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Rabbits in Argentina are mostly produced by rural farmers who maintain small-scale operations for meat and complements other farm activities. The main meats consumed in Argentine are beef (46.1 kg/per capita/year), poultry (45.2 kg/per capita/year), pork (14.6 kg/per capita/year) and sheep (1.06 kg/per capita/year); respect to rabbit meat, not exceed 2 g/per capita/year. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic efficiency and feed cost of rabbit production for meat in a small-scale farm of Argentina. The global FCR was of 5.7, and an average of 15.9 kg/animal were required to produce live weight of slaughtered one rabbit of 2.85 kg. The average of rabbit price/feed price and the relation of rabbit meat price/feed price was of ratio was of 15.2 and 10.8 respectively. The global FCR worsens when the productivity values are lower than 2.5 animals/doe/month. The profit obtained for each commercialized rabbit was very low (USD 0.06/animal). Within the strategies to develop the productive chain of rabbit meat in Argentina, it should aim to stimulate the consumption habit promoting the high nutritional quality of the meat, improve the superior price ratio with respect to other meats such as chicken and pork., Arjantin'de tavşan eti, çoğunlukla diğer çiftlik faaliyetlerini tamamlamak üzere küçük ölçekli tavşan yetiştiriciliği yapan kırsal çiftçiler tarafından üretilmektedir. Arjantin'de tüketilen başlıca etler; sığır (46.1 kg/kişi/yıl), kümes hayvanları (45.2 kg/kişi/yıl), domuz (14.6 kg/kişi/yıl) ve koyun (1.06 kg/kişi/yıl) eti olup tavşan eti için kişi başı yıllık tüketim 2 gr'ı geçmez. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Arjantin'de küçük ölçekli bir çiftlikte et üretimi için yapılan tavşan yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik verimliliğini ve yem maliyetini analiz etmektir. Küresel bazda yem dönüştürme oranı (YDO) 5.7 olup, 2.85 kg canlı ağırlıkta kesilmiş bir tavşan üretmek için ortalama hayvan başına 15.9 kg yem gerekir. Tavşan fiyatı/yem fiyatı ortalaması ve tavşan eti fiyatı/yem fiyatı ilişkisi sırasıyla 15.2 ve 10.8 oranında olmuştur. Küresel YDO, üretkenlik değerleri 2.5 hayvan/gey/ay'dan düşük olduğunda kötüleşir. Ticarileştirilmiş her tavşan için elde edilen kar çok düşüktü (0,06 USD/hayvan). Arjantin'de tavşan etinin üretken zincirini geliştirme stratejileri içinde, etin yüksek besin kalitesini teşvik ederek tüketim alışkanlığını teşvik etmeyi, tavuk ve domuz eti gibi diğer etlere göre fiyat oranını iyileştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Coccidiosis is cause of economic losses due to weight loss and growth retardation, decreased feeding efficiency, diarrhea and death of weaning rabbits. The main objective of the work was to evaluate the dynamic change of Eimeria oocyst shedding in the reproductive stage and in weaned litters during the fattening period, in a farm for meat production, with a history of coccidiosis infection. A faecal sample of the following physiological condition was obtained weekly: gestation (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and lactation (L1, L2, L3 and L4), not pregnant or not lactating were also included (V). In weaned rabbits, faecal sample / litters were obtained weekly, until rabbits reached the slaughter weight (2.5 kg). All samples were examined by flotation and the McMaster method. Co-infection with six species of the genus Eimeria could be observed in all positive animals. The infection rate in rabbits varied according to physiological state, being 22.7% (G3- L3), 13.4% (G4), 9.1% (G1-L4), 20% (GL), 4.6% (G2-L2). During the first week of lactation (L1), no positivity was observed. Parasitic loads ranged from 40 to 13820 OPG; the highest counts were observed in L2 and G3. In the second half of lactation, females have seven times the risk of excreting oocysts in the feces compared to the first half. Litter rabbits excreted oocyst during all fattening period; however, during weeks 3 to 7 the oocyst excretion was higher. This is the first