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Rainfall is generally partitioned into throughfall, stemflow, and interception in ecosystems. Stemflow variability can affect the hydrology, ecology, and soil chemistry patterns. However, the influence of canopy structure and rainfall characteristics on stemflow production in sugarcane plantations which are important for renewable energy production remain poorly understood. By using funnels attached to the sugarcane stems, the present study determined the stemflow amount during the period of sugarcane growth and its relationship with plant development. Approximately, 14% of gross rainfall reached the soil as stemflow, and the funneling ratios was 60. In general, it was observed a positive relationship between stemflow rates with both leaf area index and plant height. This was attributed to an increasing number of acute branching angles of the sugarcane leaves as well as high stem tillering and density. However, at the end of growth cycle, stemflow rate was lower than in previous periods which can be attributed to changes in sugarcane canopy such as stems inclination and lodging, reducing the effectiveness of water conveyance along the stem. Our study showed the need to include stemflow to better understand the hydrology of sugarcane plantations.

Extreme climatic events may be translated into a higher frequency of both dry and wet years. Frequent droughts pose a challenge to water supply in terms of both quantity and quality. In order to cope with this, there has to be a documentation on the concentration of chemicals in water during such events. The southeast region of Brazil experienced a major drought event in 2014 leading to number of social, economic, and environmental impacts. The objective of the present paper is to understand the effect of an extreme drought on dissolved organic and inorganic carbon concentrations of the Piracicabal river, which is under high human pressure. Concentrations of both dissolved organic (DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC) were monitored daily, for 30 days, during a dry month in 2014. DOC values found here were at least twice those observed in the river in non-extreme conditions. Rain events within this drought led to significant differences in discharge, DOC, and DIC. We built a dilution-concentration model which described an exponential relationship between discharge and both carbon forms. This indicated that drastic changes in concentrations of DOC and DIC are expected during such events. Our results may also apply to a number of regions in the world especially those of the developing countries where rivers are highly subjected to sewage impact.

Therehave been a number of studies dealing with soil hydraulic properties. Yet,there is a poor discussion on the number of samples necessary to represent suchvariables that usually vary orders of magnitude in space. In the present paper,we examine the adequate number of samples for two soil saturated hydraulicconductivity (Ksat) data sets: (1) normal distribution (a 40 year-old pasture)and (2) non-normal distribution (primary forest). To assess the adequate numberof samples in each case, we used for normal distribution, an statisticalcriterion of standard deviation lower than 5% compared to a high samplingeffort (n = 25) as an indicative of a proper representation of Ksatvariability. In the case of non-normal distribution, we used the same criterionbut using median absolute deviation (a non-parametric statistics). Both data sets were available in Salemi et al. (2013) and were Ksat measured at 0.15 msoil depth for medium-textured inceptisols in São Paulo State, Brazil. For eachdata set, we simulated 10 ‘new’ samplings in which we calculated mean andstandard deviation from sample 1 to 25 (for normal data) and median and medianabsolute deviation (for non-normal data). We found that, on average, at least17 to 22 samples had to be collected to meet the adopted criterion for normaldata whereas 20 to 25 had to be collected for non-normal data. Such numbers ofsamples exceed those used in a number of papers. Additional examples of thismethod with a light modification are given to establish number of samples innew study areas as well as to estimate number of samples when comparing two (ormore) land-uses. Simple and practical procedures like those presented herecould estimate the number of samples that adequately represents soil hydraulicproperties variability. &nbsp

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Soil erosion leads to land degradation and translocation of soil particles together with associated particulate organic carbon (POC)and nutrients, thereby influencing the global carbon cycle. In the present study, we estimated the contribution of POC delivered to a first-order stream from upslope sugarcane fields and a riparian forest in southeast Brazil. The results show that the amount of surface runoff and soil erosion generated in the riparian forest is significantly lower than in the upslope sugarcane field. However, the contribution of the forest to the total stream bed POC was above 70%, even though most sediments delivered to the stream originated from the upland sugarcane fields. The discrepancy between sediment and POC delivery from both land uses is a consequence of the presence of preferential runoff pathways from the agricultural fields, through the buffer strips, to the stream. This disconnection between the main sources of sediment and POC to the first-order stream is a potentially important mechanism influencing the transfer of POC from upslope areas to waterways. This mechanism should be considered in order to more reliably assess fluxes of OC from upslope areas to first-order streams in landscapes where arable land is separated from streams by a semi-natural buffer zone with permanent vegetation. ispartof: CATENA vol:181 status: published

