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The prevailing massive exploitation of conventional fuels has staked the energy accessibility to future generations. The gloomy peril of inflated demand and depleting fuel reservoirs in the energy sector has supposedly instigated the urgent need for reliable alternative fuels. These very issues have been addressed by introducing oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) in compression ignition (CI) engines in various flow rates with diesel for assessing brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The enrichment of neat diesel fuel with 10 dm3/min of HHO resulted in the most substantial decrease in BSFC and improved BTE at all test speeds in the range of 1000– 2200 rpm. Moreover, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach was employed for designing an ANN performance-predicting model with an engine operating on HHO. The correlation coefficients (R) of BSFC and BTE given by the ANN predicting model were 0.99764 and 0.99902, respectively. The mean root errors (MRE) of both parameters (BSFC and BTE) were within the range of 1%–3% while the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.0122 kg/kWh and 0.2768% for BSFC and BTE, respec-tively. In addition, ANN was coupled with the response surface methodology (RSM) technique for comprehending the individual impact of design parameters and their statistical interactions gov-erning the output parameters. The R2 values of RSM responses (BSFC and BTE) were near to 1 and MRE values were within the designated range. The comparative evaluation of ANN and RSM predicting models revealed that MRE and RMSE of RSM models are also well within the desired range but to be outrightly accurate and precise, the choice of ANN should be potentially endorsed. Thus, the combined use of ANN and RSM could be used effectively for reliable predictions and effective study of statistical interactions.

Displacements due to hydro meteorological disasters is one of the leading causes of societal and human mobility. In recent years a growing body of literature have come to focus on the role of disasters and climate change in causing displacements. An equally large body of literature has focused on international and national responsibility to protect people on the move. It is increasingly felt at both the national and international level that people and communities displaced due to disasters and climate change should have the capacity to assert their right to protection, assistance, and rehabilitation in safer location. However, the availability and nature of right to seek protection or assistance from the State against disaster is contingent upon a person’s right as a citizen. The right to citizenship – especially the right emanating from the principle of jus solis - depends upon the permanence of a person in a physical space and may face erosion with the erosion of the space itself. This chapter focus on the dynamic of disaster in the state of Assam, where floods and flood erosion regularly erodes the right to citizenship. The erosion not only displaces people but also displaces their right to seek assistance from the state. Using empirical evidence and stories from the field it is shown that not only the disaster acts as a catalyst to break the citizenship entanglement of a person with its state, it also erodes the nature of assistant the state is willing to accord to people displaced due to disasters. The chapter borrows from Hannah Arendt’s thesis in The Origins of Totalitarianism which interrogated the contradiction in the modern conception of rights and creation of nation-state as the grantor of those rights. Arendt pointed that despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which makes certain rights ‘inherent to human’, it is the membership of a nation-state that actually allows humans the right to have rights. The positionality of a person as a citizen or alien against the State is instrumental in determining not only the nature of right but also the extent of protection the State will accord to such person (Arendt, 1973) . Those displaced need to have a minimum positionality as a citizen or as a refugee to assert even their most basic human rights. Based on the empirical analysis the chapter highlights that in state of Assam the geographical vulnerability intersects with political and constitutional vulnerabilities, making it arduous for certain communities to assert their positionality as citizen and demand protection, assistance, or rehabilitation against disasters. It is also highlighted that while the State through its plethora of disaster-response policies project sympathy and pittance towards flood-victims it also simultaneously comes to question the identity, belonging and citizenship status of the same victims.