report in which it is described the oocysts mixture of six Eimeria species (E. vejdovskyi, E. coecicola, E. magna, E. exigua, E. media and E. stiedae) from the rabbit for meat production in the region. These findings show that breeding rabbits are asymptomatic carriers of coccidian infections and can shed oocysts at any time during the reproductive cycle. Coccidiosis is cause of economic losses due to weight loss and growth retardation, decreased feeding efficiency, diarrhea and death of weaning rabbits. The main objective of the work was to evaluate the dynamic change of Eimeria oocyst shedding in the reproductive stage and in weaned litters during the fattening period, in a farm for meat production, with a history of coccidiosis infection. A faecal sample of the following physiological condition was obtained weekly: gestation (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and lactation (L1, L2, L3 and L4), not pregnant or not lactating were also included (V). In weaned rabbits, faecal sample / litters were obtained weekly, until rabbits reached the slaughter weight (2.5 kg). All samples were examined by flotation and the McMaster method. Co-infection with six species of the genus Eimeria could be observed in all positive animals. The infection rate in rabbits varied according to physiological state, being 22.7% (G3- L3), 13.4% (G4), 9.1% (G1-L4), 20% (GL), 4.6% (G2-L2). During the first week of lactation (L1), no positivity was observed. Parasitic loads ranged from 40 to 13820 OPG; the highest counts were observed in L2 and G3. In the second half of lactation, females have seven times the risk of excreting oocysts in the feces compared to the first half. Litter rabbits excreted oocyst during all fattening period; however, during weeks 3 to 7 the oocyst excretion was higher. This is the first report in which it is described the oocysts mixture of six Eimeria species (E. vejdovskyi, E. coecicola, E. magna, E. exigua, E. media and E. stiedae) from the rabbit for meat production in the region. These findings show that breeding rabbits are asymptomatic carriers of coccidian infections and can shed oocysts at any time during the reproductive cycle. La coccidiosis es causa de pérdidas económicas debido a pérdida de peso, retraso del crecimiento, disminución de la eficiencia alimentaria, diarrea y muerte de conejos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la excreción de ooquistes de Eimeria en hembras reproductoras y sus camadas destetadas durante el período de engorde, en una granja para la producción de carne, con antecedentes de infección por coccidiosis. Se recolectó semanalmente una muestra fecal de las conejas para las siguientes condiciones fisiológicas: gestación (G1, G2, G3 y G4) y lactancia (L1, L2, L3 y L4), también se incluyeron aquellas hembras vacías, es decir que no estaban gestando o lactando (V). En conejos destetados, se recolectaron muestras fecales / camadas / semana, hasta alcanzar el peso de faena. Las muestras se examinaron mediante el método de flotación la cámara McMaster. Se observó co-infección con seis especies del género Eimeria en todos los animales positivos. La tasa de infección varió según la condición fisiológica de la coneja, siendo 22,7% (G3-L3), 13,4% (G4), 9,1% (G1-L4), 20% (GL), 4,6% (G2-L2). Las cargas parasitarias variaron de 40 a 13820 OPG; los recuentos más altos se observaron en L2 y G3. En la segunda mitad de la lactancia, las hembras tienen siete veces más riesgo de excretar ooquistes en las heces en comparación con la primera mitad. Los conejos excretaron ooquistes durante todo el período de engorde; sin embargo, durante las semanas 3 a 7 la excreción fue mayor. Este es el primer informe en el que se describe la presencia de ooquistes de seis especies de Eimeria species (E. vejdovskyi, E. coecicola, E. magna, E. exigua, E. media and E. stiedae) en conejos de la región. Estos hallazgos muestran que los conejos reproductores son portadores asintomáticos de infecciones por coccidias y pueden arrojar ooquistes en cualquier momento durante el ciclo reproductivo.

