comercialização agroecológica. Essas desigualdades são reduzidas por fatores geracionais, escolaridade, formação de gênero e transitoriedade campo-cidade. Mediante tal cenário, a reivindicação feminista da divisão sexual do trabalho igualitária é relevante na luta política de gênero, pela terra, agroecologia e decolonial. Resumen: Este artículo analiza la división sexual del trabajo de mujeres agroecológicas que viven en territorios de Reforma Agraria en Paraná. Los datos de campo apuntan a un aumento de la autonomía, la 'agencia' y la subjetividad activa de las mujeres. Sin embargo, identificamos la persistencia de divisiones sexuales patriarcales. Esta situación genera la ampliación de la jornada laboral y agotamiento de sus cuerpos. Además, identificamos reducción de la participación sociopolítica y la migración al ámbito de la producción y comercialización. Estas desigualdades se reducen por factores generacionales, educación, formación de género y transitoriedad campo-ciudad. En este contexto, el reclamo feminista por una división sexual igualitaria es relevante en la lucha política por el género, la tierra, la agroecología y la decolonialidad. Abstract: In this article, we analyse the sexual division of labour in the agroecological work of women living in Agrarian Reform territories in Paraná. Research data point to women’s increased autonomy, ‘agency’ and active subjectivity. However, we identified the persistence of patriarchal sexual divisions of labour. This leads to longer working days and exhaustion of women’s bodies. In addition, we identified reduced socio-political organization and migration to the realm of agroecological production and trading. These inequalities are reduced by generational factors, schooling, gender education, and countryside-city transience. Given this scenario, the feminist demand for an egalitarian sexual division of labour is relevant in the political struggle for gender, land, agroecology and decoloniality.

Background: Domestic violence (DV) occurs in all settings, transcending socio-cultural and demographic profiles. It is pervasive, insidious, carried out in private domain, and usually inflicted by family members. It continues over long period and limits avenues of escape for victims. The aim of this study was to assess the perception and experience of DV among rural women in Sabon Gari LGA of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross–sectional descriptive study conducted in Tohu community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State. Sample size of 365 was determined using Fisher’s formula, at p–value, reliability coefficient, confidence interval, degree of freedom, and possible attrition rate of 0.5, 1.96, 95%, 0.05, and 16% respectively. The study population comprised all women of reproductive age group in Tohu. Eligible respondents who had been in the community for at least one year were included in the study, while those who were ill were excluded. A semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered by female research assistants, and data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Frequencies and percentages were reported for categorical data. Respondents’ perception of DV was assessed using 19 questions across 5domains. Composite score of 0-19 was expected for each respondent. Scores of >10, and

El presente trabajo muestra al lector algunas apostillas acerca del liderazgo y el emprendimiento de la mujer rural a partir de la reflexión personal sobre la experiencia en la entidad de economía mixta (Artesanías de colombia S.A., 2014) y en el municipio de Sopó (Cundinamarca-Colombia), la realización del diplomado en Alta gerencia, el pregrado en administración de empresas en la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada y el modelo de liderazgo situacional creado por Paul Hersey y Ken Blanchard (Ramakanth, 1988) citado por (Rodríguez López, 2022). Inicialmente se revisaron algunas políticas de gobierno en apoyo a las mujeres rurales en Colombia, luego a partir de dichas políticas se identifican aspectos de liderazgo, la inclusividad, la diversidad, la equidad de género y del emprendimiento de las mujeres rurales, y finalmente se realizó una descripción del liderazgo situacional efectivo con relación a su aporte al contexto. INTRODUCCIÓN 4 1. DEFINICIÓN DE PRIORIDADES PARA EMPODERAR LA MUJER RURAL EN EL CONTEXTO. 7 2. LAS DOS CARAS DE LA MONEDA: OBSTÁCULOS 14 3. REFLEXIONES DE LA AUTORA 17 CONCLUSIONES 25 REFERENCIAS 28 This paper shows the reader some notes about leadership and entrepreneurship of rural women based on personal reflection on the Experience in the mixed economy entity (Artesanías de Colombia S.A., 2014) and in the municipality of Sopó (Cundinamarca-Colombia), the completion of the diploma in High management, the undergraduate degree in business administration at the Military University Nueva Granada and the situational leadership model created by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard (Ramakanth, 1988) cited by (Rodríguez López, 2022). Initially, some government policies were reviewed in support of the rural women in Colombia, then from these policies are identified aspects of leadership, inclusiveness, diversity, gender equity and the entrepreneurship of rural women, and finally a description of the effective situational leadership in relation to its contribution to the context. Pregrado

Before chicken became an agricultural commodity raised by the thousands, many rural women oversaw small flocks that provided them with side cash to be spent at their discretion. Scholars of the poultry industry and the postwar rural economy have argued that the industrialization and expansion of the chicken business pushed women out of this traditional role, and that chicken became a man's business. This article traces rural women's changing cultural and economic roles within the newly expanding poultry industry from World War II, the first major period of industry expansion, through roughly the end of the twentieth century. Using the example of Arkansas—by the 1950s a hotspot of chicken production and industry innovation—I argue that many rural farm women were primary managers and laborers on chicken farms long after industrialization and vertical integration. With their knowledge of how to care for chickens and their experience keeping track of farm finances, they were critical participants in the growth of this new sector of American agribusiness. I examine the way that industry, media, and government portrayed gender roles in the production of this booming agricultural commodity. I also discuss women's interactions with a newly capitalized, debt-financed form of agriculture that incentivized large-scale farming in a traditionally small-farm region.