A thorough understanding of mechanisms of prey consumption by carnivores and the constraints on predation help us in evaluating the role of carnivores in an ecosystem. This is crucial in developing appropriate management strategies for their conservation and mitigating human-carnivore conflict. Current models on optimal foraging suggest that mammalian carnivores would profit most from killing the largest prey that they can subdue with minimal risk of injury to themselves. Wild carnivore diets are primarily estimated through analysis of their scats. Using extensive feeding experiments (n = 68) on a wide size range (4·5-130 kg) of obligate carnivores - lion, leopard, jungle cat and domestic cat, we parameterize biomass models that best relate consumption to scat production. We evaluate additional constraints of gut fill, prey digestibility and carcass utilization on carnivory that were hereto not considered in optimal foraging studies. Our results show that patterns of consumption to scat production against prey size are similar and asymptotic, contrary to established linear models, across these carnivores after accounting for the effect of carnivore size. This asymptotic, allometric relationship allowed us to develop a generalized model: biomass consumed per collectable scat/predator weight = 0·033-0·025exp(-4·284(prey weight/predator weight)) , which is applicable to all obligate carnivores to compute prey biomass consumed from scats. Our results also depict a relationship for prey digestibility which saturates at about 90% for prey larger than predator size. Carcass utilization declines exponentially with prey size. These mechanisms result in digestible biomass saturating at prey weights approximately equal to predator weight. Published literature on consumption by tropical carnivores that has relied on linear biomass models is substantially biased. We demonstrate the nature of these biases by correcting diets of tiger, lion and leopard in recent publications. Our analysis suggests that consumption of medium-sized prey was significantly underestimated, while large prey consumption was grossly overestimated in large carnivore diets to date. We highlight that additional constraints of prey digestibility and utilization combined with escalating handling time and risks of killing large prey make prey larger than the predator size unprofitable for obligate carnivores.

A Cu based shape memory alloy (Cu-Al-Ni) having a composition 83% Cu, 14% Al, 3% Ni, was developed and studied to determine the shape memory effect. Powder of Cu, Al and Ni was melted in a pit furnace at about 15500C, and casted alloy was heat treated at 8500C for a period of 50 minutes followed by water quenching. Microstructure characterization of alloy (Cu-Al-Ni) was carried out to determine the pre-quenched (cast structure) and quenched martensitic structure. The microstructure analysis of developed samples showed needle like structure of quenched martensite after heat treatment. It has a very good resemblance with structure of casted shape memory alloy obtained from the vacuum induction process. The Vickers hardness test was also performed. Quenched microstructure with improved hardness than pre-quenched structure was observed.Keywords: Shape Memory Alloy, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties

Metadata only record In this article the authors endeavor to highlight the constraints facing rural women in the Okara District of Punjab, Pakistan in making decisions pertaining to agriculture and to suggest how to empower rural women to enhance sustainable agriculture development. The study area was selected because women in South Asia participate significantly more in agriculture production than men do, yet because of environmental constraints, a lack of agriculture advice and services and social norms of segregation, women still have little input in the decision making process. Data was compiled using a multistage sampling technique. The first section involved the random selection of three tehsils. In the second section, 8 villages were chosen from each tehsil. In the third section twenty farms were randomly chosen. Using this multistage sampling technique, the researchers were able to randomly select 480 women from the rural Okara District. The research showed a large percentage of women in the rural Okara District were illiterate, destitute, earning less than 1 Lac annually from farming and other domestic activities and live on small farms. A majority of women claimed they experienced difficulty acquiring agricultural extension services due to complex cultural, social, political and economic issues. Female empowerment can be ameliorated by adequately addressing the constraints facing women in agricultural production.

This study investigates novel three-dimensional passive microwave components that make use of multilayer technology defined as a production process employing several alternately stacked layers of metal and dielectric structures. Components developed include conventional and equal delay Ruthroff transformers; Guanella baluns; stepped impedance lowpass filters; bandpass filters formed from quarter wavelength stubs and transmission line sections; and balanced transmission lines. The theory of operation of each component is described along with the required design procedures for fabrication in the form of a multilayer MMIC using the Caswell H40 process, or a multilayer MIC using the Hibridas photoimageable thick-film process. New practice includes the development of novel structures including a balanced transmission line with conductors arranged in a broadside configuration; a pseudo coplanar waveguide transmission line with a high characteristic impedance; and a new design of compensated microstrip T-junction with clearly defined reference planes between the three branch lines. An investigation into how certain components operate has resulted in two pieces of new theory which are: a design procedure for bandpass filters formed from quarter wavelength stubs and transmission line sections; and a new theory of operation of equal delay Ruthroff transformers and Guanella baluns which takes into account the parasitic common mode currents. Also included in the thesis are: a brief history of MICs and MMICs including an overview of the different fabrication processes used by industry; a comprehensive description of the Caswell H40 multilayer MMIC process, and the Hibridas photoimageable thick-film process; and a section devoted to test and measurement procedures for circuits fabricated in a MIC or MMIC form using microwave probes, which includes a critical analysis of different calibration and de-embedding methods, and details of suitable test equipment and procedures for testing multiport circuits and circuits with balanced ports.