Sugarcane is an annual crop with a dynamic canopy that changes over time mainly because of genetic adaptation. There is uncertainty about the temporal trends of throughfall (TF) in this important commercial crop. In the present paper, we used troughs to measure TF in a third and fourth ratoon and subsequently in a fourth and fifth ratoon. Additional measurements were carried out in an adjacent riparian forest. There were no significant differences between cycles of sugarcane, growth phases and riparian forest. The TF results for ratoon crop and riparian forest in 2011/2012 were 76% and 79.5% of gross rainfall, respectively, while in 2012/2013, they were 79% and 78%, respectively. However, TF was remarkably lower in the riparian forest relative to ratoon from the second half of the culm formation and elongation phase (280 days after harvest) until harvest. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

RESUMO Necrochorume é um efluente gerado a partir da decomposição de corpos. Em cemitérios, a principal causa de poluição subsuperficial é a sua percolação, que altera significativamente o solo, impedindo-o de realizar suas funções naturais. Particularmente no Brasil, pela falta de planejamento consequente do histórico cultural, os cemitérios se localizam totalmente integrados à malha urbana, representando um problema de saúde pública. O risco de contaminação está associado à presença de elementos, como compostos nitrogenados, metais pesados, vírus e bactérias, com riscos inerentes à saúde humana. Na literatura, esses contaminantes têm sido constantemente identificados no ambiente geológico a partir de resultados analíticos de água e solo quando comparados a uma área não impactada. A presente pesquisa objetivou investigar eventuais alterações no meio físico subsuperficial do cemitério municipal da cidade de Rio Claro, São Paulo, por meio dos resultados analíticos dos poços, apoiados por dados obtidos da técnica geofísica da sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV). Os resultados apontaram boa correlação com a evolução espacial e temporal da ocupação do cemitério ao longo de sua história. ABSTRACT Putrefative liquid is an effluent generated from the decomposition of bodies. In cemeteries, the leading cause of subsurface pollution is the liquefaction products percolation, which substantially alter the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. In Brazil, due to the lack of consistent planning due to cultural history, cemeteries are fully integrated into urban areas, which can be a public health problem. The risk of contamination is associated with the presence of elements such as nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, viruses and bacteria, with risks to human health. In the literature, these contaminants have been consistently identified in the geological environment through analytical results of water and soil compared to non affected areas. This research aimed to investigate possible changes in the subsurface physical environment of the Rio Claro city (São Paulo, Brazil) municipal cemetery, through the analytical results of the wells, supported by data obtained from the geophysical technique of vertical electrical sounding (VES). The results showed good correlation with the spatial and temporal evolution of the occupation of the cemetery throughout its history.

As controvérsias sobre as possíveis causas e efeitos do aquecimento global ainda são pouco divulgadas, mas não podem ser ignoradas. As previsões sobre a intensidade do aquecimento global bem como sobre suas causas e consequências, envolvem questões complexas sobre as quais a própria comunidade científica ainda não chegou a um consenso. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir os diversos pontos de vista e interesses de uma situação-problema, como é o aquecimento global, não responsabilizando simplesmente a ação humana durante sua breve história na Terra, nem a ciclicidade climática do planeta, mas trazer informações importantes sobre o tema, auxiliando na formação de uma opinião embasada em resultados científicos. Conclui-se que há necessidade de aumentar as pesquisas sobre os diversos fatores que causam as flutuações e mudanças climáticas, estabelecendo comparações das características do presente aquecimento em relação às características dos paleoaquecimentos.

Since an understanding of how runoff is generated is of great importance to soil conservation, to water availability and to the management of a watershed, the objective of this study was to understand the generation of surface runoff in a watershed covered by sugarcane and riparian forest. Nine surface runoff plots were set up, evenly distributed on the lower, middle and upper slopes. The lower portion was covered by riparian forest. We showed that the average surface runoff coefficient along the slope in the present study was higher than in other studies under different land uses. Furthermore, the surface runoff was higher under sugarcane compared to the riparian forest, especially after sugarcane harvesting. Besides land cover, other factors such as the characteristics of rainfall events, relief and physical soil characteristics such as soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity influenced the surface runoff generation.

This paper presents the results of electrical resistivity methods in the area delineation that was potentially contaminated by liquefaction products, which are also called putrefactive liquids in Vila Rezende municipal cemetery, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results indicate a depth of water table between 3.1 and 5.1 m, with two groundwater direction flows, one to the SW and another to the SE. Due to the contamination plumes, which have the same groundwater direction flow, as well the conductive anomalies observed in the geoelectric sections, the contamination suspicions in the area were confirmed. The probable plume to the SE extends beyond the limits of the cemetery. The location of the conductive anomalies and the probable contamination plumes showed that the contamination is linked with the depth of the water table and the burial time. Mapping using the geostatistical method of ordinary kriging applied to the work drew structural characteristics of the regional phenomenon and spatial behavior of the electrical resistivity data, resulting in continued surfaces. Thus, this method has proved to be an important tool for mapping contamination plumes in cemeteries.