Sperm vitality testing is a basic semen examination that has been described in the World Health Organization (WHO) Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen from its primary edition, 40 years ago. Several methods can be used to test sperm vitality, such as the eosin-nigrosin (E-N) stain or the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test. In the 6th (2021) edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual, sperm vitality assessment is mainly recommended if the total motility is less than 40%. Hence, a motile spermatozoon is considered alive, however, in certain conditions an immotile spermatozoon can also be alive. Therefore, the differentiation between asthenozoospermia (pathological decrease in sperm motility) and necrozoospermia (pathological decrease in sperm vitality) is important in directing further investigation and management of infertile patients. The causes leading to necrozoospermia are diverse and can either be local or general, testicular or extra -testicular. The andrological management of necrozoospermia depends on its etiology. However, there is no standardized treatment available presently and practice varies among clinicians. In this study, we report the results of a global survey to understand current practices regarding the physician order of sperm vitality tests as well as the management practices for necrozoospermia. Laboratory and clinical scenarios are presented to guide the reader in the management of necrozoospermia with the overall objective of establishing a benchmark ranging from the diagnosis of necrozoospermia by sperm vitality testing to its clinical management. American Center for Reproductive Medicine

Background: Current algorithm for Congenital Chagas Disease (cCD) diagnosis is unsatisfactory due to low sensitivity of the parasitological methods. Moreover, loss to follow-up precludes final serodiagnosis after nine months of life in many cases. A duplex TaqMan qPCR kit for Trypanosoma cruzi DNA amplification was prospectively evaluated in umbilical cord (UCB) and peripheral venous blood (PVB) of infants born to CD mothers at endemic and non-endemic sites of Argentina. Methods: We enrolled and followed-up 370 infants; qPCR was compared to gold-standard cCD diagnosis following studies of diagnostic accuracy guidelines. Findings: Fourteen infants (3·78%) had cCD. The qPCR sensitivity and specificity were higher in PVB (72·73%, 99·15% respectively) than in UCB (66·67%, 96·3%). Positive and negative predictive values were 80 and 98·73% and 50 and 98·11% for PVB and UCB, respectively. The Areas under the Curve (AUC) of ROC analysis for qPCR and micromethod (MM) were 0·81 and 0·67 in UCB and 0·86 and 0·68 in PVB, respectively. Parasitic loads ranged from 37·5 to 23,709 parasite equivalents/mL. Discrete typing Unit Tc V was identified in five cCD patients and in six other cCD cases no distinction among Tc II, Tc V or Tc VI was achieved. Interpretation: This first prospective field study demonstrated that qPCR was more sensitive than MM for early cCD detection and more accurate in PVB than in UCB. Its use, as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to MM will provide more accurate records on cCD incidence. Funding: FITS SALUD 001-CHAGAS (FONARSEC, MINCyT, Argentina) to the Public-Private Consortium (INGEBI-CONICET, INP-ANLIS MALBRAN and Wiener Laboratories); ERANET-LAC-HD 328 to AGS and PICT 2015-0074 (FONCYT, MinCyT) to AGS and FA. Fil: Benatar, Alejandro Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina Fil: Danesi, Emmaría. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación.Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"; Argentina Fil: Besuschio, Susana Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina Fil: Bortolotti, Santiago. Wiener Laboratorios SAIC; Argentina Fil: Cafferata, María Luisa. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina Fil: Ramirez Gomez, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina Fil: Lopez Albizu, Maria Constanza. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”; Argentina Fil: Scollo, Karenina. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”; Argentina Fil: Baleani, María. Wiener Laboratorios SAIC; Argentina Fil: Lara, Laura. Instituto de Maternidad y Ginecología ''Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes''; Argentina Fil: Agolti, Gustavo. Gobierno de la Provincia de Chaco. Hospital Julio César Perrando; Argentina Fil: Seu, Sandra. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Hospital Regional Dr. Ramón Carrillo; Argentina Fil: Adamo, Elsa. Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Centro Integral de Salud La Banda; Argentina Fil: Lucero, Raul Horacio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; Argentina Fil: Irazu, Lucía. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación.Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Marcelo. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación.Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"; Argentina Fil: Poeylaut Palena, Andrés Alberto. Wiener Laboratorios SAIC; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Longhi, Silvia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina Fil: Esteva, Mónica Inés. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”; Argentina Fil: Althabe, Fernando. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Rojkin, Federico. Wiener Laboratorios SAIC; Argentina Fil: Bua, Jacqueline Elena. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sosa-Estani, Sergio Alejandro. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Schijman, Alejandro Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina Fil: Congenital Chagas Disease Study Group. No especifíca

Background:Asking questions is an essential instrument of human communications. Not only do the answers introduce information into the system, but they also constitute a true strategic trigger in psychotherapy.Method:Theoretical study. Results and Conclusions: The paper explores the art’s theory of asking and the technique of speaking the patient’s language. As a maneuver that supports the way in which the question is executed. It also tries a typology of questions that were collected in the clinical practice of different therapists. In no way are all the types of questions that were classified, but it is an original work, thought from the systemic paradigm and the strategic systemic model in psychotherapy that makes it possible to systematize numerous questions that are only at the mercy of the creativity and spontaneity of the therapist. Antecedentes:la pregunta es un instrumento esencial de la comunicación humana. No solamente porque las respuestas introducen información en los sistemas, sino porque constituyen un verdadero gatillo estratégico en la psicoterapia.Método:estudio teórico.Resultados y conclusiones:el artículo explora la teoría del arte de preguntar y la técnica del hablar el lenguaje del paciente como maniobra que sostiene la forma en que se ejecuta la pregunta. Intenta, además, reunir una tipología de preguntas que fueron recabadas en la práctica clínica de diferentes terapeutas. De ninguna manera son todos los tipos de preguntas que se clasificaron, sino que es un trabajo original, pensado desde el paradigma sistémico y el modelo sistémico estratégico en psicoterapia, que posibilita sistematizar numerosas preguntas que se encuentran solamente a merced de la creatividad y la espontaneidad del terapeuta.

La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es la localización en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) humano de la parasitosis provocada por el estadio larvario de la Taenia solium, el cisticerco, que prevalece en áreas urbanas y rurales y constituye un problema de salud pública. El diagnóstico puede efectuarse por exploración imagenológica del SNC con resonancia magnética o tomografía axial computarizada, no siempre disponible, y por pruebas de inmunoensayo (EIA) en sangre, que aportan al diagnóstico rapidez, bajo costo y transferibilidad. Para evaluar su capacidad diagnóstica y validar la precisión de la técnica de ELISA (ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas), en la detección de anticuerpos anti-cisticercos en sueros humanos, se diseñó una seroteca en forma aleatoria y en doble ciego, y se realizó el ELISA con las muestras, utilizando placas sensibilizadas con antígenos obtenidos del fluido vesicular de cisticercos de T. solium. Para la validación se realizaron 20 ensayos empleando controles positivos y negativos, por cuadruplicado en diferentes días, y realizados por más de un operador; el punto de corte para este método fue una densidad óptica de 0,325. La precisión intralaboratorio para el control débil (media=0,532±0,09) fue de %CV=17,51±0,09, y un valor de repetibilidad de %CV=7,04±0,04, cifras que se encuentran dentro de los límites esperados para el método. Con estos resultados se puede concluir que la precisión del ELISA para el serodiagnóstico de NCC se encuentra validada. El ensayo validado proporcionó resultados coherentes y repetidos que permitieron discriminar entre dos resultados dicotómicos y establecer con exactitud la condición de una posible infección, con un nivel de certidumbre estadística predeterminado. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the location in the human central nervous system (CNS) of the parasitosis caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, the cysticercus which prevails in urban and rural areas, constituting a public health problem. Diagnosis can be made by CNS imaging with magnetic resonance or computerized axial tomography, not always available, and by blood immunoassay (EIA) tests, which provide rapidity, low cost and transferability. In order to evaluate its diagnostic capacity and validate the ELISA (Enzyme- Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) technique in the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in human sera, a collection of sera was designed in a randomized and double-blind manner, and the ELISA was performed with the samples, using plates sensitized with antigens obtained from the vesicular fluid of T. solium cysticerci. Twenty trials were conducted, using positive and negative controls, in quadruplicate, on different days, and performed by more than one operator; the cutoff for this method was an optical density of 0.325. The intralaboratory precision for the weak control (mean=0.532±0.09) was %CV=17.51±0.09, and a repeatability value of %CV=7.04±0.04, figures that are within the expected limits for the method, It can be concludedthat the accuracy of the ELISA for serodiagnosis of NCC is validated. The validated test provided consistent and repeated results, which made it possible to discriminate between two dichotomous outcomes, and to establish with accuracy the condition of a possible infection, with a predetermined level of statistical certainty. A neurocisticercose (NCC) é o local no sistema nervoso central (SNC) humano de parasitose causada pelo estágio larval da Taenia solium, o cisticerco, prevalecente em áreas urbanas e rurais, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. O diagnóstico pode ser feito por varredura imagenológica do SNC com ressonância magnética ou tomografia axial computadorizada, nem sempre disponível, e por testes de imunoensaio (EIA) em sangue, que fornecem ao diagnóstico rapidez, baixo custo e portabilidade. Para avaliar a sua capacidade de diagnóstico e validar a precisão da técnica de ELISA (ensaio imunoabsorvente ligado a enzimas), na detecção de anticorpos anti-cisticercos em soros humanos, um serrarium foi projetado em forma aleatória e em duplo cego, e foi realizado com as amostras o ELISA, utilizando placas sensibilizadas com antígenos derivados do fluido vesicular de cisticercos de T. solium. 20 testes para validação foram realizados, utilizando controles positivos e negativos, em quadruplicado, em dias diferentes, e realizados por mais de um operador; o ponto de corte para este método era uma densidade óptica de 0,325. A precisão intralaboratorial para o controle fraco (média=0,532±0,09) foi de CV%=17,51±0,09, e um valor de repetibilidade de CV%=7,04±0,04, valores que estão dentro dos limites esperados para o método, podendo concluir com esses resultados que a precisão do ELISA para diagnóstico sorológico de NCC é validado. O ensaio validado forneceu resultados consistentes e repetidos, o que permitiu discriminar entre dois resultados dicotômicos e identificar com exatidão a condição de possível infecção com um nível de certeza pré-determinado estatisticamente.

Las enteroparasitosis poseen una distribución universal, tanto en zonas rurales como urbanas, y afectan principalmente a la población infantil, para la cual representan un problema muy frecuente en salud pública. El daño ocasionado en el aparato digestivo puede causar en los niños retardo de la maduración, alteraciones del estado nutricional y bajo rendimiento escolar. Respecto del diagnóstico etiológico, la aplicación de técnicas de concentración a las muestras fecales, previa a la observación microscópica, mejora la sensibilidad, debido a que la excreción de elementos parasitarios puede, en ocasiones, ser escasa o intermitente. Los métodos de sedimentación como el de Telemann son los más empleados en el diagnóstico parasitológico, aunque poseen la desventaja del uso de éter etílico, compuesto moderadamente tóxico. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia global diagnóstica del equipo Mini Parasep® SF, y su confiabilidad durante su empleo, se procesaron 148 muestras de materia fecal por los métodos de Telemann modificado y Mini Parasep® SF. Una vez aplicados los métodos convencionales, el diagnóstico microscópico fue realizado por dos observadores a través de una investigación a doble ciego. Del total de muestras analizadas (n=148) y desagregando aquellas positivas en resultados individuales cuando éstas tenían más de un agente etiológico (ntotal=234), el 65,8% (154/234) fueron positivas y el 34,2% (80/234) negativas. A partir de observaciones aleatorizadas y repetidas se estimó la acordancia de resultados intraoperador en 90,3% y entre operadores en 90,5%. A partir de las observaciones independientes, se obtuvo un índice de concordancia entre operadores, Kappa=0,83 (muy bueno). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) estimados para cada uno de los observadores (O) con un IC95%, (S/O1) 94,8%; (S/O2) 97,4%; y (E/O1) 92,5%; (E/O2) 95,0%. La eficiencia global del test según operador fue 94,02% y 96,58 respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que ambas técnicas podrían ser empleadas para concentrar muestras fecales para investigar enteroparásitos. El método Mini Parasep® SF demostró ser sencillo, rápido y efectivo, y no necesitó éter como solvente orgánico, y por su eficiencia global, podría ser útil en aquellos laboratorios imposibilitados de utilizar las técnicas convencionales. Enteroparasitoses have a universal distribution, both in rural and urban areas, and they affect mainly the infant population, for which reason they represent a very frequent problem in public health. The damage caused in the digestive system can give rise to retardation in children, changes in nutritional status and poor school performance. With respect to the etiological diagnosis, the application of concentration techniques to fecal samples, prior to microscopic observation, improves sensitivity, taking into account that the excretion of parasitic elements can sometimes be scarce or intermittent. Sedimentation methods such as Telemann, are the most widely used in the parasitological diagnosis, although they have the disadvantage of the use of ethyl ether, a moderately toxic compound. In order to evaluate the overall diagnostic efficiency of the Mini Parasep® SF kit, and its reliability during its use, 148 stool samples were processed by modified Telemann and Mini Parasep® SF methods. Once the conventional methods were applied, the microscopic diagnosis was made by two observers through double-blind research. Of the total samples analyzed (n=148) and disaggregating positive ones in individual results when they had more than one etiological agent (n total=234), 65.8% (154/234) were positive and 34.2% (80/234) negative. Based on randomized and repeated observations, the accordance of intraoperator results was estimated at 90.3% and between operators at 90.5%. From the independent observations, a concordance index between operators was obtained, Kappa=0.83 (very good). No statistically significant differences were observed between the values of sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) estimated for each of the observers (O) with an IC95%, (S/O1) 94.8%; (S/O2) 97.4%; and (E/O1) 92.5%; (E/O2) 95.0%. The overall efficiency of the test according to the operator was 94.02% and 96.58 respectively. The results obtained suggest that both techniques could be used to concentrate fecal samples to investigate enteroparasites. The Mini Parasep® SF method proved to be simple, fast and effective, and did not need ether as an organic solvent. Because of its overall efficiency, it could be useful in laboratories that are unable to use conventional techniques. As enteroparasitoses têm uma distribuição universal, tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas, e afetam principalmente a população infantil, para as quais representam um problema muito frequente na saúde pública. Os danos causados no sistema digestivo podem causar retardamento em crianças, alterações no estado nutricional e baixo desempenho escolar. No diagnóstico etiológico, as técnicas de concentração de aplicação para amostras fecais, antes da observação microscópica, melhoram a sensibilidade, uma vez que a excreção de elementos parasitas pode por vezes ser pouco ou intermitente. Métodos de sedimentação, como Telemann, são os mais utilizados no diagnóstico parasitológico, embora tenham a desvantagem do uso de éter etílico, um composto moderadamente tóxico. Para avaliar a eficiência diagnóstica geral do kit Mini Parasep® SF e sua confiabilidade durante o uso, 148 amostras de fezes foram processadas pelos métodos modificado Telemann e Mini Parasep® SF. Uma vez que os métodos convencionais foram aplicados, o diagnóstico microscópico foi feito por dois observadores através de pesquisa duplo-cego. De todas as amostras testadas (n=148) e desagregando esses resultados positivos quando estes indivíduo tinha mais do que um agente etiológico (N total=234), 65,8% (154/234) foram positivos, e 34,2% (80/234) negativos. Com base em observações aleatórias e repetidas, a acordância dos resultados intraoperatórios foi estimada em 90,3% e entre os operadores em 90,5%. A partir das observações independentes, obteve-se um índice de concordância entre os operadores, Kappa=0,83 (muito bom). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os valores de sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) estimados para cada um dos observadores (O) com IC95%, (S/O1) 94,8%; (S/O2) 97,4%; e (E/O1) 92,5%; (E/O2) 95,0%. A eficiência global do teste de acordo com o operador foi de 94,02% e 96,58, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ambas as técnicas podem ser usadas para concentrar amostras fecais para investigar enteroparasitas. O método Mini Parasep® SF mostrou-se simples, rápido e efetivo, não necessitando de éter como solvente orgânico e, devido à sua eficiência global, pode ser útil em laboratórios incapazes de utilizar técnicas convencionais.