Recent developments1–3 in the synthesis of 4(1H)-pyridone derivatives have prompted us to communicate a highly versatile synthesis of this class of heterocycles. Acylation of the styrylamine (I)4 (R1 = C2H5) with a substituted arylacetyl halide (II) in ether at O[ddot]-30[ddot]C in the presence of triethylamine or pyridine gave in 2 to 24 hours the enaminoketone (III) (75%-85% trans-isomer together with 25%-15% cis-isomer based on chemical shift of CH methine proton). Enaminoketone (III) could be readily converted to (IIIa) with aqueous methylamine in ethanol or to the bis-enaminoketone (IV) with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. The enaminoketone (IIIa) could be cyclized to pyridone (V) by refluxing with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal; alternatively, the bis-enaminoketone (IV) could be cyclized to pyridone (V) by overnight reflux with methylamine hydrochloride in ethanol. yields based on styrylamine were 30%-65%. These transformations are outlined in Scheme 1. As an example, the synt...

Uber die Struktur der roten Acylierungsprodukte von Pyridazinylhydrazonen Bei der Acylierung von Pyridazinylhydrazonen (3) mit Saurechloriden oder Anhydriden in Benzol entstehen scharlachrote Triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (4), deren Struktur durch Rontgenstrahlbeugungsanalyse gesichert wird.

The preceding communication reports on the synthesis of 3,5-diaryl-4(1H)-pyridone derivatives via enaminoketones derived from the acylation of styrylamines with substituted arylacetyl chlorides. In this paper we describe methods for the preparation of 4(1H)-pyridones bearing carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and derived functional groups in the 3-position.

Cyclodehydrohalogenation by terminal N 1 -C 4 bond formation affords N-aryl-4-benzoyl-2-azetindinones from 3-benzoyl-3-bromopropionanilides in an unequivocal annelation process.

Two synthetic procedures have been developed for the preparation of azeto[1,2-a]quinoxaline- 1,3-diones, a novel class of fused heterocyclic β-lactams possessing a bridgehead nitrogen atom. Both processes are general and afford the title compounds in good yield. The infrared, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopic properties of the title compounds are discussed.

ω- (N-aryl-chloracetamido) -acetophenones have been cyclized with triethylamine in warm benzene solution to the corresponding 1,4-oxazines. The reaction appears to be general for any N-aryl substituent, as long as an overall electron-withdrawing substituent is present para- or meta, in the aromatic nucleus of the acetophenone moiety. The predominant tautomeric form present is shown by IR spectrography to be the “keto” tautomer in every case. The structure of one morpholine is confirmed by mass spectral fragmentation analysis.

Cyclodehydrohalogenation-beta-Lactams-Morpholin-3-ones-H'-NMR Spectroscopy N-Aryl-N-chloroacetyl-2-chlorophenacylamines (2) give morpholinones 3, or beta-lactams 4, depending upon the N-aryl-substituent. N-Phenyl-N- (2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropionyl) -4-nitrophenacylamine did not undergo base-catalysed cyclization but gave, instead, the α,β-unsaturated, open-chain amide 5. N-Aryl-N-chloroacetyl-aminomethyl-2-naphthylketones afford only beta-lactams. The first attempt at the synthesis of a 2-chloro-3-oxo-morpholine resulted in the isolation of the 2-hydroxyderivative. The H1-NMR spectra of some more 3-oxo-morpholines have been recorded.

The new route to the synthesis of 3-oxo-1,4-oxazines 1 has been extended. N-aryl-N-chloroacetyl-m-nitro-phenacyl amines afford either only oxazine, or beta-lactam or both depending on the nature of the N-aryl substituent. A set of rules indicates from which precursors beta-lactam, as against morpholine formation, may be expected.

