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Rose oil is traditionally produced by the water distillation of Rosa damascena and is of high economic value due to the low essential oil yield. It is therefore a common target for adulteration, which can cause harm to consumers. Current standards for authenticity control only consider the analysis of major components and overlook minor quality markers as well as the enantiomeric ratio of terpenes, which have proven useful in originality determination. The aim of this study was the development of two analytical GC-FID methods for the analysis of 21 and 29 rose oil analytes including major, minor and chiral components on a DB-wax and BGB 178 30% CD (chiral) capillary column, respectively. The total run time for both methods was within 60 min. For all target analytes, the % bias at the lower and upper calibration range varied from −7.8 to 13.2% and −13.1 to 5.2% analysed on the DB-wax column and 0.5 to 13.3% and −6.9 to 7.0% analysed on the chiral column. The chiral analysis successfully separated the enantiomers (+/−)-camphene, (+/−)-rose oxide, (+/−)-linalool, (+/−)-citronellol and (+/−)-citronellyl acetate, as well as the diastereomers of citral and β-damascenone. Both methods were applied to the analysis of 10 authentic rose oil samples and the enantiomeric/diastereomeric ratios, as well as the content of major and minor components, were determined. The identity of the analysed components in the authentic samples was further confirmed by GC-MS., Plants, 12 (3), ISSN:2223-7747

Background Oils in traditional medicine are important products and used routinely for therapeutic purposes. Rose oil (Rosa damascene Mill), a product of Persian medicine, is advised for the treatment of Infectious diseases related to the female genitourinary tract. In the present study, R. damascena petal oil, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis effects. Methods Anti-trichomonas activity evaluation of extracts and oil were assayed by the Homocytometery method. Their antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clinically isolated Group B Streptococcus were assayed by broth microdilution in 96-well plates. Results The MIC of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts ranged from 25-50 and 25-100 mg/ml, respectively. Rose oil at all administered doses failed to show any antibacterial activity. Conclusion All extracts and oil concentrations showed some degree of growth inhibition activity on T. vaginalis; however, hydroalcoholic extract was more efficient.

Background: Emergency personnel are frequently exposed to high-risk physical and psychological factors that lead to increased occupational stress. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aromatherapy with rosa damascena essential oil on nurses' occupational stress in the emergency department. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted among sixty nurses in the trauma center of Besat Hospital, Tehran. The participants were selected by the convenience sampling method, and then randomly assigned to the aromatherapy with essential oil of Rosa damascena and control groups. Intervention in the experimental and control groups consisted of inhalation cotton swabs impregnated with two drops of essential oil of 40% Rosa damascena (Gole Mohammadi) and cotton soaked with two drops of distilled water as a placebo for 2 minutes, respectively. Nurses' stress level was assessed by the Nursing Stress Scale before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, independent t-test, paired t-test, and ANCOVA were performed in SPSS, version 22. Results: The mean age of the nurses was 29.07 ± 5.495 years, and the majority of them had a bachelor's degree. The results of this study showed that stress scores in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group after the intervention (p

Rosa damascena is referred to as the queen of roses due to its ornamental, flavoring, and perfuming uses, along with its recognized use in therapy. This study aimed to investigate the total phenols and flavonoids contents, the phenolic compounds, and study the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the hydroethanolic extract from Rosa damascena flowers, collected from the Middle Atlas of Morocco (Khenifra). The total phenols and flavonoids were assessed using gallic acid and quercetin as standards, and the phenolic compounds were characterized using HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods, namely ferric reducing assay power and total antioxidant capacity. The broth microdilution method was employed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of extract against four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes). Up to 16 phenolic compounds belonging to tannins and flavonoids were positively identified in the Rosa damascena extract. The latter displayed high antioxidant activity and exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli and a bactericidal effect against Salmonella typhimuriumn, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. As a result, the flowers of Rosa damascena might be employed as natural agents in the pharmaceutical field.

Background: Depression and anxiety as the most common psychological disorders reduce the quality of life in women during menopause. Aim: Given the potential therapeutic properties of Rosa damascena, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Rosa damascena on the severity of depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women. Method: This clinical trial was conducted on 110 postmenopausal women in Tehran, Iran, during 2020. The participants in the intervention group received 500 mg dried Rosa damascena capsules, and the control group received placebo capsules three times a day (once every 8 hours) for 40 days. The data were collected using a demographic characteristics form, Beck's Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and adverse effects questionnaire. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) through the independent t-test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and repeated measures tests. Results: There was no difference in the mean score of depression before and 20 days after the intervention in the intervention group; however, this difference was significant 40 days after the intervention (p

Several histogram equalization methods for enhancing the color images of Rosa Damascena flowers and some thresholding methods for segmentation of the flowers were examined. Images were taken outdoors at different times of day and light conditions. A factorial experiment in the form of a Completely Randomized Design with two factors of histogram equalization method at 8 levels and thresholding method at 15 levels, was implemented. Histogram equalization methods included: CHE, BBHE, BHEPL-D, DQHEPL, DSIHE, RMSHE, RSIHE, and no histogram equalization (NHE) as the control. Thresholding method levels were: Huang, Intermodes, Isodata, Li, maximum entropy, mean, minimum, moments, Otsu, percentile, Renyi’s entropy, Shanbhag, Yen, constant, and global basic thresholding method. The effect of these factors on the properties of the segmented images such as the Percentage of Incorrectly Segmented Area (PISA), Percentage of Overlapping Area (POA), Percentage of Undetected Area (PUA), and Percentage of Detected Flowers (PDF) was investigated. Results of histogram equalization analysis showed that DQHEPL and NHE have the statistically significant lowest PUA (11.13% and 8.32%, respectively), highest POA (89.35% and 92.07%, respectively), and highest PDF (61.88% and 64.94%, respectively). Thresholding methods had a significant effect on PISA, PUA, POA, and PDF. The highest PDF belonged to constant, minimum, and Intermodes (75.07%, 73.08% and 74.30%, respectively) They also had the lowest PISA (0.35%, 1.29%, and 1.85%, respectively) and PUA (33.72%, 23.09%, and 15.56%, respectively). These methods had the highest POA (80.73%, 76.70%, and 84.67%, respectively). Hence, they are suitable methods for segmentation of Rosa Damascena flowers in color images.

Free radicals affect aging by unspecific lead breakdown to macromolecules, like DNA, lipids, and proteins. The degradation of the extracellular matrix affects skin aging and correlated with the hyaluronidase enzyme. Rose ( Rosa damascena ) petal extract and rose receptacle extract can scavenge free radicals, thus hindering the aging process. This study examines phenolic and flavonoid content, the antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase potential owned by rose petal extract (RPE), and rose receptacle extract (RRE) inhibiting skin aging. In this study, Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) scavenging activity assay was done to analyze the antioxidant activity while the hyaluronidase inhibitory assay analyzed antiaging activity. The characteristic of RPE and RRE were measured the phenolics and flavonoids content. The phenolics content of RPE and RRE were 9.66 μg GAE/mg RPE and 4.31 μg GAE/mg RRE, respectively, while the flavonoids content of RPE and RRE respectively 1.22 μg QE/mg RPE and 0.59 μg QE/mg RRE. The median inhibitory (IC 50 ) of H 2 O 2 scavenging of RPE (207.99 µg/mL) was more active than RRE (348.24 µg/mL). RPE's anti-hyaluronidase (IC 50 : 51.68 µg/mL) is as effective as RRE (IC 50 : 51.98 µg/mL). Antioxidant and antiaging activities possessed by RPE and RRE are promising natural agents for aging therapy.

There is an intense search for natural compounds that can inhibit the oligomerization and fibrillation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), whose aggregation is key to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rosa damascena is a medicinal herb widely used in Middle Eastern food, ceremonies, and perfumes. The herb is known to contain many different polyphenols. Here we investigated the existence of α-Syn fibrillation inhibitors in R. damascena extract. Different HPLC fractions of the extract were assessed in α-Syn fibrillation and toxicity assays. The most active fractions led to the formation of more α-Syn oligomers but with less toxicity to SH-SY5Y cells, according to MTT and LDH assays. LC-MS analysis identified gallic acid, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside, and quercetin which were subsequently shown to be strong α-Syn fibrillation inhibitors. Our results highlight the benefits of R. damascena extract to combat PD at the population level.

Free radicals can cause damage to cells or tissues, autoimmune diseases, degenerative diseases, or cancer. Therefore, the body needs important substances, namely antioxidants that can help protect the body by reducing negative effect from free radicals. Rose flower (Rosa damascena) has anthocyanin pigment which belongs to flavonoid group which has a function as antioxidant or free radical scavenger. This study aims to determine antioxidant and anti-elastase potentials of rose petals and receptacles. The method used in this study was a qualitative phytochemical test to determine the compounds contained in the Rose Petal Extract (RPE) and Rose Receptacle Extract (RRE), ABTS ((2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid))-reducing assay to determine antioxidant activity, and antiaging test with anti-elastase assay. RPE and RRE contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins and alkaloids, but did not contain saponins. RPE contained triterpenoids and terpenoids, while RRE contained steroids, but did not contain terpenoids. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the ABTS reducing assay were 4.46 ± 0.34 μg/mL (RPE) and 15.49 ± 0.23 μg/mL (RRE), while the results of the anti-elastase assay were 17.51 ± 1.47 μg/mL (RPE) and 58.91 ± 2.31 μg/mL (RRE). Both RPE and RRE are potent antioxidant and anti-elastase, and RPE is more active than RRE in these assays.