Dentro do gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, a aplicação de métodos geofísicos, em estudos de área contaminada, constitui uma metodologia confirmatória. Este procedimento - mais precisamente o método da eletrorresistividade por meio das técnicas da sondagem elétrica vertical e imageamento elétrico - foi aplicado no cemitério de Vila Rezende, em Piracicaba, São Paulo, para investigar e mapear a contaminação do cemitério por necrochorume. Os resultados indicam uma profundidade do nível freático entre 3,1 e 5,1 m, com duas direções de fluxo subterrâneo, uma a SW e outra a SE. Tanto as prováveis plumas de contaminação, que têm as mesmas direções de fluxo subterrâneo, quanto as anomalias condutivas verificadas nas seções geoelétricas confirmam as suspeitas de contaminação na área.Inside of the administration of contaminated areas, the application of geophysical methods, in studies of contaminated area, constitutes a confirmatory methodology. This procedure - more precisely the electrical resistivity method through the techniques of the vertical electric sounding and electrical imaging techniques, was applied at Vila Rezendeâ€TMs cemetery, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, to investigate and to map the contamination of the cemetery for necrochorume. The results indicate a depth of water table among 3.1 and 5.1 m, with two flow directions, being one to SW and another to SE. So the probable contamination plumes, that have the same directions of underground flow, as for the conductive anomalies verified at the geoelectrics sections confirm the suspicions of contamination in the area.

Os processos hidrológicos afetam os processos biogeoquímicos, pois o movimento da água nos vários compartimentos do agroecossistema promove a redistribuição dos nutrientes, como o nitrogênio (N) e o carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). O carreamento desse N e COD nos corpos hídricos se dão, normalmente, via escoamento superficial trazendo implicações negativas à sua qualidade. Em culturas anuais, como a cana-de-açúcar, há exigência de grande quantidade de fertilizantes inorgânicos e orgânicos que têm o N e o COD como os principais elementos. A floresta ripária desempenha funções relacionadas à geração do escoamento direto em microbacia e a retenção de nutrientes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o balanço hídrico e determinar o fluxo de N e COD em duas microbacias com cobertura de cana-de-açúcar, sendo que, uma microbacia apresenta floresta ripária próxima ao riacho em conformidade com a legislação vigente (Cana com floresta ripária - CCF) e a outra não apresenta floresta ripária nessas condições (Cana sem floresta ripária - CSF). Para tanto as microbacias foram instrumentalizadas para medir e coletar simultaneamente dados hidrológicos e amostras de chuva (entradas) e dos riachos (saídas) para análises de N e COD. As vertentes estudadas nas microbacias foram subdivididas em três porções: inferior, intermediária e superior, sendo que a primeira, na microbacia CCF encontra-se exclusivamente em floresta ripária. O monitoramento hidrológico ocorreu semanalmente no primeiro ano de estudo, e quinzenalmente no segundo. Já o monitoramento biogeoquímico das entradas e saídas ocorreu semanalmente. Para realizar o balanço de massa foram computadas as entradas via fertilizantes inorgânicos e orgânicos na cultura. A precipitação foi de 1200 mm no primeiro ano de estudo e 1350 mm no segundo, sendo cerca de 80% das mesmas de baixa intensidade (0-5 mm h-1). A interceptação foi de aproximadamente 25% da precipitação tanto pela cana-de-açúcar quanto pela floresta ripária. Os resultados de Ksat na área de cana-de-açúcar apontaram para a existência de camadas de impedimento próxima à superfície e como consequência os coeficientes de escoamento superficial foram superiores a outros usos do solo encontrados na literatura, bem como em relação à floresta ripária. Com isso, o fluxo direto representou cerca de 40% do deflúvio. A microbacia CCF não apresentou maior eficácia na diminuição do fluxo direto como era esperado, possivelmente, devido aos canais preferenciais gerados pelo lançamento pontual de água dos terraços. Os fluxos de entrada naturais de NID, NOD e COD nas microbacias foram relativamente baixos, sendo a principal via os fertilizantes (acima de 95%). As saídas desses elementos e compostos também foram baixas denotando que, possivelmente, as saídas dos mesmos nas microbacias se dão via queima pré-corte, ocorrida no primeiro ano de estudo, biomassa coletada e desnitrificação. Há evidências do papel da floresta ripária, presente em maior extensão na microbacia CCF, na diminuição do fluxo de N e COD dissolvidos nos riachos Hydrological processes affect biogeochemical processes, because the movement of water in many compartments of the agroecossystem promotes elements redistribution. The transport of nitrogen (N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in streams occur generally through runoff bringing negative implications for their water quality. Annual crops, such as sugarcane, require large amounts of inorganic and organic fertilizers that present N and DOC in their composition. Riparian forests play important roles related to quickflow generation and nutrient retention. These forests might maintain water quality in watersheds. In the present study, we determined the water balance and the fluxes of N and DOC in two watersheds covered by sugarcane. The first watershed presented riparian forest next to the creek in accordance with Brazilian legislation (CCF), and other watershed presented no riparian Forest in these conditions (CSF). The watersheds were instrumented to measure and collect hydrological data simultaneously and rain samples (inputs), and the streams (outputs) for N and DOC analysis. Each slope of the watersheds was divided into three parts: downslope, middleslope and upslope. All slopes parts, except the downslope at CCF, were covered by sugarcane. Downslope part CCF was under riparian forest. The hydrological monitoring occurred on a weekly basis during the first year and biweekly in the second year. The biogeochemical monitoring occurred on a weekly basis. To accomplish the mass balance the inputs of inorganic and organic fertilizers in the plantation were also computed. In first year, the rainfall was 1200 mm and in the second was 1350 mm. Around 80% of such precipitation was low intensity (0-5 mm h-1). The interception loss was approximately 25% of the rainfall either by sugarcane as the riparian forest. The Ksat results in the area of sugarcane showed the existence of impeding layers near the surface and consequently the overland flow coefficients were higher than other land uses available in the literature as well as in relation to riparian forest area. Thus, quickflow represented about 40% of the streamflow. The watershed CCF was not more effective in reducing the quickflow as expected, possibly due to preferential channels caused by the punctual release of water from the terraces. The natural input of NID, NOD and DOC in the watersheds were relatively low, with the fertilizers as the main source (above 95%). The outputs of these elements and compounds were also low denoting that the main outputs occur potentially by sugarcane pre-harvest burning, occurred in the first year, biomass harvested and denitrification process. However, there is evidence of the role of riparian forest, present to a greater extent in the watershed CCF, decreasing the output of N and DOC dissolved in streams