Rural women in developing nations are especially vulnerable to higher health risks due to environmental pollution exposure and are more likely to experience poorer health outcomes. Using data from the 2013 China General Social Survey CGSS2013, this study empirically examined the relationship among environmental knowledge (EK), pollution, health investment (i.e., holding and purchasing a public health insurance policy, engaging in frequent physical activity, and acquiring commercial insurance), and health status. The sample was composed of 1930 women residing in rural regions in China. Three main research questions are investigated: whether environmental knowledge affects health investment and health status, whether health investments impact health status, and whether the relationship between environmental knowledge and health status is mediated by health investment. Our results showed that the level of EK for women in rural China significantly impacted their self-reported physical and mental health. To account for potential endogeneity due to mutual causality, this study employed television usage and network usage as two instrumental variables (IVs) of EK and used an IV-probit method. Additionally, we estimated a model that replaced health status with the variable Body Mass Index (BMI) to assess the reliability and robustness of our results. The results were consistent, providing evidence of robustness. Additionally, we examined the relationship between health investment (holding and purchasing a public health insurance policy, engaging in frequent physical activity, and acquiring commercial insurance) and health status. Our results indicated that the level of EK had no significant impact on participating in the new rural cooperative medical system. However, the preference for purchasing commercial insurance was positively impacted by EK, though it did not directly affect health status. Conversely, an increase in EK and pollution was associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in physical exercise, which, in turn, improved overall mental health.

[ES] La Agricultura Familiar constituye un elemento clave en el enfrentamiento a retos globales que persisten. Su rol en la contribución a un sistema agroalimentario sostenible y a una sociedad más cercana a las metas de la Agenda 2030 está transversalizado por la generación de líneas de acción orientadas al logro de equidad de género. Con la base de propuestas teóricas y estudios previos sobre la temática la investigación que se presenta centra su objetivo general en: Analizar la priorización de medidas orientadas a fomentar equidad de género en la Agricultura familiar, según un grupo de actores del sector, para el territorio valenciano. Para ello se analiza un grupo de medidas orientadas a este pilar desde el marco teórico presentado, se elabora una estructura jerárquica de criterios y se priorizan los mismos para el territorio valenciano a partir de la percepción de un grupo de expertos en la temática. Para la consecución del objetivo se utiliza una metodología Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP). Los resultados evidencian que los expertos priorizan las medidas asociadas a la promoción de la corresponsabilidad entre actores y la conciliación personal-laboral-familiar para la implementación de medidas en el territorio valenciano. Las diferencias entre subgrupos de actores se observan en las líneas vinculadas a la generación de datos, el empleo y emprendimiento, así como el fomento del liderazgo de mujeres. En términos de recomendaciones se sugiere a los decisores públicos la profundización en medidas de conciliación y sensibilización colectiva, y con vistas a otras investigaciones la realización de mayor cantidad de estudios sobre equidad de género en la Agricultura Familiar del territorio valenciano con énfasis en las particularidades de las mujeres rurales., [EN] Family Farming is a key element in facing global challenges that persist. Its role in contributing to a sustainable agri-food system and a society closer to the goals of the 2030 Agenda is transversalized by the generation of lines of action aimed at achieving gender equity. Based on theoretical proposals and previous studies on the subject, the research presented focuses its general objective on: Analyze the prioritization of lines aimed at promoting gender equality in Family Farming, according to a group of actors in the sector, for the Valencian territory. For this, a group of lines oriented to this pillar is analyzed from the theoretical framework presented, a hierarchical structure of criteria is elaborated and they are prioritized for the Valencian territory based on the perception of a group of experts in the subject. To achieve the objective, a Hierarchical Analytical Process (AHP) methodology is used. The results show that the experts prioritize the measures associated with the promotion of co- responsibility between actors and work-life balance for the implementation of measures in the Valencian territory. The differences between subgroups of actors are observed in the lines related to data generation, employment and entrepreneurship, as well as the promotion of women's leadership. In terms of recommendations, it is suggested that public decision-makers deepen work-life balance and social awareness lines, and with a view to other research, the realization of a greater number of studies on gender equity in Family Farming in the Valencian territory with emphasis on the particularities of rural women.

In this essay, we share the field records of the research “Rural women and the useof time: sexual division of labor and gender relations in Pernambuco”, the result of a collectiveinitiative that translates routines of life and work into images operating into the fabric ofreality of rural women´s lives in Sertão do Pajeú — PE. Commonly translated into the numberof hours, the diversity and simultaneity of the work they do is superimposed on the minutes,extrapolating their social meanings., Neste ensaio, compartilhamos os registros de campo da pesquisa “Mulheres rurais e o uso do tempo: divisão sexual do trabalho e relações de gênero em Pernambuco”, fruto de uma iniciativa coletiva que traduz de forma imagética rotinas de vida e trabalho operantes na tessitura da realidade de mulheres rurais do Sertão do Pajeú — PE. Comumente traduzidas em quantidade de horas, a diversidade e a simultaneidade de trabalhos que elas realizam se sobrepoẽm aos minutos, extrapolando sentidos.

El presente artículo recoge una investigación sobre el proceso de autoinclusión digital de mujeres de zonas rurales extremeñas. El objetivo central es identificar los facilitadores de inclusión de las mujeres rurales en las tecnologías digitales, abordando la autodefinición sobre el nivel de autonomía en el manejo de estos medios, y la existencia de diferencias en la percepción sobre estos facilitadores en función de la edad. Para ello, se parte de un enfoque cuantitativo y una metodología descriptiva, mediante la aplicación del Cuestionario SIRWOP a una muestra aleatoria de 400 mujeres (entre 15 y 75 años) de entornos rurales situados en la provincia de Cáceres. Los resultados obtenidos, revelan diferentes niveles de autonomía, donde las mujeres jóvenes con más estudios e ingresos presentan un mejor desempeño tecnológico. También, se observan diferencias en la valoración de los posibilitadores para el uso de las tecnologías, así las mujeres jóvenes cuentan con un mayor apoyo del entorno. En general, existe una percepción positiva sobre los aspectos facilitadores de inclusión digital, destacando el apoyo de familiares, y un mejor acceso a las tecnologías. Para concluir, se ofrecen orientaciones dirigidas a la promoción de medidas enfocadas al desarrollo de habilidades digitales avanzadas y usos rutinarios. This article includes an investigation on the process of digital self-inclusion of women from rural areas of Extremadura. The main objective is to identify the facilitators of inclusion of rural women in digital technologies, addressing the self-definition of the level of autonomy in the management of these media and the existence of differences in the perception of these facilitators based on age. To do this, we start from a quantitative approach and a descriptive methodology by applying the SIRWOP Questionnaire to a random sample of 400 women (between 15 and 75 years old) from rural settings located in the province of Cáceres. The results obtained reveal different levels of autonomy where young women with more education and income present better technological performance. Also, differences are observed in the assessment of enablers for the use of technologies, so young women have greater support from the environment. In general, there is a positive perception about the facilitating aspects of digital inclusion, highlighting the support of family members and better access to technologies. To conclude, guidelines are offered aimed at promoting measures focused on the development of advanced digital skills and routine uses. Consejería de Economía, Ciencia y Agenda Digital de la Junta de Extremadura y por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional de la Unión Europea GR21137