The microscopic fungi Eremothecium ashbyi and E. gossypii are known for their ability to synthetize essential oil, which has a composition similar to that of rose oil. The development of Eremothecium oil technology enables the production of rose-scented products, which are demanded by pharmaceutical, food, and perfumery industries. This study focuses on assessing the in vitro cytotoxicity of Eremothecium oil, in comparison with that of rose oil, using a combination of methods and two cell types (3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs)). The Eremothecium oil samples possessed cytotoxic effects that varied among strains and batches. The revealed cytotoxicity level may be used to tailor the qualitative and quantitative composition of Eremothecium oil to achieve a particular quality in its end products. These results require further analysis using other cell types and assays based on measuring other cell functions.

Skin health is heavily affected by ultraviolet irradiation from the sun. In addition, senile skin is characterized by major changes in the collagen, elastin and in the hyaluronan content. Natural products (NPs) have been shown to delay cellular senescence or in vivo aging by regulating age-related signaling pathways. Moreover, NPs are a preferable source of photoprotective agents and have been proven to be useful against the undesirable skin hyperpigmentation. Greek flora harvests great plant diversity with approximately 6000 plant species, as it has a wealth of NPs. Here, we report an extensive screening among hundreds of plant species. More than 440 plant species and subspecies were selected and evaluated. The extracts were screened for their antioxidant and anti-melanogenic properties, while the most promising were further subjected to various in vitro and cell-based assays related to skin aging. In parallel, their chemical profile was analyzed with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and/or Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). A variety of extracts were identified that can be of great value for the cosmetic industry, since they combine antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-melanogenic and anti-aging properties. In particular, the methanolic extracts of Sideritis scardica and Rosa damascena could be worthy of further attention, since they showed interesting chemical profiles and promising properties against specific targets involved in skin aging.

Aims: For occupational and therapeutic reasons, many people are exposed to the harmful effects of Ionizing Radiation (IR) including Chromosomal Aberrations (CA) every day. Radioprotective agents are able to reduce these damages through mechanisms such as scavenging free radical, donating hydrogen to damaged molecules and increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes. Medicinal plants, traditionally used in different societies, have special advantages due to their low side effects and cost-effectiveness compared to the chemical radioprotectors. Rosa damascena is one of these plants that is widely used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the radioprotective effects of brewed Rosa damascena in comparison with Vitamin E. Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, the radioprotective effect of 1-week use of brewed Rosa damascena on the CA induced by 2 Gy IR in comparison with vitamin E in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 10 volunteers, 1, 24, and 96 h as well as one week after the last intake was investigated using binucleated cell micronucleus assay. Findings: The use of brewed Rosa damascena 1 h after the last intake could significantly reduce the frequency of micronuclei. This result was similar to the effect of vitamin E at the same time. Conclusion: Brewed Rosa damascena is able to protect cells from IR-induced damages and can be used as a cheaper radioprotector with the possibility of daily use compared to vitamin E.

Aims: Damage to liver tissue and its dysfunction is very important and if left untreated, it can cause serious problems and even death. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Linum usitatissimum and Rosa damascena on liver enzymes, total protein, bilirubin, albumin, and serum glucose levels. Materials and Methods: This is a non-randomized clinical trial conducted on 42 male rats divided into 6 groups; control group (group 1) received only sufficient water and food, groups 1 and 2 received 300 and 500 mg/ kgB.W Linum usitatissimum extract, groups 3 and 4 received 500 and 1000 mg/ kgB.W Rosa damascena, and group 6 received 100 mg/ kgB.W Linum usitatissimum plus 250 mg/ kgB.W Rosa damascena extracts intraperitoneally for 28 days. After the last injection, the rats were weighed and their blood samples were collected. The study parameters were measured using a colorimetric method by a spectrophotometer, and then were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test in SPSS V. 25 at a significance level of P0.05). In the groups received Rosa damascena extract, there was a significant difference between total protein and albumin levels compared to the control group (P

Objective: This study was designed to compare the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium blossom on psychological and physical symptoms and social functions of females with premenstrual syndrome. Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 95 students. They were randomly divided into three aromatherapy groups (aromatherapy with 4% concentration of Rosa Damascena and 0.5% concentration of Citrus Aurantium blossom essential oil) and aromatherapy with sweet almond oil (as control group). Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool questionnaire (PSST) was completed before and during the first and second month of the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22. Results: After intervention, the scores of mental symptoms decreased in all three groups and this decrease was significant in both Citrus Aurantium (P = 0.004) and Rosa Damascena groups (P = 0.007). The score of physical symptoms was decreased in all three groups but it was significant only in the Rosa Demecensa group (P = 0.042). The reduction of effect of symptoms on social function was observed in two intervention groups which were significant only in Rosa Damascena group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Essential oils of Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium were both effective in improving the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome but the effect of Rosa Damascena, with regard to improvement of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was more than that of Citrus Aurantium in all psychological, physical, and social aspects.

Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of chemical drug therapy aiming to destroy cancer cells. Adjuvant therapy may reduce hazards of chemotherapy and help in destroying these cells when obtained from natural products, such as medical plants. In this study, the potential therapeutic effect of Rosa damascena callus crude extract produced in vitamin-enhanced media is investigated on colorectal cancer cell line Caco-2. Two elicitors, i.e., L-ascorbic acid and citric acid at a concentration of 0.5 g/L were added to the callus induction medium. Callus extraction and the GC–MS analysis of methanolic crude extracts were also determined. Cytotoxicity, clonogenicity, proliferation and migration of Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells were investigated using MTT cytotoxicity, colony-forming, Ki-67 flow cytometry proliferation and Migration Scratch assays, respectively. Our results indicated that L-ascorbic acid treatment enhanced callus growth parameters and improved secondary metabolite contents. It showed the least IC50 value of 137 ug/mL compared to 237 ug/mL and 180 ug/mL in the citric acid-treated and control group. We can conclude that R. damascena callus elicited by L-ascorbic acid improved growth and secondary metabolite contents as well as having an efficient antiproliferative, anti-clonogenic and anti-migratory effect on Caco-2 cancer cells, thus, can be used as an adjuvant anti-cancer therapy.

Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) are one of the important pest groups on damask rose, Rosa damascena P. Mill. (Plantae: Rosaceae). This study has been carried out to identify and investigate species diversity of sawflies in Darab rain-fed damask rose plain, Fars province which with 5290 hectares is the largest organic, rain-fed damask rose plain in the world in 2019. Sampling was done using four Malaise traps which were installed in different areas of the plain, from spring to summer. Collecting pots were emptied at an interval of two weeks and sawfly individuals were then isolated, mounted, or pinned and finally identified. To predict species richness of sawflies, the rarefaction method was applied to abundance-based and sample-based data. Totally, 133 individuals were collected representing 5 species from two families, Argidae: a single species, Arge cingulata Jakowlew, 1891 and Tenthredinidae: four species, Allantus (Allantus) viennensis (Schrank, 1781), Cladius pectinicornis (Geoffroy, 1785), Macrophya diaphenia Benson, 1968 and Tenthredo marginella Fabricius, 1793. Allantus viennensis was dominant with 63.9% of collected individuals. Tenthredo marginella and M. diaphenia had the following abundance rankings of 26.3% and 8.27% collected individuals respectively. Two species, A. cingulata and C. pectinicornis, were the singletons. The adult flight period of the dominant species, A. viennensis, was registered in two distinct periods and the others in one. Rarefaction showed that more sampling will yield 6-8 sawfly species in this region. The differences between the sawfly community of Darab damask rose plain and other regions of Iran and the world were discussed.