Apesar do crescente interesse nos estudos ambientais em cana-de-açúcar, há poucos estudos avaliando o carbono dissolvido na água subterrânea nesse tipo de cobertura vegetal, principalmente correlacionando o manejo da cultura como a aplicação dos fertilizantes, e os processos hidrológicos. Portanto, este trabalho visa avaliar a dinâmica do carbono orgânico dissolvido na água subterrânea, de modo preliminar. As concentrações de COD variaram de 0,681 a 6,151 mg.L-1. Há correlação positiva entre a precipitação e o aumento da concentração de COD (r = 0,73).

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:56:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf: 1055639 bytes, checksum: 1c8ea34e20ad1db0668cd061c0ea5c0f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf: 1055639 bytes, checksum: 1c8ea34e20ad1db0668cd061c0ea5c0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf: 1055639 bytes, checksum: 1c8ea34e20ad1db0668cd061c0ea5c0f (MD5) S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf.txt: 33453 bytes, checksum: c8ba9ec8a0628ed113702f1fb6e79c80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:13:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf: 1055639 bytes, checksum: 1c8ea34e20ad1db0668cd061c0ea5c0f (MD5) S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf.txt: 33453 bytes, checksum: c8ba9ec8a0628ed113702f1fb6e79c80 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:13:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf: 1055639 bytes, checksum: 1c8ea34e20ad1db0668cd061c0ea5c0f (MD5) S0102-261X2009000300007.pdf.txt: 33453 bytes, checksum: c8ba9ec8a0628ed113702f1fb6e79c80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados da aplicação do método da eletrorresistividade para delimitação de áreas potencialmente impactadas por necrochorume no cemitério municipal de Vila Rezende, Piracicaba - SP. Os resultados indicam uma profundidade do nível freático entre 3,1 e 5,1 m na época de estiagem, com duas direções de fluxo subterrâneo: uma a SW e outra a SE. Indicam ainda condições desfavoráveis, em subsuperfície, para percolação do necrochorume, mas favoráveis ao fenômeno de saponificação dos cadáveres. As prováveis plumas de contaminação têm as mesmas direções do fluxo subterrâneo. A provável pluma a SE se prolonga para fora dos limites do cemitério. A localização das anomalias condutivas e das prováveis plumas de contaminação demonstrou que a contaminação tem ligação com a profundidade do nível freático e com o tempo de sepultamento. O método da eletrorresistividade demonstrou ser um instrumento importante para avaliação da qualidade ambiental em cemitérios. This paper presents the results of the application of electrical resistivity method in the delineation of areas potentially impacted by necrochorume in Vila Rezende's municipal cemetery, Piracicaba - SP (Brazil). The results indicate a depth of water table among 3.1 and 5.1 m in drought, with two flow directions: a SW and another to the SE. Also indicate unfavorable conditions in subsurface to percolation of necrochorume but favorable to the corpses phenomenon saponification. The probable contamination plumes have the same directions of the groundwater flow. The probable plume is prolonged to out of the cemetery. The location of the conductive anomalies and likely contamination plumes demonstrated that the contamination is linked with the depth of water table level and the burial time. The electrical resistivity method has proved to be an important tool for assessing the environmental quality in cemeteries. Universidade de São Paulo Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Geologia Aplicada Universidade Federal do Pampa Campus de Caçapava do Sul Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Geologia Aplicada