In Japan, both rural studies and government policies commonly represent rural women in the same way: as oppressed within their feudalistic family farm system before the Second World War and as successfully empowered by rural democratization policies after the war. This study revisits the often unproblematized representations of the postwar success story of empowered rural women on which these accounts are frequently based. We examined rarely analysed source material of a project that is frequently referred to, the Rural Life Improvement Extension Service (RLIES). This source material consists of essays written by rural women who participated in this project, which was implemented by the US occupational forces and the Japanese state in the 1950s and 1960s, for representations of empowered rural women through the lens of a feminist reading of Foucault's biopower. Our analysis identified three subjective typifications of rural women in the essays: the New Rural Woman, the Rural Professional Housewife, and the Farm Mother. By illuminating these typifications, we show how—even in the source material of unproblematic celebratory accounts—rural women exercised unexpected agency by engaging in the changing power relations that surrounded them. The example provided by our feminine subjectivity study encourages researchers to be more careful with respect to simple celebratory narratives of empowered rural women.

Context and Background: Women represent close to 51% of the Cameroonian population and they are more than 70% active in food and market gardening activities (INS, 2010). To this end, they need land and capital to carry out their activities in order to make agriculture profitable and ensure food security for their families. The rural women of Baigom, like those elsewhere, are fighting with all the means at their disposal to gain access to land and participate in the agricultural development of this village. Goal and objectives: This contribution makes it possible to analyze the socio-economic and cultural context which is largely unfavorable to women's access to land in Baigom. Women who are active in agricultural production activities are limited by the unavailability of land resources, which nevertheless constitute a no less negligible factor of production. This state of virtual exclusion of these leading actors in family farming is detrimental to the development of the agricultural economy. Methodology: To conduct this study, the methodology adopted focused on primary and secondary sources and field observations. As for the primary sources, socio-economic surveys were carried out with a target population made up of women producers in the village of Baïgom. Young girls are more like family labor in peasant agriculture. The socio-economic surveys reached 5% of women over the age of 15, in the end 150 questionnaires were collected in the five main districts of the village (Nkoupetgom, Nkou gahri, Chaanké, Mbayé, Njissen). The secondary data are the fruit of the literature review and the consultation of the archives. These archives are present in the decentralized services of the State of the specialized institutions which generate official statistics such as the National Institute of Statistics (INS). The webography was not, moreover, a source of acquisition of certain knowledge in terms of the gender approach to land issues in tropical Africa as a whole. Results: The main results indicate that women's access to land ownership is low, with only about 8% holding a land title. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of modern and customary rights complicates the marginalization of women's access to land, with a negative impact on agricultural production activities. In spite of these obstacles, solutions are envisaged by all the actors to involve women more in the management of rural land., African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, Vol 6, No 1: January 2023

In this article the impact of the effective organizational mechanisms developed by the authors of providing employment to rural women based on the development of entrepreneurship is clearly sociologically evaluated. On its basis, the important socio-economic importance of modern types and means of providing employment to rural women, especially development of entrepreneurship, creation of new jobs, training and retraining of unemployed women is revealed.

Information and Communication Technologies are critical tools in disseminating of information for Socio-Economic Development. Every person globally strives to have access to this vital information. However most women in rural areas have limited access to this information. This study therefore was set to find out how ICTs could be used to empower rural women of Keiyo South Constituency, Elgeiyo/Marakwet County through provision of information for sustainable Development. The objectives of the study were to; assess the information needs for rural women; find out how use of ICT could influence socio-economic status of rural women and challenges in accessing this information for sustainable Development. The study was informed by Harris Info-Mobilization theory. The study adopted a qualitative research design. The target population was 3070 women in Keiyo South. Stratified sampling was used to divide the constituency into divisions and locations and purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to obtain 141 respondents. Data was collected using semi-structured interview schedules supplemented by document review and observation and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found that the rural women of Keiyo South has limited access to ICT Technology and infrastructure, which has affected negatively on their socio-economic and political status. Access to information was mainly through informal sources such as friends and neighbors; they need education and training to provide them with knowledge and skills for accessing ICT information, which can help them to attain sustainable Development. The study concluded that use of ICT has helped to reduce poverty through economic empowerment and has enabled the rural women to obtain new life skills. In addition, ICT has enabled them to participate in political election online. With relevant ICT infrastructure and policies in place, ICT could be used to improve the socio-economic status of rural women for sustainable development in Keiyo South. The study recommended that the County government of Elgeyo/Marakwet should empower rural women economically by providing them with information through ICT and by enacting policies that support development of ICT infrastructure and projects for rural women. Through these projects, the rural women could be trained to gain the knowledge and skills for searching and retrieving information through ICT. This knowledge could help them develop socio- Economic strategies for sustainable Development.