Recent studies have reported inconclusive results regarding the therapeutic effects of Rosa damascena on the outcomes of primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Hence, this study is aimed to summarize the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effects of this treatment on menstruation-related pain as the primary outcome and menstruation-related headache, fatigue, anxiety, and bloating as the secondary outcomes. This study evaluated parallel-group and cross-over RCTs on aromatherapy, topical treatment, or oral intake of R. damascena products for the treatment groups versus placebo, nontreated, or conventional treatment groups. Seven electronic databases (Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, SID, and MagIran) and one search engine (PubMed) were searched from inception to January 15, 2021. Of 1468 trials found in the initial search, 983 potentially relevant articles were screened by title and abstract. After examining the full-text of 13 studies for compliance with the inclusion criteria, seven studies were considered eligible for this review. A random-effects model was used to pool the data; otherwise, a narrative summary was presented. The retrieved studies were conducted on females with PD or PMS, aged 18–35 years. The total sample size of the intervention and comparator arms was 276 and 272. The results showed that R. damascena had a nonsignificant alleviating effect on the menstruation-related pain (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.25, 0.31; P = 0.234). Such findings were also found for menstruation-related anxiety (WMD: −0.40; 95% CI: −0.91, 0.11; P = 0.125). However, the treatment significantly reduced the menstruation-related headache (WMD: −0.42; 95% CI: −0.74, −0.11; P = 0.008), fatigue (WMD: −0.48; 95% CI: −0.87, −0.09; P = 0.015), and bloating (WMD: −0.72; 95% CI: −1.21, −0.22; P = 0.005). Since R. damascena had no significant effects on menstruation-related pain and anxiety, further studies with improved methodological quality are suggested to evaluate the effects of the treatment on these symptoms, using different dosages and durations.

Sexual dysfunction is a common condition in the opioid substitution therapy (OST) population. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of treatment for sexual dysfunction in the OST population. We searched for interventional studies from Medline, PubMed, and Scopus. Three independent authors conducted a risk-of-bias assessment (RoB 2). A total of seven studies (five randomized-controlled trials, two quasi-experimental), including 473 patients with sexual dysfunction, were identified. Among these, three bupropion (n=207), one trazodone (n=75), two rosa Damascena (n=100), and one ginseng (n=91) studies had reported significantly improve various sexual functioning domains in both genders. In a meta-analysis, bupropion significantly increased male sexual function with standardized mean difference of 0.53; 95% confidence interval of 0.19-0.88; P < 0.01; I2=0. The adverse effects were minor for all agents, and no significant difference between treatment and placebo groups in randomized-controlled trials. These agents have a promising future as therapy for sexual dysfunction in the OST population. However, given the limited sample size and number of studies, further studies should be conducted to confirm the use of these agents.

Aim and Introduction:Rosa damascena is one of the most well-known species of the Rosaceae family and is widely used in the food and perfume industry. Rose hydrosol is a product which is produced by distillation of rose petals. There is very little research about the antimicrobial effect of rose hydrosol. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of Rosa damascena hydrosol in vivo. Method: 45 adult volunteers who were not healthcare workers were included in this study. Exclusion criteria included existing skin disorders or lacerations, pregnancy, presence of nail polish, recent handwashing or use of antiseptic lotion/soap in the last week, and antibiotic use in the last 3 months. At baseline, each subject was asked to rub the fingertips of the dominant hand on a sheep-blood agar plate. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: one group rubbed their hands with 3 mL of alcohol-based hand antiseptic and the other group with 3 mL of rose hydrosol. Following sample collection, the subjects were asked to rub their hands according to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) “How to Hand Rub” technique. After the hand-rubbing sequence, the hands were allowed to air-dry and fingertip sampling was performed. Culture plates were evaluated by a microbiologist blinded to group assignment. Rose hydrosol was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results: The main components of rose hydrosol are phenyl ethyl alcohol, beta-citronellol and geraniol. Of the total of 45 participants, 23 were included in rose hydrosol group and 22 in the alcohol-based hand-rub group. The colony counts decreased significantly in the alcohol-based solution group after hand-rubbing, whereas there was no significant reduction in the rose hydrosol group. Conclusion: A number of studies have shown good antimicrobial activity in rose products, especially in rose oil, but we found no antibacterial effect of rose hydrosol after hand-rubbing. However, it must be borne in mind that the amount and types of rose hydrosol components are highly influenced by the given agro-meteorological conditions and technological production methods., Zielsetzung:Rosa Damascena ist eine der berühmtesten Arten der Familie der Rosaceae und wird in breitem Umfang in der Lebensmittel- und Parfümindustrie genutzt. Rosenhydrosol ist ein Produkt, das durch Destillation von Rosenblütenblättern hergestellt wird. Es gibt nur wenige Untersuchungen zur antimikrobiellen Wirkung von Rosenhydrosol. Daher sollte die antibakterielle Wirkung von Rosa damascena Hydrosol in vivo untersucht werden. Methode: 45 freiwillige Erwachsene, die nicht im Gesundheitswesen tätig sind, wurden in die Studie eingeschlossen. Ausschlusskriterien waren bestehende Hauterkrankung oder Hautverletzung, Schwangerschaft, Nagellack, vor kurzem durchgeführte Händewaschung, Benutzung antiseptischer Lotion/Seife in der letzten Woche und die Einnahme von Antibiotika in den letzten 3 Monaten. Zu Versuchsbeginn wurde jeder Proband gebeten, die Fingerspitzen der dominanten Hand auf der Schafblutagar aufzudrücken. Die Versuchspersonen wurden randomisiert zwei Gruppen zugeordnet. Eine Gruppe rieb 3 ml eines alkoholbasierten Händedesinfektionsmittels, die andere Gruppe 3 ml Rosenhydrosol gemäß der WHO-Empfehlung „How to Hand Rub“ ein. Nach dem Einreiben wurden die Hände an der Luft an der Luft getrocknet und erneut Proben von den Fingerspitzen entnommen. Die Anzahl KbE wurden von einem Mikrobiologen verblindet ausgewertet. Das Rosenhydrosol wurde mittels Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Hauptbestandteile von Rosenhydrosol waren Phenylethylalkohol, Beta-Citronellol und Geraniol. Von den 45 Teilnehmern wurden 23 in die Rosenhydrosol-Gruppe und 22 in die Gruppe der alkoholbasierten Handeinreibungen aufgenommen. Die Koloniezahlen nahmen nach Händedesinfektion signifikant ab, während es in der Gruppe mit Rosenhydrosol keine signifikante Reduktion gab. Schlussfolgerung: Einige Studien haben eine gute antimikrobielle Aktivität in Rosenprodukten und speziell in Rosenöl gezeigt. Bei Einreiben in die Hand konnten wir keine antibakterielle Wirkung von Rosenhydrosol nachweisen. Es ist jedoch zu berücksichtigen, dass die Menge und die Art der Rosenhydrosol-Komponenten stark von den jeweiligen agro-meteorologischen Bedingungen und den technologischen Produktionsmethoden beeinflusst werden., GMS Hygiene and Infection Control; 15:Doc21

This study was carried to improve an influential and cost-effective shoot proliferation and rooting protocol for oil rose (Rosa damascena) having great importance of its economic value as well as its prestige plant for our country. In this study, single nodal pieces belonging to oil rose plants were used as explant sources. It was determined that the effects of liquid modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 6 different combinations of benzyladenine (BA) (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0 and 0.1 mg/l) on the development of shoots obtained from nodal explants. After three subculture cycles, to evaluate rooting performance of shoots, they were cultured in ½ MS medium containing 2 mg/l indole butyric acid (IBA), 30 g/l sucrose and 162 mg/l phloroglucinol (PG) for 7 days in the dark and then transferred to liquid ½ MS and liquid ½ modified MS medium. At the end of the study, the most successful results for shoot proliferation were obtained from the liquid modified MS medium containing 2 mg/l BA. The best treatment for rooting of shoots was MS medium supplemented with 2mg/l indole butyric acid (IBA), 30 g/l sucrose and 162 mg/l PG for 7 days and then transferring the explants to liquid ½ MS medium added only 30 g/l sucrose. In the study, it was also determined that liquid media had significant potential for the propagation of Rosa damascena with low cost and high success., Bu araştırma, ekonomik değerinin yanı sıra ülkemiz açısından bir prestij bitkisi olması nedeniyle de büyük önem taşıyan yağ gülü (Rosa damascena) için in vitro koşullarda etkili ve uygun maliyetli sürgün çoğaltma ve köklenme protokolü geliştirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu araştırmada eksplant kaynağı olarak yağ gülü bitkilerine ait tek gözlü boğum parçaları kullanılmıştır. Sıvı modifiye MS ortamına ilave edilen benziladenin (BA) (1.0, 1.5 ve 2.0 mg/l)’nin 0 ve 0.1 mg/l konsantrasyonlarındaki naftalin asetik asit (NAA) ile yapmış olduğu 6 farklı kombinasyonunun, boğum eksplantlarından elde edilen in vitro sürgünlerin gelişimi üzerine olan etkileri belirlenmiştir. Yapılan üç alt kültür sonrasında elde edilen sürgünler, 2 mg/l indol bütirik asit (IBA), 30 g/l sakkaroz ve 162 mg/l floroglusinol (FG) içeren ½ MS ortamında 7 gün karanlıkta kültüre alınmalarının ardından, köklenme performanslarını değerlendirmek üzere, sıvı ½ MS ve sıvı ½ modifiye MS ortamlarında kültüre alınmışlardır. Araştırma sonucunda, sürgün çoğalması ve büyümesi için 2 mg/l BA içeren sıvı modifiye MS ortamının; sürgünlerin köklendirilmesi için de 7 gün süreyle 2 mg/l indol bütirik asit (IBA), 30 g/l sakkaroz ve 162 mg/l FG içeren MS ortamında tutulmalarının ardından, sadece 30 g/l sakkaroz içeren sıvı ½ MS ortamlarına transfer edilmeleri ile en başarılı sonuçların elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca düşük maliyet ve yüksek başarı ile Rosa damascena türü için sıvı ortamların etkin bir şekilde kullanılabileceği de belirlenmiştir.