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:03:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-41522009000300006.pdf: 1720493 bytes, checksum: be14615ccd038b3e7c7407e918cace36 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-41522009000300006.pdf: 1720493 bytes, checksum: be14615ccd038b3e7c7407e918cace36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-41522009000300006.pdf: 1720493 bytes, checksum: be14615ccd038b3e7c7407e918cace36 (MD5) S1413-41522009000300006.pdf.txt: 40848 bytes, checksum: 603b6a1d3c1fd3b9ac4133c32d3e40e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:16:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-41522009000300006.pdf: 1720493 bytes, checksum: be14615ccd038b3e7c7407e918cace36 (MD5) S1413-41522009000300006.pdf.txt: 40848 bytes, checksum: 603b6a1d3c1fd3b9ac4133c32d3e40e2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-41522009000300006.pdf: 1720493 bytes, checksum: be14615ccd038b3e7c7407e918cace36 (MD5) S1413-41522009000300006.pdf.txt: 40848 bytes, checksum: 603b6a1d3c1fd3b9ac4133c32d3e40e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Dentro do gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, a aplicação de métodos geofísicos, em estudos de área contaminada, constitui uma metodologia confirmatória. Este procedimento - mais precisamente o método da eletrorresistividade por meio das técnicas da sondagem elétrica vertical e imageamento elétrico - foi aplicado no cemitério de Vila Rezende, em Piracicaba, São Paulo, para investigar e mapear a contaminação do cemitério por necrochorume. Os resultados indicam uma profundidade do nível freático entre 3,1 e 5,1 m, com duas direções de fluxo subterrâneo, uma a SW e outra a SE. Tanto as prováveis plumas de contaminação, que têm as mesmas direções de fluxo subterrâneo, quanto as anomalias condutivas verificadas nas seções geoelétricas confirmam as suspeitas de contaminação na área. Inside of the administration of contaminated areas, the application of geophysical methods, in studies of contaminated area, constitutes a confirmatory methodology. This procedure - more precisely the electrical resistivity method through the techniques of the vertical electric sounding and electrical imaging techniques, was applied at Vila Rezendeâ TMs cemetery, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, to investigate and to map the contamination of the cemetery for necrochorume. The results indicate a depth of water table among 3.1 and 5.1 m, with two flow directions, being one to SW and another to SE. So the probable contamination plumes, that have the same directions of underground flow, as for the conductive anomalies verified at the geoelectrics sections confirm the suspicions of contamination in the area. Faculdade Anhanguera de Piracicaba Unesp Unesp