The demand for organic fruits and vegetables (F&V) is growing worldwide, creating market opportunities for developing countries as major suppliers. However, most export-oriented developing countries such as Chile have an undeveloped domestic market for organic products. This article identifies the segments of potential consumers of organic F&V in Central Chile using an exploratory CHAID model. A questionnaire was administered by surveying a random sample of 425 F&V consumers in central Chile. The results of the CHAID model suggest two segments of potential consumers of organic F&V. Both groups show awareness of the concept of organic food. Additionally, the first segment perceives organic agriculture to have ethical benefits to the society and considers organic F&V as healthy and nutritious; this group has a probability of over 80% to consume organic F&V. The second segment shows less awareness of the ethical benefits to society and its probability of consuming organic F&V depends on family income level. We discuss major implications for further studies on organic consumers. La demanda por frutas y verduras (F&V) orgánicas está creciendo alrededor del mundo, creando oportunidades de mercado para los países en desarrollo como principales proveedores. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los países en vías de desarrollo orientados a la exportación, tales como Chile, tienen un mercado interno no desarrollado para los productos orgánicos. Este artículo identifica los segmentos de potenciales consumidores de frutas y verduras orgánicas en el centro de Chile, utilizando un modelo CHAID exploratorio. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra aleatoria de 425 compradores de frutas y verduras. Los resultados del modelo CHAID sugieren dos segmentos de potenciales consumidores de frutas y verduras orgánicas. Ambos grupos demuestran conocimiento del concepto de alimento orgánico. Adicionalmente, el primer segmento percibe que la agricultura orgánica entrega beneficios éticos a la sociedad y considera que F&V orgánicas son saludables y nutritivos; este grupo tiene una probabilidad de más de 80% de consumir F&V orgánicas. El segundo segmento demuestra menos conciencia de los beneficios éticos a la sociedad y su probabilidad de consumir F&V orgánicas, depende del nivel de ingreso familiar. Otras implicancias son discutidas para estudios posteriores en consumidores de alimentos orgánicos. Fil: Adasme-Berríos, Cristian. Universidad Católica del Maule (Talca, Chile) Fil: Sánchez, Mercedes. Universidad Pública de Navarra (Pamplona, España) Fil: Jara-Rojas, Roberto. Universidad de Talca (Chile) Fil: Engler Palma, Alejandra. Universidad de Talca (Chile) Fil: Rodríguez, Marcelo. Universidad Católica del Maule (Talca, Chile) Fil: Mora, Marcos. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas. Departamento de Economía Agraria.

Frontotemporal function deficits in sex offenders have been reported in many studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuropsychological function of elderly first-time sex offenders (FT), who were charged with sexual offences after the age of 50. FT sex offenders demonstrate similar performance to historical sex offenders while non-sex offender controls outperformed FT sex offenders on a number of executive and temporal lobe function measures. Although the three groups did not significantly differ, a high proportion of offenders were impaired on a proxy measure of social cognition, the Facial Expression of Emotion: Stimuli and Tests (FEEST), compared to normative data. Significantly, 61% of FT sex offenders were impaired on the FEEST. Deficits in executive function may contribute to sexual offending early in life due to neurodevelopmental anomalies and later in life, due to many possible factors, i.e., cardiovascular disease, drug and alcohol abuse, depression or brain trauma. Overall, the current results by FT sex offenders, resemble those found in patients with behavioural frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), who also demonstrate significant difficulties in executive function as well difficulty identifying the emotions of others, lack empathy, have difficulties in understanding social cues and show marked behavioural difficulties in social situations.