Rose water is the hydrosol portion of the distillate of rose petals, a by-product of the production of rose oil. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of petal and leaf mass during distillation on chemical composition of hydrosols. The highest antioxidant activity (94.95 µmol trolox/mL) had hydrosol obtained after distillation of 80 kg of petals. The same hydrosol had the highest contents of beta-citronellol (13.24%), linalool (6.92%) and geraniol (8.41%). Hydrosol obtained after distillation of 60 kg of petals had the highest content of 2-phenylethanol (75.96%). Interestingly the hydrosol obtained after distillation of 60 kg of leafs had different volatile profile with 4, 4, 8-trimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0 (1, 5)] dodecane-2, 9-diol as major volatile (19.15%) followed by linalool (15.99%), alpha terpineol (12.50%) and tricyclo [4.2.1.1 (2, 5)] decan-9-ol (9.89%).

Rosa Damascena Mill., also known as oil rose or rose of Isparta, is one of the most important roses among the fragrant roses in the world. The essential oil obtained from Isparta rose is used especially in cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceutical and food industries. Isparta rose is traditionally used in the treatment of chest and abdominal pain, strengthening of the heart, constipation, digestive problems and is used in the treatment of neural diseases. Although pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has not been clarified as yet, one of the most accepted theories has been ‘‘cholinergic hypothesis”. A deficiency in levels of the neuromediators called acetylcholine (ACh) and butyrylcholine (BCh) has been observed in the brains of AD patients. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the main enzymes which hydrolyze ACh and BCh, respectively, has happen a major treatment option towards AD. So, we initiated a study to screen their AChE and BChE inhibitory activities, which are the key enzymes taking place in pathogenesis of AD. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of rose water on these enzymes. IC50 values were determined as 0.6227 µg ml-1 for AChE and 0.1956 μg/ml for BChE.

Background and objectives: Sleep disorder is one of the main problems in children. Poor sleep quality can lead to adverse effects on their growth and development. Aromatherapy is a kind of method for improving sleep. In Iranian traditional medicine, inhaling Rosa damascena has been recommended for treating sleep disorder. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs and trend to alternative medicine due to less complication, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena essential oil on sleep quality in children. Methods: This study was an experimental before and after study that conducted in 30 children with sleep disorder. Children inhaled 5 drops of Rosa damascena essential oil on a cotton ball before sleep for 20 min (2 weeks). Before and after intervention, BEARS questionnaire was asked. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparisons by SPSS software. Results: The results of this study showed that resistance to sleep, difficulty waking in the morning, nightmare and waking up during the night in children decreased (p

Background and objectives: Migraine is the seventh most common cause of disability among all ailments according to the World Health Organization. Despite the availability of some medicines for prevention of migraine, their complications are a cause for concern. Traditional system of medicine and use of medicinal herbs can be beneficial in management of migraine. “Gol-e-ghand” is one of the most commonly prescribed products for the management of headaches in the Iranian traditional medicine. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of “Ghol-e-ghand” on decreasing the frequency of migraine attacks. Methods: Nineteen migraine patients, who met the eligibility criteria, according to the International Headache Society diagnostic criteria were assigned to the intervention. The study was conducted as a before-after clinical trial and included two phases of drug administration. Propranolol was given during the first phase, while “Ghol-e-ghand” was administered along with propranolol in the second phase. The severity, duration, and frequency of headaches were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The analysis showed that “Ghol-e-ghand” decreased the frequency of migraine (20%, p=0.04), but it was not effective in decreasing the duration and severity of the attacks. Conclusion: “Ghol-e-ghand”can be suggested in migraine patients for reducing frequency of attacks.

NAFLD is a chronic liver disease that affects a high proportion of the world's population which causes metabolic and hepatic damages. Rosa damascena Mill is traditionally used as a dietary supplement for liver disorders. This study was carried out to determine the beneficial effect of standardized extract of R. damascena on animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in Wistar rats. HFD rats showed an increase (p < 0.05) in the plasma lipid levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and reduced the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. R. damascena significantly reduced the elevation of final body weight, liver fat accumulation, TG, TC, LDL-C concentrations and hepatic enzymes (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination of hepatic tissue confirmed the therapeutic effect of R. damascena. Improvement of total antioxidant power activity, total thiol content, MPO enzyme activity, and also lipid peroxidation were also considered in treated animals (p < 0.05). HPLC analysis showed that phenolic compounds including gallic acid, quercetin and syringic acid are the main bioactive compounds of R. damascena hydroalcoholic extract. In conclusion, R. damascena dietary supplementation has a therapeutic effect in NAFLD. Improvement of oxidative stress associated damage in liver tissue is among the main pharmacological mechanisms involved in therapeutic activity of the plant.

Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure induces skin damage, which can result in elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and in the loss of Type 1 procollagen. Rosa damascena (RD) is well known for its aromatic flowers. This aesthetic has led it to be used in the cosmetic industry to provide fragrances. Additionally, RD has been used as an herbal remedy for pharmacological conditions; it has not, however, been tested for its effect on photoaged skin. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with 50% ethanol RD extract induces a protective effect on photoaging. We found that RD impacted MMP transcription by suppressing AP-1 activation. Simultaneously, RD reversed the UV-induced reduction in Type 1 procollagen and TGF-β1 expression by regulating Smads. Finally, we observed a reduction in wrinkle formation after RD treatment on photoaging-induced hairless mice. Together, our findings indicate that RD may act as an effective anti-aging treatment if consumed as functional food.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is characterized by painful cramps of lower abdomen without abnormal pelvic pathology. PD begins some hours before or simultaneously with the onset of menstrual bleeding. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of separate and concurrent supplementation of fish oils (FO) containing n-3 fatty acids and Rosa Damascena extract (RDE) on PD symptoms. Methods: In this double blind clinical trial in 2015, through convenience sampling, 105 university students with primary menstrual pain in most recent years, without abnormal pathology, and with moderate/severe dysmenorrheal symptoms according to visual analogue scale (VAS) were randomly assigned into one of four groups: 1. FO 1000 mg/day (n=26), 2. RDE 1000 mg/day (n=27), 3. FO and RDE concurrently, with the same dose (n=27), and 4. Control group (n=25). All measurements were performed three times, at the beginning, 30th day, and 60th day. Symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, cramp, low back pain, headache, fatigue, anxiety, sweat, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, and feeling cold were measured by VAS. Results: After 2-month treatment, supplementation with RDE significantly reduced severity of bloating (p

Rose oil (Rowghan-E-Gol) is valuable fixed oil from macerating or boiling Rosa damascena petals in olive or sesame oils. There is difference between the rose oil and rose essential oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic applications of rose oil in modern and traditional medicines. The information of this article was extracted from books (traditional and modern ones) and electronic resources. The results showed that there are four methods for extracting the rose oil, but macerating the fresh rose petals in sesame oil is resulted to higher quality oil. Traditionally, rose oil is used orally or topically in management of ailments with pain and inflammatory conditions such as hemorrhoid, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), earache, gastro-esophageal reflux diseases. In modern medicine, there are two clinical trials (topical oil) and one case report study (oral oil), which confirmed the efficacy of rose oil in backache of pregnancy, migraine headache and gastritis. Therefore, evaluating the potential of rose oil in treatment of hemorrhoid, IBD and gastrointestinal tract diseases should be performed in large clinical studies.

Soil fungi are key component of soil biota having an important role in many ecological processes. As pathogens, decomposers and plant mutualists they can affect plant and soil health in agro-ecosystems significantly. The impact of crop management practices on soil fungal communities is diverse and still poorly studied. The lack of knowledge is mainly related to their hidden life mode, high phenotypic diversity, the great heterogeneity of soil microhabitats, difficulty for culturing and species identification. Collecting data with high accuracy to detect effects relevant to ecosystem management is an ongoing challenge for soil ecological studies and biomonitoring. However, the combination of DNA-based identification methods and Next Generation Sequencing technology was recognized as a powerful tool to evaluate biodiversity in environmental samples, especially soil biodiversity. In the frame of the National Research Program "Healthy Foods for a Strong Bio-Economy and Quality of Life", soil microbiome diversity (fungi, prokaryotes and archaea) will be used as indicator for assessing soil and plant health, and ecosystem services in several agricultural ecosystems. Four crop types (apple, lavender, rose and pea) located in southern Bulgaria, and managed by conventional and organic farming have been selected. Two general objectives related to soil biodiversity study were envisaged: to examine the impact of cropping systems on microbiome structural and functional diversity, and to propose management measures and agronomic practices improving soil and plant health. to examine the impact of cropping systems on microbiome structural and functional diversity, and to propose management measures and agronomic practices improving soil and plant health. Here we present some preliminary results on soil fungal communities evaluated by using amplicon DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA region. Multiple core soil samples were collected from 18 sampling plots in June 2019. Fungal diversity and community structure were evaluated at different taxonomic levels. The most common and abundant taxa at all sites were Fusarium Link 1809, Solicoccozyma X.Z.Liu, F.Y.Bai, M.Groenew. & Boekhout 2015, Cladosporium Link 1816, Alternaria Nees ex Wallroth 1816, and Mortierella E.Coemans 1863. The multivariate statistics (PCA) comparing the overall microbial composition revealed loose clusters linked to crops and localities. The study provides a new comprehensive overview of soil fungal communities (composition and diversity) from Bulgarian agro-ecosystems using high-throughput DNA sequencing.