Aims: Neem Seeds have considerable economic significance due to a variety of commercial usages. Realising the significance of neem, the present study aimed to understand the rural households’ participation in neem seed collection and issues in collection and sales. Study Design: Simple random sampling method was followed. Place and Duration of the Study: The present study was conducted in Tamil Nadu state covering seven districts namely Coimbatore, Dindigul, Dharmapuri, Madurai, Sivagangai, Thoothukudi and Vellore. A total of 450 households who involved in neem seed collection was selected and studied. The data collected was pertaining to the year 2019-20. Methodology: Simple mean, percentage analysis, standard deviation and Garrett Ranking techniques were employed. Results: Ninety seven percent of the neem seed collectors are above 30 years. Majority of the neem seed collectors are illiterate mostly belong to the category of more than 50 years and 30 to 50 years. Agriculture based households members generally involved in neem seed collection. Majority of the neem seed collectors (61 per cent) collect neem seeds in local village itself. Around 26 per cent of the respondents visit nearby villages to collect neem seeds. To collect neem seeds, the rural households travel 4.65 km daily, with a minimum of 2.0 km and maximum of 7.0 km in a day. The constraints in seed collection are time consuming, travel long to collect seeds, less remunerative, less productive etc. The major constraints in selling include poor price offered by the traders, lack of awareness on price in other markets, lack of awareness about quality. Conclusion: Programmes like price support, market intervention in the form of price dissemination, market and transport infrastructure will help the rural people to fetch better price for their collected neem seeds.

Spousal violence (SV) is a global problem for women and its elimination is one of the prime targets of Sustainable Development Goal-5. Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of seventeen countries, representing two sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regions (East and Southern Africa [ESA] and West and Central Africa [WCA]), were used to examine the relationship between all types of SV and women’s empowerment status among rural married women aged 15–49 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore adjusted associations, and a relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) were used to measure the inequality in experiencing SV by rural women based on their overall empowerment position. Within the period 2015–2019, the reported rate of SV was higher in the ESA (physical SV: 33.55%; sexual SV: 16.96%; any type of SV: 46.14%) than the WCA countries (physical SV: 27.80%; sexual SV: 7.63%; any type of SV: 40.83%), except for emotional SV (WCA: 31.28% vs ESA: 29.35%). In terms of overall empowerment status, rural WCA women were slightly ahead of their counterparts in the ESA region (46.09% and 44.64%, respectively). For both ESA and WCA countries, women who didn’t justify violence and who had access to health care (except physical SV in WCA) showed negative but significant association with all types of SV in the adjusted analysis. Conversely, economic empowerment significantly increased the odds of experiencing physical and any type of SV in both regions. The significant risk ratios obtained from RII, for any SV were 0.83 and 1.09, and theβ-coefficients from SII were –0.082 and 0.037 units, respectively, in ESA and WCA. Multi-sectoral microfinance-based intervening programmes and policies should be implemented regionally to empower women, especially in the economic, socio-culture, health care accessibility dimensions, and this will eventually reduce all types of spousal violence in rural SSA.

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth is an important event in the life cycle of women and their health during this period is very much vital for the mother and children. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of a country is an important indicator of the overall health status of mother. Objectives: To assess the health care seeking behaviour of postnatal women in rural Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Chaturia in Dhamrai upazilla of Dhaka district from January 2019 to March 2019 among purposively selected 196 rural women of reproductive age who had at least one living child. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using pretested questionnaire. Results: Among 196 respondents average monthly family income was 12561 Taka with SD of 10462 taka. Majority of them were housewives and about two-third (64.8%) were educated above secondary level. 70.9% respondents had their delivery of last child in a government health care center and 37.8% deliveries were conducted by nurses which was followed by government doctors (36.2%). Majority (62.2%) had their health checkup within 42 days, 59.2% of them had checkup for three or more times and the checkup were done by government doctors (60.2%). 47.1% of the respondents experienced high grade fever as postpartum complication. Statistically significant association (p

This paper explores learning trajectories in becoming ‘rural women’ in Sweden, by using a biographical and socially-situated learning perspective. The data is based on in-depth biographical intervi...

This article discusses the practices of representing shepherd women in Spain, who have recently become more visible. New representations challenge stereotyped concepts of gender roles and rurality ...

Roseltha Wolverton Goble (1835-1919), a farm woman in Oxford County, was a devoted diarist. In her diary collection, she preserved a detailed record of her life over six decades. Her eight diaries, written between 1857 and 1919, offer valuable insights into the evolution of her diary-writing practices. While analyses of rural women have primarily focused on how rural women conveyed identity through their actions, this study concerns itself with Roseltha’s interiority, examining how her relationship to her journals informed her evolving sense of self. By adjusting her writing habits to complement the changing rhythms and responsibilities incumbent on her as a rural farm woman, Roseltha integrated diary-writing into the fabric of her life as a young, adult, and mature woman. Through this approach, Roseltha struck a delicate balance between sense and sensibility, modifying her diaries’ format, tone, and style to continually re-establish journaling as an essential practice in her life amidst changing circumstances.

Promoting rural women’s participation in off-farm work is an important way to increase their income and alleviate a shortage of off-farm labor supply. The widespread use of the Internet provides new opportunities to promote their participation in off-farm work. This paper draws on data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to analyze the impact of Internet use on rural women’s off-farm work participation by using a logit model and propensity score matching method. The results show that, relative to groups who do not use the Internet, rural women who use the Internet demonstrate an eight-percentage point increase in their participation in off-farm work and a greater enhancement effect on the employed model than the self-employed model. Further analysis reveals that Internet use primarily affects rural women’s participation in off-farm work in four aspects: increasing the efficiency of access to information; increasing human capital; increasing the accumulation of social capital; and changing the perception of gender roles. The heterogeneity analysis finds that when rural women are younger and more educated, Internet use will have a more pronounced effect on their off-farm work participation. As the number of minors in the household increases, Internet use has a more positive effect on rural women’s off-farm work participation. Additionally, rural women in China’s eastern and central regions are more likely to be positively impacted by Internet use than counterparts from the west. The findings provide new empirical evidence that contributes to the government’s use of the Internet to promote rural female off-farm work participation.