This paper shows the investigation results of contamination for necro-chorume in the freatic aquifer of Vila Rezende's cemetery, located in the north area from Piracicaba - Sao Paulo, Brazil. For that, electrical resistivity method was carried out using vertical electric sounding (VES) and 2D electrical imaging techniques using schlumberger and dipole-dipole arrays respectively. The results of VES indicate a depth of water table among 3,1 and 5,1 m with two flow directions, being a the SW and another the SE. The results of the electrical imaging (2D) indicate two probable contamination plume in unsaturated zone, a in SW and another to SE direction, both following the groundwater flow. The general results shows that these methods, used in this work, are an important indirect instrument for evaluation of the environmental quality in cemeteries. Introducao e objetivos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rwc_me_rcla.pdf: 3105248 bytes, checksum: 06caa8b8af7e5537292829c720639348 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Este trabalho investigou e mapeou a contaminação por necrochorume da água subterrânea no aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Rezende, situado na zona norte do município de Piracicaba – São Paulo, Brasil. Para tanto, foi aplicado o método da eletrorresistividade, por meio das técnicas de sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV) e imageameanto elétrico (2D), arranjos schlumberger e dipolo-dipolo respectivamente, sendo a primeira com objetivo de estudar a distribuição do parâmetro resistividade elétrica verticalmente (1D) e a outra verticalmente e horizontalmente (2D e 3D). Os resultados da SEV indicam uma profundidade do nível freático entre 3,1 e 5,1 m na época de estiagem, com dois sentidos de fluxo subterrâneo, sendo um sentido a SW e o outro a SE. A subsuperfície do cemitério apresenta uma camada pouco espessa de aterro com sedimentos de textura arenosa, predominando logo abaixo sedimentos argilosos da Formação Corumbataí e diabásio das Intrusivas Básicas respectivamente. O cemitério apresenta condições fisico-químicas dos materiais em subsuperfície desfavoráveis para percolação do necrochorume, mas facilita o fenômeno de saponificação dos cadáveres. Os resultados obtidos das linhas de imageamento elétrico (2D) indicam duas prováveis plumas de contaminante em zona não-saturada, uma na direção SW e outra a SE, ambas seguindo a direção do fluxo subterrâneo. Mas em zona saturada predomina uma pluma a SE sob as quadras Q – 08, 04 e 01, e também fora dos limites do cemitério. As áreas com baixa resistividade (anomalia condutiva), apresentadas nas seções geoelétricas e nos mapas de resistividade elétrica, demonstram que a contaminação tem ligação com a profundidade do nível freático e com o tempo de sepultamento. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, como localização e expansão das prováveis plumas, foram locados seis poços de monitoramento. This work investigated and mapped the contamination for necrochorume of the groundwater in the freatic aquifer of Vila Rezende's cemetery, located in the north area from Piracicaba - São Paulo, Brazil. For that, electrical resistivity method was applied using vertical electric sounding (VES) and 2D electrical imaging techniques, schlumberger and dipole-dipole arrays respectively, being the first with the objective to investigate the electric resistivity vertically (1D) and the other vertically and horizontally (2D and 3D). The results of VES indicate a depth of water table among 3,1 and 5,1 m in drought, with two flow directions, being a the SW and another the SE. Cemetery underground presents a fine layer of embankment with sediments of sandy texture, prevailing soon lowers clayey sediments of the Corumbataí Formation and diabase of the Basic Intrusive respectively. The cemetery presents physicalchemistry geological conditions unfavorable for percolation of the necrochorume, but facilitates the phenomenon of human corpse saponification. The obtained results of the lines of electrical imaging (2D) indicate two probable contamination plume in unsaturated zone, a in SW and another to SE direction, both following the groundwater flow. But in saturated zone prevails a plume at SE under the blocks Q - 08, 04 and 01, and also out of the cemetery of the limits. The areas with low resistivity (conductive anomaly), presented in the geoelectrical sections and in the electrical resistivity maps, demonstrate that the contamination has connection with the depth of the water table and time of burial. Through the obtained results, as location and expansion of the probable plumes, were suggested six monitoring wells. The applied methods in this work demonstrated as an important indirect instrument for evaluation of the environmental quality in cemeteries.

Geophysical experiments using eletroresistivity method, by means of vertical electrical sounding and electric profiling (Shulumberger and dipole-dipole configurations), were done at the municipal “landfills” of the cities of Porto Velho, Rondonia. These studies were done in order to identify the anomalies of the local underground. The regional geology, which crop out at the Porto Velho sites, is caracterized by immature laterites, pleitocenic age, seated on rocks granities of the formation Santo Antonio, that surfaces in the area of the embankment of Porto Velho. The integration of eletroresistivity and local geology, allowed starting from interpreted geoelectric models and permits the determination of the leachate percolation zones, identify the different lithotypes of the underground, analyze the behavior of the feather of chorume contamination and direction of the groundwater.

This paper shows the results obtained in the application of the electrical resistivity method, using the technique of the vertical electric survey (VES) and electric profiling (EP) (Schlumberger and dipole – dipole arrays), in the investigation underground contamination for - necrochorume in Vila Rezende’s cemetery, Piracicaba - Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results indicated a depth of the water table between 2 and 6m, with two directions of underground flow, SW and SE. The areas with low resistivity, presented in the geoelectrics sections, demonstrated that the contamination has connection with the depth of the water table and with the time of burial. The applied methods in this work demonstrated as an important instrument for evaluation of the environmental quality in cemeteries.

