Caminiti, C., Schulz, P., Marcomini, B., Iezzi, E., Riva, Silvia, Scoditti, U., Zini, A., Malferrari, G., Zedde, M.L., Guidetti, D., Montanari, E., Baratti, M., Denti, L., Castellini, P., Zanferrari, C., Tanzi, A., Diodati, F., Olivato, S., Barbi, F., Bigliardi, G., Dell'Acqua, M.L., Vandelli, L., Rosafio, F., Pentore, R., Picchetto, L., Monaco, D., Perticaroli, E., Iafelice, I., Imovilli, P., Vaghi, L., and Guareschi, A.
Background: Systematic reviews call for well-designed trials with clearly described intervention components to\ud support the effectiveness of educational campaigns to reduce patient delay in stroke presentation. We herein\ud describe the systematic development process of a campaign aimed to increase stroke awareness and preparedness.\ud Methods: Campaign development followed Intervention Mapping (IM), a theory- and evidence-based tool, and was\ud articulated in two phases: needs assessment and intervention development. In phase 1, two cross-sectional surveys\ud were performed, one aiming to measure stroke awareness in the target population and the other to analyze the\ud behavioral determinants of prehospital delay. In phase 2, a matrix of proximal program objectives was developed,\ud theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies were selected and program components and materials\ud produced.\ud Results: In phase 1, the survey on 202 citizens highlighted underestimation of symptom severity, as in only 44% of\ud stroke situations respondents would choose to call the emergency service (EMS). In the survey on 393 consecutive\ud patients, 55% presented over 2 hours after symptom onset; major determinants were deciding to call the general\ud practitioner first and the reaction of the first person the patient called. In phase 2, adult individuals were identified\ud as the target of the intervention, both as potential “patients” and witnesses of stroke. The low educational level\ud found in the patient survey called for a narrative approach in cartoon form. The family setting was chosen for the\ud message because 42% of patients who presented within 2 hours had been advised by a family member to call\ud EMS. To act on people’s tendency to view stroke as an untreatable disease, it was decided to avoid fear-arousal\ud appeals and use a positive message providing instructions and hope. Focus groups were used to test educational\ud products and identify the most suitable sites for message dissemination.\ud Conclusions: The IM approach allowed to develop a stroke campaign integrating theories, scientific evidence and\ud information collected from the target population, and enabled to provide clear explanations for the reasons behind\ud key decisions during the intervention development process.\ud Trial registration: NCT01881152. Retrospectively registered June 7 2013\ud Keywords: Stroke, Public campaign, Pre-hospital delay, Media, Cartoon, Intervention mapping