El siguiente artículo de reflexión tiene el propósito de generar alianzas estratégicas y metodologías para empoderar a las mujeres del municipio de Mosquera y la Comuna 3 de Villavicencio, que han sido víctimas de violencia y del maltrato, llevándolas a un proceso de concientización por cuidarse y valorarse a sí misma. En estas líneas reflexionamos, que es ser mujer desde el empoderamiento en una ruralidad donde ella toma poder e inteligencia encaminado hacia su proyecto de vida ético y autocuidado. Teniendo en cuenta que a lo largo de la historia se ha normalizado actos y expresiones verbales de violencia en los ámbitos sociales, culturales, jurídicos y económicos, debido a que la mujer es subestimada por su capacidad profesional. Mujer como cabeza de hogar, mujer de trabajos domésticos, mujer empoderada y valiente. “Sin nosotras hasta el cielo estaría incompleto” (Gangubai Kathiawadi, 2022). The following article of reflection, it has the purpose of generating strategic alliances and methodologies to empower women from the municipality of Mosquera and Comuna 3 of Villavicencio, who are harmed by violence or abuse, leading them to a process of awareness for taking care of themselves. and value yourself. In these lines we reflect, what does ir mean to be a woman from empowerment in a rurality where she takes power and intelligence directed towards her ethical life project and self-care. Bearing in mind that throughout history, acts and verbal expressions of violence have been normalized in social, cultural, legal and economic environments, because women are underestimated due to their professional capacity. A woman as the head of the household, a woman in domestic work, an empowered and brave woman. "Without us, even heaven would be incomplete" (Gangubai Kathiawadi, 2022). Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

A study was conducted to ease the fodder cutting operations a commercially available hand chaff cutter (Sokhiya Agricultural Industries, Jaipur, India) during 2019–20 in the Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering at College of Agricultural Engineering, Sangareddy, Telangana, India. The assessment was done using with 3 different age group female workers who regularly feed to the animals to assess its suitability for workers of the southern region of India. The parameters used for the Ergonomical evaluation include machine operation at different forces are heart rate, pulse rate, oxygen consumption rate, and energy expenditure rate. The average heart rate for female subjects of P1, P2 and P3 was recorded before the operation is 79, 76 and 81 beats min-1 and after the operation is 109, 108 and 113 beats min-1 for various fodders. The average pulse rate for female subjects of P1, P2, and P3 was recorded before the operation is 62, 68, and 63 beats min-1 and after the operation is 80, 80, and 82 beats min-1 for various fodders. The average oxygen consumption rate and energy expenditure rate of female subjects of P1, P2 and P3 were found to be 0.61, 0.59 and 0.66 liter min-1, and 12.68, 12.36 and 13.74 KJ min-1 respectively after operation of chaff cutter. The physiological parameters are heart rate, pulse rate, oxygen consumption rate, and energy consumption rate increased more rapidly for all age group female workers after operation of chaff cutter with 3 various fodders.

Food security is one of the major global challenges of the twenty-first century. World population is expected to increase by one-third, between 2009 and 2050, and in Asia, crop yield is estimated to decline by 5 to 30% from 2050 onwards compared to 1990. It is high time to seek alternatives that can increase production utilizing existing resources ensuring food security. A home garden can be a viable and sustainable alternative in this regard; nevertheless, it is often neglected. Thus, this study aims to understand the role of the home garden in maintaining household food security and enhancing rural women’s status in Nepal. Two villages of Bishnupur rural municipality, namely, Bajitpur and Musharniya were selected as study sites. 78.6% of households in Bajitpur and 68.4% households in Musharniya were found to have a home garden where crops and livestock were organized in an integrated way. The home garden was found to maintain household food security, ensure food availability for most of the seasons, access of household members to food, its utilization, and stability in production. Furthermore, 66.67% and 58.33% of women sold surplus home garden products in Bajitpur and Musharniya respectively. This signifies the role of home gardening activities in uplifting the social and economic status and, farming knowledge of rural women in both villages. However, there is a lack of extension facilities and subsidies for the home garden to encourage farmers. Therefore, different models of home gardens should be developed and disseminated, prioritizing the integration of the scientific farming system with traditional knowledge for sustainable adoption of the home garden in Nepal.

This paper highlighted that rural women play pivotal roles in agricultural and rural development, even much more than their male counterparts. Although not denying the supportive roles of the men in attaining their production goals, the work explores rural women’s participation in agricultural productive activities such as planting the seedlings, weeding, and interval intercultural operation of the crops. The objective of these studies was to assess the extent to which rural women in the Ikenne Local Government were involved in the productive efforts of two major agricultural produce – Ugu vegetable (pumpkin vegetables) and the corn seedlings in various farms locations. This study focused on the role of women working with full passion in the production of these crops right from the soil preparation through tillage, local manur styles till it is harvested and further into the marketing and storage of these crops for the next planting season; a chain of productive forces just to make ends meet and to sustain their families. For this study, two villages/towns Ilishan-Remo and Ikenne-Remo were selected according to their experiences on these crops and for their proximity to the university and convenience of the research. Results accessed showed formal training on the production of these crops and management. From the overall studies, it was assumed that the maximum percentage of the farmers of these regions adopted indigenous knowledge for the cultivation of these crops including all cultural practices for raising the crops as well as in the post-harvest marketing activities also. The paper through its findings stressed that the public, private sectors, and NGOs in both local governments need to introduce diversity management programs in order to reduce the poverty levels of these rural women in agricultural production. The concluding section of the work recommends some policies that would stimulate these determined producers to such levels that could enable them to grow into big-time farmers and be able to contribute meaningfully to their communities and beyond.

The present study aimed to analyze the entrepreneurial resilience of small and medium-sized businesses among rural women.The study was conducted using a survey, and 269 individuals were selected th...

This Current Issue chronicles the narratives of women living with disabilities in a rural community in South Africa. The emerging insights demonstrate that women with disabilities are trapped in pe...

