Search

Recently, a large variety of engineered nanostructures possessing enzyme-like activities have been proposed, whose unique physical–chemical characteristics have enabled remarkable technological advances. In this review, we survey the recent advances in nanozymes for environmental applications. First, we give an updated overview of different types of nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes, including carbon, metal and metal oxide nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and hybrid nanostructures, and compare their properties (namely, the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and the maximal reaction velocity (Vmax)) with standard natural enzymes. Furthermore, the progress in nanozymes for detecting and removing various environmental contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and hormones) is also discussed. Then, we provide a comprehensive overview of the enlightening strategies employed (based on the modification of size, shape/morphology, surface coating, doping and use of hybrid structures, for instance) to modulate the properties of nanozymes in order to achieve the desired properties for environmental sensing and remediation. Finally, challenges and current opportunities are discussed to stimulate the interest of researchers in the development of novel multifunctional nanozymes for environmental applications.

In this paper, a new macroscopic traffic model is presented which characterizes driver response during transitions. The commonly employed Payne–Whitham (PW) model characterizes this response using a constant regardless of the reaction time and interaction and distance between vehicles. As a consequence, the resulting traffic behavior can be unrealistic. In this paper, a model is proposed which considers the reaction time, transition distance, and velocity profile based on the traffic density. This produces smooth changes in density and velocity during transitions compared to the PW model. Results are presented for a bottleneck along a circular road which show that the proposed model provides more realistic behavior than the PW model.

Enzyme activators lower Km (the Michaelis constant) and/or raise Vmax (the asymptotic reaction velocity at infinite substrate concentration); conversely, inhibitors raise Km and/or lower Vmax . But what if an effector moves both Km and Vmax in the same direction? Uncompetitive inhibitors, which decrease both Km and Vmax by the same factor, are the most common example of this. A less well-known example occurs often when crowding agents are added to the buffer in order to mimic the environment commonly encountered in vivo. Crowding agents tested on different enzymes have been shown to have every conceivable effect on Km or Vmax , causing them to rise, fall, or stay the same. In this article, a mathematical analysis is presented allowing biochemists to judge whether an effector that causes Km and Vmax to both move in the same direction serves as an inhibitor, an activator, or most surprising, as both. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(4):446-449, 2019.

espanolEl objetivo principal de este trabajo es ensenar la aplicacion del metodo de minimos cuadrados disponible en el software Matlab( con sus comandos nlinfit y lsqcurvefit para determinar parametros cineticos, sus incertidumbres y las bandas asociadas a diferentes intervalos de confianza (95% y 99%). Para la ilustracion de la metodologia se emplearon datos cineticos de tres procesos avanzados de oxidacion, obtenidos experimentalmente, los cuales involucran: una unica ecuacion de velocidad de reaccion en terminos explicitos, una ecuacion de velocidad de reaccion en terminos implicitos y un sistema de ecuaciones de velocidad de reaccion en terminos implicitos. Para cada uno se obtuvo los ajustes respectivos con diferencias significativas entre los parametros y las desviaciones asociadas a los sistemas de pocos datos experimentales. En consecuencia, se ha demostrado que el tipo de modelo propuesto requiere de mas valores experimentales para un buen ajuste u otro modelo que cumpla con los criterios logicos y fenomenologicos esperados. EnglishThe main objective of this work is to teach the application of the least squares method available in the Matlab( software with its nlinfit and lsqcurvefit commands to determine kinetic parameters, their uncertainties and the bands associated with different confidence intervals (95% and 99%). To illustrate the methodology, kinetic experimental data obtained using three advanced oxidation processes, were fitted. Different approaches were used: a single equation of reaction velocity in explicit terms, an equation of reaction velocity in implicit terms and a system of reaction rate equations in implicit terms. For each one, the respective fittings were performed with significant differences between the parameters and the deviations associated with the systems with few experimental data. Consequently, it was shown that the type of proposed model required more experimental values ​​for a good fit or another model that meets the expected logical and phenomenological criteria.

We consider non-autonomous evolution inclusions and hemivariation inequalities with possibly non-monotone multidimensional “reaction-velocity” law. The dynamics of all weak solutions defined on the positive semi-axis of time is investigated. We prove the existence global attractor. New properties of complete trajectories are justified. The pointwise behavior of such problem solutions on attractor is described in the autonomous case.