Nematodes represent one of the largest phyla in the animal kingdom and are a key component of the soil microfauna (organisms with body width Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1889, Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1934, Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 and Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913.

Bu araştırma, ekonomik değerinin yanı sıra ülkemiz açısından bir prestij bitkisi olması nedeniyle de büyük önem taşıyan yağ gülü (Rosa damascena) için in vitro koşullarda etkili ve uygun maliyetli sürgün çoğaltma ve köklenme protokolü geliştirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Eksplant kaynağı olarak yağ gülü bitkilerine ait tek gözlü boğum parçalarının kullanıldığı bu tez çalışmasında, katı Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ortamında elde edilen in vitro sürgünler, sıvı modifiye MS ortamına ilave edilen benziladenin (BA) (1.0, 1.5 ve 2.0 mg l-1)'nın 0 ve 0.1 mg l-1 konsantrasyonlarındaki naftalen asetik asit (NAA) ile yapmış olduğu 6 farklı kombinasyonu içeren ortamlarda kültüre alınarak, sürgün gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Yapılan üç alt kültür sonrasında elde edilen sürgünler, 2 g l-1 IBA, 30 g l-1 sakkaroz ve 162 mg l-1 floroglusinol (FG) içeren ½ MS ortamında 7 gün karanlıkta kültüre alınmalarının ardından, köklenme performanslarını değerlendirmek üzere, sıvı ½ MS ve sıvı ½ modifiye MS ortamlarında kültüre alınmışlardır. Araştırma sonucunda, sürgün çoğalması ve büyümesi için 2 mg l-1 BA içeren sıvı modifiye MS ortamının; sürgünlerin köklendirilmesi için de 7 gün süreyle 2 mg l-1 indol bütirik asit (IBA), 30 g l-1 sakkaroz ve 162 mg l-1 FG içeren MS ortamında tutulmalarının ardından, sadece 30 g l-1 sakkaroz içeren sıvı ½ MS ortamlarına transfer edilmeleri ile en başarılı sonuçların elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca düşük maliyet ve yüksek başarı ile Rosa damascena türü için sıvı ortamların etkin bir şekilde kullanılabileceği de belirlenmiştir. This study was carried to improve an influential and cost-effective shoot proliferation and rooting protocol for oil rose (Rosa damascena) having great importance of its economic value as well as its prestige plant for our country. In this study, single nodal pieces belonging to oil rose plants were used as explant source. It was determined that the effects of liquid modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 6 different combinations of benzyladenine (BA) (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0 and 0.1 mg/l) on the development of shoots obtained from solid MS medium. After three subculture cycles, the shoots were cultured in ½ MS medium containing 2 g l-1 IBA, 30 g l-1 l sucrose and 162 mg l-1 phloroglucinol (PG) for 7 days in the dark and than the shoots were transferred to liquid ½ MS and liquid ½ modified MS medium to evaluate their rooting performance. At the end of the study, the most successful results for shoot proliferation were obtained from the liquid modified MS medium containing 2 mg l-1 BA. The best treatment for rooting of shoots was MS medium supplemented with 2mg l-1 indole butyric acid (IBA), 30 g l-1 sucrose and 162 mg l-1 PG for 7 days and then transferring the explants to liquid ½ MS medium added only 30 g l-1 sucrose. In the study, it was also determined that liquid media had a significant potential for the propagation of Rosa damascena with low cost and high success. 44

Recent studies have reported inconclusive results regarding the therapeutic effects of Rosa damascena on the outcomes of primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Hence, this study is aimed to summarize the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effects of this treatment on menstruation-related pain as the primary outcome and menstruation-related headache, fatigue, anxiety, and bloating as the secondary outcomes. This study evaluated parallel-group and cross-over RCTs on aromatherapy, topical treatment, or oral intake of R. damascena products for the treatment groups versus placebo, nontreated, or conventional treatment groups. Seven electronic databases (Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, SID, and MagIran) and one search engine (PubMed) were searched from inception to January 15, 2021. Of 1468 trials found in the initial search, 983 potentially relevant articles were screened by title and abstract. After examining the full-text of 13 studies for compliance with the inclusion criteria, seven studies were considered eligible for this review. A random-effects model was used to pool the data; otherwise, a narrative summary was presented. The retrieved studies were conducted on females with PD or PMS, aged 18–35 years. The total sample size of the intervention and comparator arms was 276 and 272. The results showed that R. damascena had a nonsignificant alleviating effect on the menstruation-related pain (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.25, 0.31; P = 0.234). Such findings were also found for menstruation-related anxiety (WMD: −0.40; 95% CI: −0.91, 0.11; P = 0.125). However, the treatment significantly reduced the menstruation-related headache (WMD: −0.42; 95% CI: −0.74, −0.11; P = 0.008), fatigue (WMD: −0.48; 95% CI: −0.87, −0.09; P = 0.015), and bloating (WMD: −0.72; 95% CI: −1.21, −0.22; P = 0.005). Since R. damascena had no significant effects on menstruation-related pain and anxiety, further studies with improved methodological quality are suggested to evaluate the effects of the treatment on these symptoms, using different dosages and durations.

Background Apnea is one of the most common problems in preterm neonates. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy on the reduction of apnea, bradycardia, and Pulse Oximetry (SPO2) in premature infants. Materials and Methods In a clinical trial study, 60 preterm neonates randomly divided in two groups and exposed to aromatherapy with Rosa damascenes distillate or distilled water beside the routine treatment. In experimental group, two drops of 10% Rosa damascenes distillate was dropped on the pad eye in second day of birth at 6 Am. The intervention was repeated in 9 AM, 12 Am, 15 PM and 18 PM hours. A same condition applied for control group and distilled water was dropped on the pad eye. The number of apnea attacks, bradycardia and decrease in SpO2 compared between two groups using chi-square test, independent t-test and repeated measure test. Results The overall apnea attacks, bradycardia, and SPO2 in tree studied days were lower in intervention group than control group (0.47±0.13 vs. 2.6±0.41, 0.47±0.13 vs. 2.56±0.41 and 0.70±0.17 vs. 2.77±0.21, respectively). In addition, the repeated measurement test showed that the mean number of apnea attacks, decrease in heart pulse rate, and decrease in SpO2 was statistically lower in intervention group with aromatherapy than controls in first, second, third and sum of three days (P< 0.05). Conclusion Aromatherapy with Rosa damascenes distillate can reduce more and speedy the occurrence of apnea attacks, bradycardia and SPO2 in premature infants, along with other routine treatment.

In this research, rose oil and rose water were hydro-distilled from the fresh oil-bearing rose flowers (Rosa damascena Mill.) using Clevenger-type apparatus. Rose concretes were extracted from the fresh rose flowers by using non-polar solvents, e.g. diethyl ether, petroleum ether, cyclo-hexane, chloroform and n-hexane, and subsequently by evaporation of the solvents under vacuum. Absolutes were produced from the concretes with ethyl alcohol extraction at -20°C, leaving behind the wax and other paraffinic substances. Scent compounds of all these products detected by gas chromatography (GC-FID/GC-MS) were compared with the natural scent compounds of fresh rose flower detected by using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fiber. A total of 46 compounds analysis were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS in the fresh flower, and a total of 15 compounds were identified by GC-MS in the hydrodistilled rose oil. While main compounds in rose oil were geraniol (35.4%), citronellol (31.6%), and nerol (15.3%), major compound in fresh rose flower, rose water and residue water was phenylethyl alcohol (43.2, 35.6 and 98.2%, respectively). While the highest concrete yield (0.7%) was obtained from diethyl ether extraction, the highest absolute yield (70.9%) was obtained from the n-hexane concrete. The diethyl ether concrete gave the highest productivity of absolute, as 249.7 kg of fresh rose flowers was needed to produce 1 kg of absolute.