Health and nutritional status of Indian women are worsening due to the prevailing culture and traditional practices in India. Indian women are generally vulnerable to poor nutrition, especially during pregnancy and lactation. It has been pointed out that the impact of nutritional status of the mother is more pervasive than the impact of other factors on birth weight. The study was carried out in the state of Assam (India) with 270 randomly selected rural women of 3 districts, viz., Tinsukia, Nagaon and Barpeta districts to find the existing practice of respondents on nutrition. Majority of the respondents (67.41%) belonged to ‘moderate’ category of practices regarding nutrition followed by 21.85 percent of respondents belonged to ‘poor category’ of practices in Assam. Majority of the respondents belonged to ‘moderate category’ of practice on nutrition, namely Barpeta (61.11%), Nagaon (63.33%) and Tinsukia (62.22%). It may be concluded that healthy lifestyle and high intake of nutritious food can provide good health throughout life to the humans. The poor nutrition and unawareness of health facilities during the childhood and reproductive age are the major factors responsible for the poor health status.

Objective:To explore the relationships between dental problems and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso by using nationally representative data.Design:This was a cross-sectional secondary study of primary data obtained by the 2013 WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance survey conducted in Burkina Faso. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using Student’s t test, ANOVA, the χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression.Setting:All thirteen Burkinabè regions were categorised using quartiles of urbanisation rates.Participants:The participants were 1730 rural women aged 25–64 years.Results:The prevalence of underweight was 16·0 %, and 24·1 % of participants experienced dental problems during the 12-month period. The women with dental problems were more frequently underweight (19·9 % and 14·7 %; P < 0·05) and had a lower mean BMI (21·1 ± 3·2 and 21·6 ± 3·7 kg/m2, P < 0·01) than those without dental problems. More risk factors for underweight were observed in less urbanised regions among elderly individuals (> 49 years old) and smokeless tobacco users. Age > 49 years, professions with inconsistent income, a lack of education, smokeless tobacco use and low BMI were factors that were significantly associated with dental problems, while residency in a low-urbanisation area was a protective factor.Conclusion:The prevalence of underweight in rural Burkinabè women is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and women with dental problems are more frequently affected than those without dental problems. Public health measures for the prevention of these disorders should specifically target women aged over 49 years and smokeless tobacco users.

El estudio analiza la situación actual de las mujeres quienes son víctimas de algún tipo de violencia, la violencia contra la mujer está vigente dentro de las sociedades que afecta la convivencia dentro de la familia, afectando no sólo a los miembros sino a todo el entorno. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue determinar los tipos de violencia que sufren las mujeres en el Centro Poblado de Allarpo-Chillama del distrito de Secclla en la provincia de Angaraes de Huancavelica. La investigación se desarrolló a nivel descriptivo transeccional, con una muestra de 87 mujeres campesinas a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario. La metodología empleada fue de nivel descriptivo transeccional, evidenciándose que un 11 % de las mujeres campesinas fueron víctimas de algún tipo de violencia, por tanto, afirmamos que la violencia hacia la mujer genera consecuencias negativas afectando su desarrollo integral.

Objective: Our objective was to observe the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use in a population of rural women in Southwest Guatemala by type, and to determine characteristics associated with long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use and sterilization. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of prospectively collected quality improvement data from a cohort of postpartum women. We compared women intending to use or already using contraception to those not intending to utilize a method; bivariate comparisons were used to determine if there were differences in characteristics between these groups. If differences occurred (p < 0.2), those covariates were included in multivariable regression analyses to determine characteristics associated with use, and then specifically with LARC use and sterilization. Results: In a cohort of 424 women who were surveyed between 2015-2017, the average age was 23 years old, and the prevalence of use or plan to use postpartum contraception was 87.5%. Women with a parity of 2 - 3 were 10% more likely to use any form of postpartum birth control (RR 1.1, CI [1.01, 1.2]) compared to primiparous women. Women who were married were also more likely to use a postpartum method (RR > 10, CI [>10,>10]). The prevalence of LARC use was low (4.0%), and women were more likely to choose this method if they were employed (RR 3.5 CI [1.1, 11.3]). Regarding sterilization, women with a parity of greater than one compared to primiparous women had an increased likelihood of sterilization (RR 3.6 CI [2.5,4.9]); each year a woman aged was associated with a 10% increased likelihood of postpartum sterilization (RR 1.1 CI [1.01,1.08]). Women were also more likely to choose sterilization if delivered by a skilled birth attendant (RR 1.8 CI [1.1,2.9]) or by cesarean birth (RR 2.1 CI [1.4,3.1]). Conclusion: In this cohort, married women of higher parity were more likely to use postpartum contraception, with employed women more likely to use a LARC method. Older women of higher parity who were delivered by a skilled attendant by cesarean birth were the most likely to pursue sterilization.

No abstract available.

Nonfarm employment is an increasing form of employment in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is partly because many of the workers in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are self-employed workers. Most women in Uganda do not own land since customary land ownership system deprives women of owning land. This has pushed women to nonfarm employment in urban areas, semi-rural, and rural areas. This paper explored the implications of nonfarm rural employment on the social and economic empowerment of women in rural areas. The findings revealed that nonfarm rural employment boosts women’s income, puts women in leadership positions in women’s groups such as the savings groups, and empowers women to become independent by reducing economic dependence on men or their husbands while also providing women with decision making power both in the community and households. Additionally, successful women in nonfarm employment, especially self-employed women, are role models and a motivation to other rural women to venture into nonfarm employment. Being successful as a woman in nonfarm employment also comes along with leadership roles and high social status in the community. Key words: Nonfarm employment, women empowerment, rural nonfarm economy, Uganda.