Aus der starken Aktivierung des Methinwasserstoffs in den Halogenacetaminomalonaten und -phenylacetaten 4 durch eine N-[4-Nitro-phenyl]-Gruppe bei der Cyclisierung zu den β-Lactamen 5 sowie der Lage der CO-Bande der Amidgruppe in 5 und der Ringbestandigkeit wird auf Coplanaritat des N-Nitrophenylrings mit den drei Valenzen des Stickstoffs in den Amiden 4 und Lactamen 5 geschlossen. In den N-[2-Chlor-4-nitro-phenyl]-und N-[2-Nitrophenyl]-halogenacetaminoestern 4h und i ist der Arylring aus der Ebene des sp2-Stickstoffs herausgedreht, begleitet von einer deutlichen Abnahme der Methinwasserstoff-Aktivierung.

The formation of a 2-oxo-azetidine from N-phenyl-N-chloroacetyl-4-fluoro-phenacylamine, and 3-oxo-morpholines from corresponding 4-bromo-derivatives 2 indicates the possibility of the existence of dπ-acceptor resonance between the aromatic ring and the bromo-substituent. H-NMR studies of some morpholines reported earlier 3 indicate a planar heterocyclic structure with a rapidly inverting N₋aryl substituent. Where the rotation of the N-aryl group is strongly hindered 16, the C2 methylene protons show a geminai coupling of -14.5 Hz4. The 2-oxo-azetidine (4) shows an ABX coupling pattern for its ring protons. Preliminary work attempting to extend the synthesis of morpholines to azepines has resulted instead in the formation of a pyrrolidone.

Two new derivatives of the 1,4-oxazine ring system (3a and 3b) derived from p-aminobenz-amides have been synthesized. The uv absorption spectra of sixteen representative 1,4-oxazines all show two high intensity bands (ϵ ∼ 105) between 220-400 ran. The positions and intensities of the absorption maxima have been correlated with the steric and electronic effects of the oxazine ring substituents.

The preparation and antimicrobial activity of a series of beta-lactams (3a-f) are described. These compounds were prepared from the 2+2 cycloaddition of beta,beta-disubstituted enamines with aryl isocyanates; compounds 3a-f underwent facile beta-lactam ring fission between aminal carbon atom C4 and the lactam nitrogen N1. The resisting formylacetanilide derivatives were devoid of antibiotic activity.

Potassium tertiary butoxide in dimethyl sulfoxide solution has been shown to act as an efficient base in effecting the cyclo-dehydrohalogenation of halogen-acylamino-esters and -ketones. For certain specific cyclizations it is superior to the bases thus far used, yielding compounds of high purity in short reaction times. The first reported synthesis of a piperidinone by this route has been achieved.

The preparation and antimicrobial activity of a series of beta-lactams (3a-f) are described. These compounds were prepared from the 2+2 cycloaddition of beta,beta-disubstituted enamines with aryl isocyanates; compounds 3a-f underwent facile beta-lactam ring fission between aminal carbon atom C4 and the lactam nitrogen N1. The resisting formylacetanilide derivatives were devoid of antibiotic activity.

Uber die Struktur der roten Acylierungsprodukte von Pyridazinylhydrazonen Bei der Acylierung von Pyridazinylhydrazonen (3) mit Saurechloriden oder Anhydriden in Benzol entstehen scharlachrote Triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (4), deren Struktur durch Rontgenstrahlbeugungsanalyse gesichert wird.

Since the discovery 11 of the activating effect of the N- (p-Nitro-phenyl)-group on the methine hydrogen of halogenacetamino esters, it has been found that the p-Acetyl-phenyl and m-Nitro-phenyl groups exert a similar effect. It has been shown that the delocalisation of the N-non-bonded electrons across the orbitals of the N-Aryl substituent is the governing factor in the cyclisation of the above systems, and the effect of the bulk of the N-Aryl substituent is relegated to a minor position.

Die Behandlung der Amide (II) mit K-tert.-butylat oder athanolischer KOH fuhrt zu unterschiedlicher Cyclisierung: Aus (IIa) bzw. (IIb) werden die Morpholin-Derivate (Ia) [hierbei wird gleichzeitig der C1-Substituent (R5) zur OH- Gruppe (R3) verseift] bzw. (Ib), aus (IIc) bzw. (IId) werden dagegen die Lactame (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) erhalten.

The association of various structural and dynamic phenomena through the postulate of d pi resonance has potential additional predictive value.