Tropical regions hold the planet´s most biodiverse ecosystems. Despite its importance to biodiversity and conservation, anthropogenic activities are degrading these ecosystems, with unknown consequences for its functioning and structure. In between the several ecosystems through the tropics, freshwater ecosystems call attention, due to its small fraction of area comparing to terrestrial ecosystems, that represent an enormous importance for human surviving and developing. Headwater streams constitute the majority of water bodies in a catchment, and therefore, it is essential for the health of the entire freshwater ecosystems. Several headwater streams are inserted in agricultural lands, suffering from the pressures from agricultural intensification. Therefore, this thesis was developed aiming to understand what are the main pressures that tropical headwater streams has been suffering, worldwide and locally in the Corumbataí river basin. The first chapter will contribute to understanding what are the main issues that tropical streams have been experiencing, focusing on agricultural multiple stressors and climate change effects. The second chapter analyzes how the conversion of low-intensity pasturelands to high-intensity bioenergy crops changes the water quality parameters in streams located in the Corumbataí river basin and also examines how important are the riparian forests in the headwater zone to provide better water quality in bioenergy crops. The third chapter investigates how water quality and climatic characteristics affect benthic biofilm community dynamics in tropical headwater streams in the Corumbataí river basin. The results have shown the existence of several knowledge gaps about tropical streams, mainly related to the effects of climate change, multiple stressors and the lack of policies and mitigation strategies for climate change. In relation to water quality, we found that the conversion of low-intensity pastures to high-intensity bioenergy crops are degrading water quality. Riparian forests in the springhead zone have demonstrated to be essential in providing water quality in bioenergy crops, especially in the wet season. The benthic biofilm community seems to be controlled mainly by climate characteristics and not by nutrient availability as observed in temperate streams. Therefore, a climate change scenario, the benthic biofilm will be strongly affected, with consequences in the functioning of tropical headwater streams. To reduce the negative impacts of intensive agriculture and climate change, we recommend the implementation of riparian forests, with special attention to the springhead area and also the implementation of best agricultural practices in tropical agriculture to ensure the sustainability of tropical freshwater resources. As regiões tropicais possuem os ecossistemas mais biodiversos do planeta. Apesar da sua importância na manutenção da biodiversidade, as atividades antrópicas estão degradando esses ecossistemas, gerando consequências negativas para sua estrutura e funcionamento. Entre os diversos ecossistemas tropicais, as águas doces chamam a atenção por ocupar uma pequena área em comparação com ecossistemas terrestres, porém, representam grande importância para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento humano. Os riachos de cabeceira representam a maior parte dos corpos aquáticos em uma microbacia e, portanto, sua conservação é essencial para a saúde de toda a rede de drenagem de água doce. Diversos riachos de cabeceira estão inseridos em ecossistemas agrícolas, sofrendo as consequências da agricultura intensiva. Nesse sentido, esta tese foi desenvolvida com o intuito de entender quais são os principais impactos que os riachos de cabeceira tropicais vêm sofrendo, globalmente e localmente na bacia do rio Corumbataí (SP, Brasil). O primeiro capítulo contribui para entender quais os principais problemas que riachos tropicas estão sofrendo, focando nos múltiplos estressores advindos da agricultura e efeitos de mudanças climáticas. O segundo capítulo analisa como a conversão de pastos para cultivo de cana de açúcar modifica a qualidade da água em riachos da bacia do rio Corumbataí e também analisa o quão fundamentais são as florestas nas áreas de nascente para manter a qualidade da água em plantios de cana de açúcar. O terceiro capítulo analisa como a qualidade da água e características climáticas influenciam biofilmes bentônicos em riachos de cabeceira na bacia do rio Corumbataí. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de diversos tópicos que necessitam de maior entendimento, principalmente relacionados às mudanças climáticas e estressores múltiplos e a falta de políticas e estratégias de mitigação para os efeitos de mudanças climáticas. Em relação à qualidade da água, demonstrou-se que a conversão de pastos para cultivo de cana de açúcar reduz a qualidade da água. A presença de florestas nas nascentes demonstrou ser essencial na manutenção da qualidade da água em plantios de cana. Os biofilmes bentônicos demonstraram ser controlados principalmente por características sazonais e não pela disponibilidade de nutrientes como observado em riachos temperados. Portanto, essa comunidade será severamente afetada diante das mudanças climáticas, com consequências no funcionamento de riachos de cabeceira tropicais. Para reduzir os efeitos negativos da agricultura intensiva e das mudanças climáticas, recomenda-se a implementação de florestas ripárias, com especial atenção às áreas de nascentes. Também se recomenda a implementação de boas práticas agrícolas na agricultura para garantir a sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos tropicais.