This study examines assessment of poverty among rural women in Kagarko Local Government Area and the data was collected through well structured questionnaire from 114 respondents who were selected through a multistage sampling technique. Analytical technique used was descriptive statistics and Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) indices. The major poverty coping strategies used by the respondents were 78.95% collect gifts from their family members, 85.96% sell their farm produce, 87.72% pray to God in the church or mosque, 76.32% involve themselves in town development unions. 86.84% use their personal savings to cope with poverty, 71.93% of the respondents borrow from friends and relations. All the respondents were adversely affected by poverty in the study area such as 79.82% of the women had low standard of poor crude storage processing equipment, 83.3% had lack of access to funds, 64.91% had low accessibility to market, 69.30% had poor housing conditions.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of culture on attitudes to contraception by rural-based women in a developing economy. Design/methodology/approach Based on data collected from 395 rural women in Eastern Zimbabwe, this study examines the hypothesized relationships between values (resultant conservation, resultant self-enhancement), social axioms (reward for application, social cynicism, religiosity, social complexity, fate control and Ubuntu) and contraceptive attitudes, considering the moderating effects of age and education. Findings Using covariance-based Structural Equation Modelling and Multi-Group Analysis, this study found that resultant self-enhancement, fate control, the reward for application and religiosity significantly relate to attitudes to contraception whilst resultant conservation, social complexity, Ubuntu and social cynicism, did not produce significant correlations. Age and education moderate the significant relationships. Research limitations/implications The study's findings suggest that contraception social marketers, non-governmental organizations and health practitioners should develop marketing strategies to neutralize the negative impact of these beliefs held by rural contraceptive consumers to increase contraceptive awareness and uptake in such subsistence markets. In addition, this study provides empirical evidence on the role of Ubuntu as a new culture construct in African markets. Originality/value Despite being limited to a single developing economy, this paper extends prior research on consumer culture and attitudes on contraception use by exploring the role of values and social axioms, an imperative issue for rural women health and general subsistence market well-being.

Empowering rural women and girls is not only a fundamental need for agricultural development but also one of the most prominent components of social and economic progress and sustainable development in general. Search data gathered through the questionnaire, the interview with 120 properly addressed, after compiling the data are encoded and discharged and scheduling to fit the statistical analysis methods used, and used some appropriate statistical methods as a percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, as well as using frequency tables to display data, use the SPSS program. The variable was measured for the indicative requirements using equation Borich's needs assessment guidelines. The parent survey results that most rural women aged boys with active level by 59.2%, and education level between a medium and illiteracy, for the exposure to mass media level was low by 76.7%. The most of the sources of information were from Mother of husband by 80%. In conclusion the need to utilize the remaining food through several smaller units to take advantage of it to make a new meal, so they must diversify its sources of information and guidance for the purpose of upgrading rural women to benefit from food waste.

This article explores the potential of dialogue networks as tools for valuing rural women and overcoming the traditional marginalization of rural women in the countryside. The guiding hypothesis is that when given opportunities to co-produce solutions in a participatory manner and an enabling environment, women can articulate and express their challenges and visualize desirable futures. The results confirm this hypothesis to the extent that women experience and execute these premises in the established spaces of dialogue. The recommendations are for the promotion of actions and policies that provide environments in which women can reframe their role in society and the family.

Mark Mohan Kaggwa,1 Brendah Namatanzi,2 Moses Kule,3 Rahel Nkola,1 Sarah Maria Najjuka,4 Firoj al Mamun,5,6 Ismail Hosen,5,6 Mohammed A Mamun,5,6 Scholastic Ashaba1 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda; 3Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda; 4College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 5CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh; 6Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, BangladeshCorrespondence: Mark Mohan KaggwaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, UgandaEmail kmarkmohan@gmail.comBackground: Rural women are highly prevalent to depression, where spouse-related factors, including extramarital affairs and poverty, intensify its likelihood of occurrence. However, women engaged with a Money-Saving Group (MSG) are financially self-dependent, which can reduce the risk of depression suffering. Despite this, there is less study among this cohort, which led us to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of depression among the Ugandan women involved in MSG.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in Uganda among rural married or cohabiting women aged 18 to 45 years engaged in MSG. The survey was carried out within a total of 153 participants (33.3 ± 6.7 years) in April 2021. Information related to socio-demographic of the participants, their spouse characteristics, and depression were collected.Results: About 65.4% of the participants had depressive symptoms (based on the cutoff 10/27 at the PHQ-9). But, 8.15 times (CI: 2.83– 23.44, p< 0.001) and 16.69 times (CI: 4.85– 57.39, p< 0.001), higher risk of depression were observed, if the participants’ spouses were using an addictive substance and had been involved in an extramarital relationship, respectively. Similarly, there was an increased likelihood of depression when the participant or spouse was unemployed.Conclusion: This study observed a higher prevalence of depression, which suggests paying attention to this cohort. Thus, there should be routine screening for depression among married women involved in MSG at lower-level health facilities in rural settings, especially those with spouses engaged in substance use, having an extramarital relationship, and being unemployed.Keywords: depression, married women, spouse extramarital affairs, rural Uganda, women’s mental health, extramarital relationship, money-saving group, substance use, spouse substance use, poverty, addiction

Most literature on land reform in South Africa negates the rural community development. Hence, this paper analyses the perceptions of rural women on land reform efforts in the Zululand District of KwaZulu-Natal. The paper aims to generate a body of knowledge on how rural women understand what is being done towards their access to land. The paper argues that patriarchy, authority figure and gatekeeping, conscious and unconscious linguistic sexism, delays and gender segregation, women`s lack of basic law and land-related law, and non-participation in local land processes impede women`s access to land in Zululand District, KwaZulu-Natal. The paper makes recommendations on the implications of individual women and women’s groups as well as policy structures at the local, provincial, and national levels. This paper uses a qualitative descriptive approach in analysing how rural women feel about the provisions of land access. Focus group discussions with thirty rural women in KwaZulu-Natal`s Zululand District were conducted. A thematic analysis was done to analyse their perceptions of provisions of land access.