Damask Rose (Rosa damascena; Family Rosaceace) is one of the most expensive essential oil bearing crops of many countries including India. A previously undescribed “rose witches'-broom” infestation was detected and exhibited symptoms of little leaf, apical proliferation and chlorosis during winter season in the experimental farms of CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow (India). Samples from the healthy and infected plants were collected and indexed by PCR using the generic primer pairs P1/P6 and R16F2n/R16R2. The nested PCR product was cloned, sequenced and phytoplasma detected. The 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that present phytoplasma showed maximum similarity of 97–98% with Candidatus Phytoplasma balanitae ( HG937644 ), Balanites triflora' witches'-broom phytoplasma (BltWB) ( AB689678 ) and Periwinkle yellows phytoplasma (EU375835), as well as other members of 16SrV group. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of phytoplasma from Damask rose clustered with 16SrV phytoplasma group. However, computer-simulated RFLP analysis revealed unique profile of the phytoplasma sequence from rose with BamHI, HpaI and MseI and distinguished it from Periwinkle phytoplasma, Ca. P. Balanitae, Balanites triflora' witches'-broom phytoplasma and all previously described ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ of 16SrV groups. Further, the pattern similarity coefficient value was 0.55, lower than 0.85 with the representative phytoplasmas classified previously in 16SrV groups. Taking into consideration the unique plant host, RFLP profile and the restricted geographical occurrence in addition to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the present phytoplasma is proposed to be rose witches'-broom phytoplasma representing a novel taxon 16SrV-B1. This is the first record of phytoplasma infection on Damask Rose from India.

Rosa damascena as an ornamental plant is commonly known as “Gole Mohammadi” in Iran. Iranian people have been called this plant, the flower of Prophet “Mohammad”. R. damascena is traditionally used for treatment of abdominal and chest pains, strengthening the heart, menstrual bleeding, digestive problems and constipation. This paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmaceutical investigations on R. damascena. All relevant databases and local books on ethnopharmacology of R. damascena were probed without limitation up to 31st March 2015 and the results of these studies were collected and reviewed. R. damascena has an important position in Iranian traditional medicine. It is economically a valuable plant with therapeutic applications in modern medicine. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-depressant properties of R. damascena have been confirmed. Citronellol and geraniol as the main components of R. damascena essential oil are responsible for pharmacological activities. Overall, R. damascena as holy ancient plant with modern pharmacological investigations should be more investigated as traditional uses in large preclinical and clinical studies., Graphical abstract

Background: Despite therapeutic interventions, patients are still dissatisfied with the treatment of postoperative pain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Rosa damascena essential oil on postoperative pain in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized trial, 60 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery were selected consecutively and equally assigned to two groups of experimental and placebo. In both groups, the pain intensity was measured by a visual analog scale in 4, 8, and 12 h after the surgery. Patients in the experimental group received aromatherapy with R. damascena essential oil and those in the placebo group treated with almond oil. In both groups, pain intensity was measured before and 20 min after aromatherapy. Data analysis was performed using the repeated-measures analysis, analysis of covariance, independent-samples t- test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Results: The mean pain intensity in the experimental and the placebo groups was 7.10 ± 1.24 versus 7.20 ± 1.10, 4.56 ± 1.04 versus 4.90 ± 0.84, and 1.30 ± 0.79 versus 2.46 ± 0.68 after the 4th, 8th, and 12th postsurgical hours, respectively. The repeated-measures analysis showed that the intervention was effective on pain reduction, especially in the 8th and 12th postoperative hours when the pain was at moderate-to-mild levels (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Aromatherapy with R. damascena essential oil was effective in relieving mild to moderated postoperative pain. Yet, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

This thesis is summarized as botanical, phytochemical, analytical and biological activity titles. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) petals have been described in the botanical section of the study. Biomarker compounds, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside and kaempferol 3-O- glucoside, were isolated using chromatographic techniques for analytical studies carried out within the scope of pharmacopoeia standard studies. In this context, TLC, HPTLC and HPLC method optimizations and HPLC method validation for methanolic extracts prepared from 10 different R. damascena samples, were performed. The inhibitory effects of extracts, volatile oil, rose water and pulp water on collagenase class MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, gelatinase class MMP-2, MMP-9 and stromelysin class MMP-3 enzymes were investigated. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were determined by β-carotene-linoleic acid, CUPRAC, FRAP and phosphomolybdate methods; radical scavenging capacities were determined by DPPH, ABTS and NO methods. Sun protection factors (SPF) of extracts were measured spectrophotometrically. As a result of the studies, it was found that R. damascena petals has skin anti-aging effect and can be an alternative for osteoarthritis treatment, has significant antioxidant and radical scavenging capacity and effective sun protection factor. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Birimi (Proje No: THD-2017-15631) İÇİNDEKİLER ONAY SAYFASI....................................................................................................iii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI................................iv ETİK BEYAN..........................................................................................................v TEŞEKKÜR............................................................................................................ vi ÖZET ..................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................viii İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................ix SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR........................................................................xiii ŞEKİLLER........................................................................................................... xvii TABLOLAR ....................................................................................................... xxiv 1. GİRİŞ.................................................................................................................. 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER ...........................................................................................7 2.1. Botanik Bilgiler..............................................................................................7 2.1.1. Rosaceae Familyası .................................................................................7 2.1.2. Rosa L. Cinsinin Taksonomideki Yeri .....................................................7 2.1.3. Türkiye Florasındaki Rosa L. Taksonları ................................................. 7 2.1.4. Rosa damascena Mill............................................................................... 8 2.2. Rosa damascena Üzerinde Yapılan Fitokimyasal Çalışmalar..........................9 2.2.1. Fenolik Bileşikler .................................................................................... 9 2.2.2. Kumarinler ............................................................................................ 14 2.2.3. Terpenik ve Uçucu Bileşikler................................................................. 15 2.2.4. Fenil propanoitler .................................................................................. 20 2.2.5. Bitki asitleri ........................................................................................... 21 2.3. Rosa damascena’nın Kullanılışı ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri ............................ 22 2.3.1. Rosa damascena’nın Geleneksel Kullanılışı........................................... 22 2.3.2. Rosa damascena’nın in vitro Biyolojik Etkileri......................................23 2.3.3. Rosa damascena’nın in vivo Biyolojik Etkileri....................................... 30 2.3.4. Rosa damascena’nın ex vivo Biyolojik Etkileri ...................................... 42 2.3.5. Rosa damascena ile Yapılan Klinik Çalışmalar......................................43 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM..................................................................................... 46 3.1. Rosa damascena Mill., Rosae oleum, Rosae aqua Temini............................. 46 3.2. Anatomik ve Morfolojik Çalışmalar ............................................................. 47 3.3. Kimyasal Malzemeler .................................................................................. 47 3.4. Kullanılan Alet ve Gereçler .......................................................................... 48 3.5. Ekstraksiyon ................................................................................................ 49 3.5.1. İzolasyon çalışmaları için ekstraksiyon .................................................. 49 3.5.2. İTK, HPTLC ve HPLC çalışmaları için ekstraksiyon ............................. 50 3.5.3. Biyolojik etki çalışmaları için ekstraksiyon............................................50 3.6. Fitokimyasal ve Analitik Çalışmalar............................................................. 51 3.6.1. İşaretleyici (Biomarker) Bileşiklerin İzolasyonu .................................... 51 3.6.2. İTK Yöntem Optimizasyonu..................................................................53 3.6.3. HPTLC Yöntem Optimizasyonu ............................................................ 54 3.6.4. HPLC Çalışmaları.................................................................................. 55 3.7. Uçucu yağ elde edilmesi ve analizi...............................................................61 3.7.1. Mikrodistilasyon.................................................................................... 61 3.7.2. Hidrodistilasyon .................................................................................... 62 3.7.3. Katı Faz Mikroekstraksiyon Yöntemi (SPME).......................................63 3.7.4. Gaz Kromatografisi (GC) ve Gaz Kromatografisi/Kütle Spektrometrisi (GC/MS) ile uçucu yağınların kimyasal analizi.......................................63 3.8. Matriks Metalloproteinaz İnhibitör Etki Çalışmaları.....................................64 3.8.1. MMP-1 İnhibitör Etki Tayini ................................................................. 65 3.8.2. MMP-2 İnhibitör Etki Tayini ................................................................. 66 3.8.3. MMP-3 İnhibitör Etki Tayini ................................................................. 68 3.8.4. MMP-8 İnhibitör Etki Tayini ................................................................. 69 3.8.5. MMP-9 İnhibitör Etki Tayini ................................................................. 71 3.8.6. MMP-13 İnhibitör Etki Tayini ............................................................... 72 3.9. Antioksidan Kapasite Çalışmaları................................................................. 74 3.9.1. β-karoten Linoleik Asit Yöntemi............................................................ 74 3.9.2. Demir Redükleyici Antioksidan Kapasite (FRAP) Yöntemi ................... 75 3.9.3. Bakır İndirgeyici Antioksidan Kapasite (CUPRAC) Yöntemi ................ 76 3.9.4. Fosfomolibdat Antioksidan Kapasite Tayini .......................................... 76 3.10. Radikal süpürücü Kapasite Çalışmaları ...................................................... 77 3.10.1. DPPH Radikalini Süpürücü Kapasite Tayini ........................................ 77 3.10.2. ABTS Radikalini Süpürücü Etki Tayini ............................................... 78 3.10.3. Nitrik Oksit Radikalini Süpürücü Etki Tayini....................................... 79 3.11. Güneşten Koruyucu Faktör Çalışmaları ...................................................... 79 4. BULGULAR ..................................................................................................... 81 4.1. Botanik Çalışmalara Ait Bulgular................................................................. 81 4.1.1. Rosa damascena Mill............................................................................. 81 4.2. Fitokimyasal ve Analitik Çalışmalara Ait Bulgular.......................................83 4.2.1. İşaretleyici Olarak Belirlenen Bileşiklerin İzolasyonu ve Yapı Tayini....83 4.2.2. İTK Yöntem Optimizasyonu..................................................................87 4.2.3. HPTLC Yöntem Optimizasyonu ............................................................ 89 4.2.4. HPLC Çalışmaları.................................................................................. 92 4.3. Uçucu Yağ Analizi..................................................................................... 112 4.3.1. Gaz Kromatografisi – Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) ......................... 112 4.4. Matriks Metalloproteinaz İnhibitör Aktivite Çalışmalarına Ait Bulgular..... 125 4.4.1. MMP-1 İnhibitör Aktivite Tayini......................................................... 125 4.4.2. MMP-2 İnhibitör Aktivite Tayini......................................................... 128 4.4.3. MMP-3 İnhibitör Aktivite tayini .......................................................... 132 4.4.4. MMP-8 İnhibitör Aktivite tayini .......................................................... 136 4.4.5. MMP-9 İnhibitör Aktivite tayini .......................................................... 140 4.4.6. MMP-13 İnhibitör Aktivite tayini ........................................................ 144 4.5. Antioksidan Kapasite Çalışmalarına Ait Bulgular....................................... 148 4.5.1. β-karoten linoleik asit yöntemi............................................................. 148 4.5.2. Demir Redükleyici Antioksidan Kapasite (FRAP) ............................... 156 4.5.3. Bakır Redükleyici Antioksidan Kapasite (CUPRAC) ........................... 159 4.5.4. Fosfomolibdat Antioksidan Kapasite Tayini ........................................ 161 4.6. Radikal Süpürücü Kapasite Çalışmalarına Ait Bulgular .............................. 164 4.6.1. DPPH Radikalini Süpürücü Kapasite ................................................... 164 4.6.2. ABTS Radikalini Süpürücü Kapasite Tayini ........................................ 171 4.6.3. Nitrik Oksit Radikalini Süpürücü Kapasite .......................................... 178 4.7. Güneşten Koruyucu Faktör (SPF) Çalışmaları için Bulgular ....................... 185 5. TARTIŞMA .................................................................................................... 194 6. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER................................................................................ 213 7. KAYNAKLAR................................................................................................ 215 8. ÖZGEÇMİŞ.......................................................................................................... Bu tez botanik, fitokimyasal, analitik ve biyolojik aktivite başlıkları altında toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın botanik kısmında Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) petallerinin morfolojik ve anatomik karakteristikleri aydınlatılmıştır. Farmakope standartlarını belirleme çalışmaları kapsamında gerçekleştirilen analitik çalışmalarda yararlanılmak üzere işaretleyici bileşikler kemferol 3-O-galaktozit ve kemferol 3-O-glukozit kromatografik yöntemler kullanılarak izole edilmiştir. Yine bu kapsamda, 10 farklı R. damascena numunesinden hazırlanan metanollü ekstre için İTK, HPTLC ve HPLC yöntem optimizasyonları ve HPLC metot validasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Farklı kaynaklardan temin edilen R. damascena numunelerinden hazırlanan ekstre, uçucu yağ ve yağ altı suları ile posa suyunun Matriks metalloproteinaz enzim ailesi (MMPs) üyelerinden kollojenazlar grubundan MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, jelatinazlar grubundan MMP-2, MMP-9 ve stromelisinler grubundan MMP-3 enzimleri üzerindeki inhibitör etkileri araştırılmıştır. Ekstrelerin β- Karoten-linoleik asit, CUPRAC, FRAP ve fosfomolibdat yöntemleri ile antioksidan kapasiteleri; DPPH, ABTS ve NO yöntemleri ile radikal süpürücü kapasiteleri tayin edilmiştir. Ekstrelerin güneşten koruyucu faktörleri (SPF) spektrofotometrik olarak ölçülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda R. damascena bitkisinin cilt yaşlanmasını geciktirici etkiye sahip olduğu, osteoartrit tedavisi için alternatif olabileceği, kuvvetli antioksidan ve radikal süpürücü kapasiteye ve etkin bir güneşten koruyucu faktöre sahip olduğu bulunmuştur.