En este trabajo se analiza un proceso de investigación acción participativas, desde marcos conceptuales socioespaciales, cuyo objeto fue la transformación del entorno de una comunidad semirural de la periferia de Santiago de Chile. El análisis de este caso tiene como objetivo fundamental discutir los límites y las posibilidades de este tipo de intervenciones a la luz de los elementos conceptuales y metodológicos de la Psicología comunitaria y ambiental en la gestión de los espacios públicos.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las diferencias en la utilización a lo largo del partido de algunos aspectos técnico-tácticos defensivos en baloncesto, entre equipos ganadores y perdedores. Se analizaron todas las fases de ataque (n=2305) llevadas a cabo a lo largo de 12 partidos de la etapa de playoff del campeonato chileno Dimayor jugado el año 2006. En cada fase de ataque se analizaron las siguientes variables en relación con el equipo defensor: (1) Tipo de defensa (individual, zonal, mixta, otras); (2) Presión en la transición ofensiva; (3) Cambios defensivos; (4) Ayudas defensivas; (5) Pases interiores; (6) Grado de oposición al lanzamiento (bajo, medio, alto); (7) Puntos recibidos; (8) Rebotes defensivos; (9) Resultado final del partido. Los resultados más significativos muestran que: a) a lo largo de todo el partido, los equipos ganadores alternan más entre la defensa individual y zonal, mientras que los perdedores alternan entre individual, zonal y mixta; b) las diferencias de puntos en el marcador se producen en el primer y tercer periodo de juego; c) los perdedores presionan más la transición ofensiva en los dos últimos periodos de juego; d) en el cuarto periodo, los equipos perdedores son mejores capturando rebotes defensivos en comparación con los ganadores; e) los cambios defensivos, ayudas sobre el hombre con balón y pases interiores permitidos, no diferencian a ganadores de perdedores en ningún periodo

Purpose: The success of vasectomy is determined by the outcome of a post-vasectomy semen analysis (PVSA). This article describes a step-by-step procedure to perform PVSA accurately, report data from patients who underwent post vasectomy semen analysis between 2015 and 2021 experience, along with results from an international online survey on clinical practice. Materials and Methods: We present a detailed step-by-step protocol for performing and interpretating PVSA testing, along with recommendations for proficiency testing, competency assessment for performing PVSA, and clinical and laboratory scenarios. Moreover, we conducted an analysis of 1,114 PVSA performed at the Cleveland Clinic’s Andrology Laboratory and an online survey to understand clinician responses to the PVSA results in various countries. Results: Results from our clinical experience showed that 92.1% of patients passed PVSA, with 7.9% being further tested. A total of 78 experts from 19 countries participated in the survey, and the majority reported to use time from vasectomy rather than the number of ejaculations as criterion to request PVSA. A high percentage of responders reported permitting unprotected intercourse only if PVSA samples show azoospermia while, in the presence of few non-motile sperm, the majority of responders suggested using alternative contraception, followed by another PVSA. In the presence of motile sperm, the majority of participants asked for further PVSA testing. Repeat vasectomy was mainly recommended if motile sperm were observed after multiple PVSA’s. A large percentage reported to recommend a second PVSA due to the possibility of legal actions. Conclusions: Our results highlighted varying clinical practices around the globe, with controversy over the significance of non-motile sperm in the PVSA sample. Our data suggest that less stringent AUA guidelines would help improve test compliance. A large longitudinal multi-center study would clarify various doubts related to timing and interpretation of PVSA and would also help us to understand, and perhaps predict, recanalization and the potential for future failure of a vasectomy. American Center for Reproductive Medicine