The driving reaction was recognized and predicted was complicated. The driving reaction samples of various driving reactions were gained, by means of 3 settings of driving reactions including driving action of automobile in front, roadblocks cutting off in other lanes were planed and simulated in the real road environment. Experimental data of driving reactions including automobile velocity, reaction velocity, and reaction time were acquired by the driving action collecting system. Taking advantage of fuzzy aggregation analysis, the driving reaction samples were unified for the fuzzy cluster making (FCM) and probabilistic neural network (PNN). Under different groups of driving reaction data selected from driving reaction samples, the PNN driving reaction network was constructed and trained. The analytical results show that the hit rate is 95.3% when the training driving reaction sample number is 46. Meanwhile, the results show that the PNN and FCM are useful with sufficient driving reaction samples. The driving reaction PNN with FCM is a valid way for the driving reaction time forecast.

Modeling human behavior within mathematical models of infectious diseases is a key component to understand and control disease spread. We present a mathematical compartmental model of Susceptible–Infectious–Removed to compare the infected curves given by four different functional forms describing the transmission rate. These depend on the distance that individuals keep on average to others in their daily lives. We assume that this distance varies according to the balance between two opposite thrives: the self-protecting reaction of individuals upon the presence of disease to increase social distancing and their necessity to return to a culturally dependent natural social distance that occurs in the absence of disease. We present simulations to compare results for different society types on point prevalence, the peak size of a first epidemic outbreak and the time of occurrence of that peak, for four different transmission rate functional forms and parameters of interest related to distancing behavior, such as: the reaction velocity of a society to change social distance during an epidemic. We observe the vulnerability to disease spread of close contact societies, and also show that certain social distancing behavior may provoke a small peak of a first epidemic outbreak, but at the expense of it occurring early after the epidemic onset, observing differences in this regard between society types. We also discuss the appearance of temporal oscillations of the four different transmission rates, their differences, and how this oscillatory behavior is impacted through social distancing; breaking the unimodality of the actives-curve produced by the classical SIR-model.

As part of a study to investigate metal chelates as possible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, copper chelates of 1 ,3 diaminopropanol-2, 1,3 diaminopropane , and hydroxy-1-proline are examined. Since the chelate s olutions contain mixtures of species in equilibrium, it is necessary to calculate the concentrations of pertinent species under experimental conditions . Equations are derived which can be used to calculate the concentrations of individual species in an equilibrium mixture of ligand and copper under fixed conditions of concentration and pH with the aid of an IBM 1410 computer. Initial measurements of reaction velocity of enzyme-substrate breakdown to enzyme plus acid products, are made by observing the speed of pH drop with the aid of a Beckman Automatic Titrator. Selection of equilibrium pH values and ligand-metal ratios is dependent on the formation constants calculated for each system. Enzyme kinetic studies are used in an effort to determine the nature of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. It is found that (a) 1-1 ligand-copper chelate inhibit the acetylcholinesterase system, (b) free cupric ion may inhibit the enzyme system if concentrations greater than 1 x 10-6M are present in the equilibrium mixture, (c) coordination vacancies on the metal ion are necessary prerequisites for inhibition, (d) 1-1 ligandcopper chelates of 1,3 diaminopropanol inhibit the enzyme in an essentially "competitive" manner, (e) 1-1 ligand-copper chelates of 1 ,3 diaminopropane inhibit the enzyme in an essentially "noncompetitive" manner, (f) 1-1 ligand-copper chelates of hydroxy

In searching non-standard ways of conformational regulation, various Michaelis–Menten-like schemes attract relentless attention, resulting in sometimes too sophisticated considerations. With the example of monomeric enzymes possessing an only binding site, we define the minimal schemes capable of bearing peculiar regulatory properties like “cooperativity” or substrate inhibition. The simplest ways of calculating the enzymatic reaction velocity are exemplified, either in the ensemble or single-molecule case., У пошуках нестандартних шляхiв конформацiйної регуляцiї активно використовують рiзноманiтнi, iнодi переускладненi, версiї схеми Мiхаелiса–Ментен. На прикладi мономерних ензимiв з одним мiсцем зв’язування визначено мiнiмальнi схеми, що уможливлюють особливi регуляторнi властивостi типу “кооперативностi”, субстратного iнгiбування тощо. Проiлюстровано найпростiшi шляхи розрахунку швидкостi ензиматичної реакцiї в ансамблi або на рiвнi поодинокої молекули ензиму.