Polyphenolic compounds were determined from a pharmaceutical (tincture) and a cosmetic preparation (rose water), both obtained from the Rosae damascenae flores. Separation of the phenolic compounds was done by a HPLC method, using a Zorbax XDB or equivalent column C18, 250 mm x 4,6 mm; 5 μm. A gradient elution was performed with phosphoric acid and acetonitrile eluted under gradient conditions. The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min and the injection volume was 20 μL. HPLC method for determination of caftaric acid presented in this paper, has been validated. The results were statistically analyzed with SPSS 10 software.

Background: Tooth decay is the most common infectious disease that involves all groups, ages and classes of the society. Treatment of dental caries imposes high costs in all countries. Since the plants are safe and abundant natural resources, they have always been one of the major sources of pharmaceuticals. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extract of Damask rose on cariogenic streptococci. Methods: In this study, the antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract of Rosa damascena on the cariogenic streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis was assessed via microtitre plate method for minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) and minimum bactricidal concentration (MBC). The effect of the extract on attachment of these bacteria was surveyed. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variances. Findings: The minimum inhibitor concentrations for the Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis were 7.5, 7.5, 15.0, and 15.0 mg/ml, respectively; and minimum bactricidal concentration for these bacteria were 15.0, 7.5, 15.0, 30.0 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, it was shown that different dilutions of Rosa damascena extract decreased the biofilm formation in these bacteria between 43 to 93 percent. Conclusion: Due to the antibacterial effect of Rosa damascena on all four strains of cariogenic bacteria, the extract can be used for prevention and control of dental caries.

Rosa damascena is a small plant belonging to Rosaceae family which has been used for the treatment of some inflammatory diseases and digestive disorders in the Iranian folk medicine. This study was performed to investigate the effect of R. damascena hydroalcoholic extract (RDHE) and R. damascena volatile oil (RDVO) on ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid in rats. Different doses of RDHE (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and RDVO (100, 200, 400 µl/kg) were given orally (p.o.) and doses of RDHE (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally (i.p.) to the male Wistar rats (n=6) 2 h before induction of colitis which continued daily for 4 successive days. Prednisolone (4 mg/kg p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/kg i.p.) were used in the reference groups. Weight/length ratios of wet colon were measured and the tissues were assessed macroscopically, histopathologically, and biochemically via measuring the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Oral RDHE at all doses examined, and the lowest dose of RDVO given p.o. or RDHE administered i.p. reduced all indices of colitis measured in different assays as well as the MPO activity. These results provide encouraging support for the use of hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascena in relieving alimentary inflammatory conditions and reinforce the use of this plant to develop new agents for treating ulcerative colitis.

Rosa damascena is very important for essential oil production, medicinal properties and it is also widely cultivated as a garden rose. The Rose species is mainly propagated by stem cutting. In the present study, the effect of different levels of 0, 500 and 1,000 mg l-1 (quick dip method for 20 s) of indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of 12 wild genotypes (including: Kurdistan 1 to Kurdistan 12) of R. damascena was investigated. The results show that the rooting ability of R. damascena differs significantly between the twelve genotypes. The highest rooting (79.56%) and callus production (69.08%), number of roots (8.33), root fresh and dry weights (361.80 and 244.74 mg, respectively) were recorded in Kurdistan 5 genotype with 1,000 mg l-1 IBA. The maximum root length (5.84 cm) was observed in Kurdistan 5 genotype with 500 mg l-1 IBA that showed a significant difference compared to the control treatment (0.96 cm). The highest number of leaves per bud (7.33 at 500 mg l-1 IBA) and number of buds (5.00 at 1,000 mg l-1 IBA) were recorded in Kurdistan 1 genotype. The current study demonstrated that the different genotypes of R. damascena were in a difficult-toroot state, which suggests that cutting treatment with 1,000 mg l-1 IBA overcame the problem of the difficult-to-root state, and it can also enhance the rooting percentage in the studied genotypes.