Introduction: The role of rural women in the process of economic development has been a growing concern of economists, planners, and the governments. The potentials of rural women as economic actors are not yet fully analyzed and yet there has not been adequate attention to the way gender affects rural women’s participation in economic development. Many projects for productivity increase in agriculture and rural development could not be realized or the outcome might have been different, if women had been involved in the process. Projects for family planning, the spread of literacy and basic health care cannot be achieved without recognition of the importance of the role of women. In the rural areas many poor families depend upon the income of women, who contribute significant amount of cash income to the subsistence level of economy. Always, indoor jobs are one way to achieve sustainable development in rural communities and rural women have a main role in the household economyy. The aim of this descriptive-survey research was to find out discrimination level of rural women participation in the indoor Jobs creation based on socio-economic aspects. Existing structures of decision-making in most developing countries cannot adequately represent women’s issues; their work and potentials for development have been neglected. The situation calls for structural change. Women’s full involvement in the formulation of programs would affect their lives. Access to and control of development resources need to be supported by organizations of the rural women themselves. Participation through local level organizations are critical for an empowering process, and which can provide access to resources for self-sustained development. Materials and Methods: This research is a quantitative study, non-experimental type and, an applied research, in terms of nature, the extent of controlling variables, and objective. Survey design was applied to achieve research objectives. The research population were included rural women of Fash district, Kangavar County, Kermanshah province that had to take out a loan for indoor job (N= 168). In this study census method was used. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Five-point Likert-type response scale (from very low= 1 to very high= 5) was used to measure research variables. Questionnaires’ face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Pilot test was performed to evaluate its reliability that Cronbach's alpha was between 0.81-0.86. Analyzing data was done by SPSS23 and R tools. Results and Discussion: The analysis of rural women’s demographic characteristics showed that most rural women were between the ages of 20 and 35 years. 23% of women were bachelor or higher. Thus, 52 percent of literate women were literate or illiterate. 33 percent of women were active in home businesses and marketed their products. In contrast, 67 percent of women did not participate in indoor jobs. To investigate the research hypotheses, women's participation score was divided into two levels named participation and non-participation based on the mean of the sample. Ordinal logistic regression was used for data processing using R software. Finding indicated that among the variables of the social and economic aspects, social status and income levels were highly discriminating the participation of rural women in indoor Jobs. Conclusion: It can concluded that promoting women's participation in social, economic and planning activities in order to expand their participation, especially in the economic field, is a prerequisite for sustainable development. This is particularly needed in rural areas where women have long been traditionally involved in family economic affairs. Also, it can concluded that various factors influence the participation level of rural women in the indoor jobs creation. In other words, interaction among socio-economic components can determine participation level of rural women. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that if the conditions and demands of rural women are provided, family businesses in rural areas can be organized as cooperatives. In order to familiarize and encourage rural women to participate in indoor business, targeted training programs to improve rural women's businesses should be provided to familiarize them with markets. In addition, the support provided by officials by providing the facilities needed to set up home businesses such as loans and banking facilities can help develop the industry in rural areas. Finally, development of entrepreneurial and self-employment culture in rural society by empowering entrepreneurs can impact the social status of rural women and promote home businesses.

The present study was conducted in Bhadrak District of Odisha to find out the role of rural women in dairy activities. A total of 120 respondents were selected randomly for the present study. The data were collected through a pre-structured interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. The results showed that the farm women were engaged in almost all dairy activities. However, they were actively participating in milking, feeding of grains, making dairy products etc. but they were having less participation in activities like ,protecting cattle against parasites, insemination of cattle, veterinary care etc. The association between some selected independent variables with participation of women in dairy activities was also found. Education, mass media exposure and extension contact were found to be significantly related to participation of rural women in dairy activities. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i8.010

Undernutrition remains a wide spread problem, especially for women and their children. A wide body of research has identified women’s empowerment as a contributor to nutritional outcomes for childr...

Rural women in agriculture are legitimized women as productive stakeholders through a process that documents the various roles have played in rural agriculture, the rural economy, and food security. Accounting for 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force, women are important actors in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 particularly in reducing poverty especially among women, and improving food security. This quantitative study has shown that women have combined their roles in varying fields of agriculture using their income to take care of families while contributing to the economy and food security. Their contributions however are underrecognized due to the gender disparities in the investments made to their male peers in the same business. This may be due to the feminization of rural agriculture coupled with many women not having the literacies required to negotiate the demands of land or loan acquisition and the technical skills to move beyond subsistence agriculture. Notwithstanding, rural women farmers earn income that helps to guarantee the basic livelihoods of their families and contribute to community food security. However, rural women farmers also have limited financial and technical capabilities to conserve their surpluses and increase their economic well-being. Investments by national governments must be made to rural agriculture with specific recognition towards the advancement of women farmers.

This chapter investigates a group of rural women in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa who adopted microfinance-based entrepreneurship for self-empowerment and poverty alleviation. The chapter is anchored on multiple theories of empowerment, social capital, gender and development (GAD), and women in development (WID). The chapter adds to the growing body of the women empowerment literature. This is a mixed methods chapter. Various instruments are also used to collect data. Amongst others, data were collected through face-to-face and telephonic interviews using (English-Tshivenda) cross-language open-ended questionnaire. In addition, data were also collected through key informant interviews (KIIs) and desktop approach. The concept of bricolage entrepreneurship based on social capital exploitation by the women entrepreneurs has been explained. This chapter established that women were capable of developing sustainable entrepreneur activities to empower themselves and to also fight poverty.

Es por este motivo que el presente trabajo tiene como finalidad estudiar las buenas prácticas que emplean los agricultores del sector tradicional de la aceituna de mesa en pos de un desarrollo sostenible. A su vez, se pretende analizar la relevancia de la mujer rural en la transición hacia este tipo de economías. Para ello, el trabajo se centrará en las cooperativas agrarias al ser agentes relevantes de desarrollo en el medio rural It is for this reason that the present work aims to study the good practices employed by farmers in the traditional table olive sector in pursuit of sustainable development. At the same time, the aim is to analyze the relevance of rural women in the transition to this type of economy. To this end, the work will focus on agricultural cooperatives as they are relevant agents of development in rural areas. Universidad de Sevilla. Master en Economía y Desarrollo

This is the start of a systematic map of existing literature on preventative healthcare and rural US women from a Social Determinants of Health perspective.