As florestas são reconhecidas por oferecerem diversos serviços ecossistêmicos aos seres humanos, dentre eles se destaca sua capacidade de regulação e provisão de água. Florestas plantadas, cultivadas principalmente para fins madeireiros, apesar de atenderem a demanda por produtos pela sua alta produtividade, nem sempre conseguem manter os serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados aos recursos hídricos. As florestas plantadas de eucalipto, atualmente, compõem paisagens homogêneas, com grandes extensões de plantios com mesma idade. Um bom planejamento das áreas com florestas plantadas e o seu manejo correto poderiam reduzir os trade-offs dessa cultura. Dessa forma, nesse estudo buscou-se compreender o efeito da composição da microbacia hidrográfica sobre o regime hidrológico e a qualidade da água. Três microbacias hidrográficas tiveram seu regime hidrológico e sua qualidade da água monitorada durante três anos hídricos, de setembro de 2013 a agosto de 2016. As microbacias localizam-se na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga, ESALQ/USP. A microbacia 1 apresenta manejo em mosaico de idades e espécies, enquanto as microbacias 2 e 3 apresentam manejo convencional de eucalipto. As microbacias 2 e 3 apresentam 57% e 80%, respectivamente, de suas áreas ocupadas por florestas plantadas de eucalipto, e 39% e 12% de sua área, respectivamente, por floresta nativa. As microbacias 2 e 3 foram utilizadas para avaliar o efeito da proporção de uso do solo de florestas plantadas e nativas, e as microbacias 1 e 3 para verificar diferenças entre o manejo em mosaico e o manejo convencional. Durante o período de estudo, houve dois anos com precipitações atípicas. As microbacias 2 e 3 apresentaram índices similares do regime hidrológico, porém a microbacia 3 se demonstrou mais vulnerável a falta de precipitação em relação à microbacia 2. Quanto à qualidade da água, as microbacias 2 e 3 se diferenciaram principalmente quanto à exportação de sólidos em suspensão onde a maior faixa de vegetação nativa na microbacia 2 auxiliou na manutenção da qualidade da água. A microbacia 1 apresentou regime hidrológico mais estável do que a microbacia 3, mesmo sob anos atípicos, demonstrando que o manejo em mosaico favorece a estabilidade do regime hidrológico. Do mesmo modo, a microbacia 1 apresentou uma maior estabilidade na qualidade da água em relação à microbacia 3. Os resultados demonstraram que apesar de pequenas diferenças no regime hidrológico à presença de uma maior faixa de vegetação ripária traz benefícios à qualidade da água. O manejo em mosaico se demonstrou mais adequado na regulação do regime hidrológico e da qualidade de água em relação ao manejo convencional de florestas plantadas de eucalipto. Forests are recognized for offering a variety of ecosystem services to humans, including their ability to regulate and provide water. Forest plantations, grown mainly for timber purposes, despite meeting the demand for wood products through their high productivity, are not always able to maintain ecosystem services related to water resources. Currently, eucalyptus planted forests compose homogeneous landscapes, with large extensions of plantations with the same age. A good planning and management of the forest plantation areas could reduce tradeoffs. Thus, this study aims to understand the effect of catchment landscape composition on the hydrological regime and water quality. Three catchments had their hydrological regime and water quality monitored during three water years, from September 2013 to August 2016. The catchments are located at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences of Itatinga, ESALQ/USP. Catchment 1 presents mosaic management of ages and species, while catchment 2 and 3 present conventional management of eucalyptus forest. Catchments 2 and 3 present 57% and 80%, respectively, of their landuse occupied by eucalyptus plantations, and 39% and 12%, respectively, by native forest. Catchments 2 and 3 were monitored to evaluate the effect of the proportion of landuse between planted forest and native vegetation and catchments 1 and 3 to verify differences between mosaic and conventional management. During the study period, there were two years with atypical precipitations. Catchments 2 and 3 present similar indices of the hydrological regime, but catchment 3 was more vulnerable to dry in relation to catchment 2. Whilst for water quality, catchments 2 and 3 differed mainly in relation to the export of solids, where the largest width of native vegetation in catchment 2 assists in the maintenance of water quality. Catchment 1 presented a more stable hydrological regime than catchment 3, even under atypical years, demonstrating that mosaic management favors the stability of the hydrological regime. Likewise, catchment 1 presented greater stability in water quality in relation to catchments 3. The results showed besides some differences in the hydrological regimes, the presence of a greater proportion of native forest brings benefits to water quality. The mosaic management was shown to be more efficient in the regulation of hydrological regime and water quality in relation to the conventional management of eucalypt planted forests.