Objective: Rose oil is obtained from the petals of difference Rosa species especially Rosa centifolia L. and Rosa damascena Mill. Various pharmacological properties have been attributed to rose oil. The aim of the present study was to review the rose oil therapeutic effects which had been clinically evaluated in trial studies. Materials and Methods: Google scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for human studies which have evaluated the therapeutic effects of rose oil and published in English language until August 2015. Results: Thirteen clinical trials (772 participants) were included in this review. Rose oil was administered via inhalation or used topically. Most of the studies (five trials) evaluated the analgesic effect of rose oil. Five studies evaluated the physiological relaxation effect of rose oil. Anti-depressant, psychological relaxation, improving sexual dysfunction, and anti-anxiety effects were the other clinical properties reported for rose oil. Conclusion: Numerous studies on the pharmacological properties of rose oil have been done in animals, but studies in humans are few. In this study, it was observed that rose oil had physiological and psychological relaxation, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects. To obtain conclusive results on the efficacy and safety of rose oil, further clinical trials with larger sample size and better designation are required.

Background: Dementia as a major cognitive neurological disorder is defined as impairment in one or more cognitive territories compared with the former level of performance. This disorder disrupts patient's independence, and the patient would need others aid in order of doing daily and complex activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Rosa damascena extract in the improvement of cognitive function in patients with dementia. Methods: This study is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 40 patients older than 55 years with dementia referred to Specialized Elderly Patients Clinic in 2015–2016. Patients were divided randomly into two groups (control and intervention). The intervention group used donepezil and R. damascena capsules, and in control group, placebo capsule instead of R. damascena added on donepezil. Four test was filled three times at the study initiation, after month one and also after month three: Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) were used for cognition evaluation, for depression assessment, Geriatric Depression Scale was administered, and checklist of memory and behavioral disorders were filled. Results: The results showed add-on donepezil and R. damascena versus placebo improved cognitive impairment based on MMSE with P = 0.002, ACE-R with total P = 0.001, depression (P = 0.012), behavioral disorders (P < 0.001), and daily activity (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The R. damascena extract affected cognitive impairment of dementia patients significantly and also have significant effects on improving depression and behavioral problems.

Damaščanska vrtnica (Rosa damascena Mill.) velja za kraljico med vrtnicami. Razširjena je po celem svetu, še posebej v Bolgariji, Turčiji, Maroku, na Kitajskem in v Iranu. Je hibridna vrtnica, nastala s križanjem treh sort vrtnic. Njen izvor ni popolnoma znan, zato se zgodovinski opisi med avtorji nekoliko razlikujejo. Damaščansko vrtnico sadimo v okrasne namene, predvsem pa se jo zaradi prijetnega vonja goji za uporabo v parfumski, kozmetični in živilski industriji ter za medicinske namene. S parno destilacijo iz nje pridobivajo eterično olje, kot stranski produkt pa rožno vodo. Njeno eterično olje velja za eno izmed najdražjih eteričnih olj na svetu. Glavne sestavine eteričnega olja so beta-citronelol, nerol, fenil etil alkohol, geranil, heptadekan, nonadekan, geraniol, metil evgenol, evgenol in geranil acetat. Značilni vonj pa prispevajo beta-damaskon, beta-damascenon in beta-ionon. Na vsebnost in kakovost eteričnega olja damaščanske vrtnice vpliva veliko dejavnikov, najpomembnejši so: stopnja razvoja cvetnega brsta, datum in čas obiranja, skladiščenje in fermentacija, pogoji destilacije, rez, genotip in genski inženiring ter zdravstveno stanje rastlin. Da dobimo eterično olje najboljše kakovosti in s primerno količino sekundarnih metabolitov pa je treba upoštevati tudi pravila dobre agronomske prakse. Rose of Damask (Rosa damascena Mill.) is also known as the queen of roses. It is located all over the world, particularly in Bulgaria, Turkey, Morocco, China and Iran. It is a rose hybrid, derived from three different roses. Its history and source is not fully known, so the description of the history is slightly different between the authors. Rose of Damask is used for decorative purposes and is grown for use in perfume, cosmetic, food industry and for medical purposes due to its pleasant smell. Essential rose oil is a product of steam distillation of rose blossoms which yields rose water as a by-product. Its essential oil is one of the most expensive essential oils in the world. The main components of the essential oil are beta-citronellol, nerol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, geranyl, heptadecane, nonadecane, geraniol, methyl eugenol, eugenol and geranyl acetate. The specific aroma results from the presence of beta-damascenone, beta-damascenon and beta-ionone. The content and quality of Damask rose essential oil is affected by many factors, the most important are: the developmental stage of flower buds, the date and time of harvesting, storage and fermentation, distillation conditions, pruning, genotype and genetic engineering and health status of the plants. To obtain the essential oil of the best quality and a suitable amount of secondary metabolites, it is necessary to follow the rules of good agricultural practice.

ObjectiveTo optimize the process parameters involved in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (G-SNPs) by aqueous extract of Rosa damascena petals and to evaluate the biocompatibility and anti cancer activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against human lung adenocarcinoma (A549).MethodsThe process variables that include concentration of extract, mixing ratio of reactants, silver salt concentration and interaction time were analyzed. The compatibility of the G-SNPs was verified by incubating with erythrocytes and the anticancer property of the G-SNPs against A549 cells was performed by MTT assay.ResultsFormation of G-SNPs was confirmed by the visual change in the colour of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to brown yellow. Surface plasmon resonance of synthesized G-SNPs was observed at 420 nm; the size of G-SNPs were analyzed by DLS and found to be in the range of (84.00±10.08) nm. Field emission scanning electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the G-SNPs were fairly spherical. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed the characteristic peaks of G-SNPs. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed a signal of silver around 3 keV. The synthesized G-SNPs exhibited anticancer activity as evidenced by the MTT assay. IC50 value of G-SNPs was found to be 80 μg/mL.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that G-SNPs can be synthesized rapidly within first minute of the reaction; they are biocompatible and possess anticancer activity against human lung adenocarcinoma.

Objective: The use of drugs with herbal origin is increasing for treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Rosa damascena (R. damascena) is a well-known plant suggested to have beneficial effect on GI system. In this study, the effect of aqueous fraction of R. damascena on the contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum was investigated. Materials and Methods: Aqueous fraction of plant was obtained from ethanolic extract after ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were discarded. To evaluate effect of this fraction on ileum contraction, guinea pig ileum was removed and mounted on organ bath and its contraction was recorded. Effect of various concentrations (0.66, 0.83, and 1.3 mg/ml) of aqueous fraction on ileum contraction in comparison with Ach in presence and absence of atropine, a muscarinic antagonist of cholinergic, was evaluated. The response of ileum to 1 µg/ml of acetylcholine was considered as 100% response. Results: Our results showed that aqueous fractions of R. damascena dose-dependently increased basal guinea pigs ileum contractions (p

NAFLD is a chronic liver disease that affects a high proportion of the world's population which causes metabolic and hepatic damages. Rosa damascena Mill is traditionally used as a dietary supplement for liver disorders. This study was carried out to determine the beneficial effect of standardized extract of R. damascena on animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in Wistar rats. HFD rats showed an increase (p, Graphical abstract

Yağ gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.), kendine özgü doğal koku bileşenleri nedeniyle parfüm ve kozmetik endüstrisinde değerlendirilen en önemli kokulu gül türüdür. Bu araştırmada, taze yağ gülü çiçeklerinin sepal (çanak yaprak), petal (taç yaprak), stamen (erkek organ) ve pistil (dişi organ) olarak ayrılan kısımlarının uçucu bileşenleri gaz kromatografisi/kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) ile kombine edilmiş Tepe Boşluğu-Katı Faz Mikro Ekstraksiyon (HS-SPME) tekniği ile tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca taze yağ gülü çiçekleri konvansiyonel hidro-Clevenger su distilasyonu yöntemi ile damıtılmış, elde edilen uçucu yağların bileşenleri GC-MS ile belirlendikten sonra HS-SPME sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. HS-SPME yönteminin yağ gülünde uçucu bileşenleri analizinde oldukça hassas ve etkili olduğu anlaşılmış, bir yağ gülü çiçeğinin farklı kısımların farklı koku bileşenlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca su distilasyonu ile elde edilen gül yağının uçucu yağ bileşenlerinin çiçeğin doğal koku bileşenlerinden farklı olduğu ve distilasyon sürecinde önemli bazı bileşenlerde değişimler ve kayıplar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Taze gül çiçeğinin en önemli bileşeni olan feniletil alkol çiçeğin en fazla pembe renkli petallerinde (taç yapraklarında), gül yağında varlığı istenmeyen metil öjenol ise çiçeğin en fazla stamenlerinde (erkek organlarında) bulunduğu belirlenmiştir.

The chemical composition of extract from rosa (Rosa damascena Mill.) by extraction with tetrafluoroethane was analyzed using GC and GC/MS. The main compounds (concentration higher than 3%) of extract were: phenylethyl alcohol (59.08%) and citronellol (12.31%).