The upper bound of enzyme concentration for accurately estimating the parameters in Michaelis-Menten (MM) equation is not completely determined and still under discussion, even though many researchers have investigated the equation’s validity for a long time. In the paper, we broadly investigated the correlation between the system of ordinary differential equations for monosubstrate irreversible enzyme reaction (HMM-system) and its derivative MM equation focusing on the relationship between initial enzyme concentration [E]0 and Michaelis constant Km by numerical simulation. According to the results, the initial reaction velocity v0 is still a function of initial substrate concentration [S]0 at [E]0

The objective of this study was to examine the changes in reaction velocity and visual perception between genders participating in driving simulator training. Driving simulator training was performed on 46 adults (male: 20, female: 26) twice a week, 20 minutes per time, 8 times for a month. The results showed that after driving simulator training was significantly more effective for males than females (p

A new algorithm for computation of the initial velocity of enzyme reaction at the time zero is proposed. This algorithm makes it possible to reduce the systematic error of measurements to the minimum, to estimate the reaction velocity in test samples regardless of the enzyme activity levels, and to minimize the assay time. The study is illustrated by an example of salivary alpha-amylase and standard reagent kit. The algorithm should not be applied if conjugated enzyme systems are used because there is a long initial lag phase in the kinetic curve.

Purpose: This study was conducted to test the impact of The Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training has effect on the visual perception reaction velocity. Dynavision were used to measure data from the participating 24 students(K college). Method : The participants were the 24 students of `K` College in Busan in there twenties. They were divided into the The Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training group and the control group. To know if the Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training has effect on the visual perception reaction velocity, the Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training was implemented triweekly for 4 weeks. In Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training the ball should be grasped with one hand and threw by an arm. Only the balls threw beyond the objective point were counted. The visual perception reaction velocity and the number of response were measured before and after experiment by Dynavision. Result : Firstly, the visual perception reaction velocity was increased in Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training group compared with control group. Secondly, the number of response was also increased in Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training group compared with control group. Conclusion : As a result of The Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training has an effect on the visual perception reaction velocity and the number of response. The Dynamic Visual-Motor integration training seems to be effective for cerebral apoplexy patient who has visual perceptional disability or cerebral palsy child in training for visual perceptional development or daily living activities development. Study participated by more detailed and practical patients in hospital is needed.

The Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the reverse Michaelis–Menten kinetics are two popular mathematical formulations used in many land biogeochemical models to describe how microbes and plants would respond to changes in substrate abundance. However, the criteria of when to use either of the two are often ambiguous. Here I show that these two kinetics are special approximations to the equilibrium chemistry approximation (ECA) kinetics, which is the first-order approximation to the quadratic kinetics that solves the equation of an enzyme–substrate complex exactly for a single-enzyme and single-substrate biogeochemical reaction with the law of mass action and the assumption of a quasi-steady state for the enzyme–substrate complex and that the product genesis from enzyme–substrate complex is much slower than the equilibration between enzyme–substrate complexes, substrates, and enzymes. In particular, I show that the derivation of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics does not consider the mass balance constraint of the substrate, and the reverse Michaelis–Menten kinetics does not consider the mass balance constraint of the enzyme, whereas both of these constraints are taken into account in deriving the equilibrium chemistry approximation kinetics. By benchmarking against predictions from the quadratic kinetics for a wide range of substrate and enzyme concentrations, the Michaelis–Menten kinetics was found to persistently underpredict the normalized sensitivity ∂ ln v / ∂ ln k2+ of the reaction velocity v with respect to the maximum product genesis rate k2+, persistently overpredict the normalized sensitivity ∂ ln v / ∂ ln k1+ of v with respect to the intrinsic substrate affinity k1+, persistently overpredict the normalized sensitivity ∂ ln v / ∂ ln [E]T of v with respect the total enzyme concentration [E]T, and persistently underpredict the normalized sensitivity ∂ ln v / ∂ ln [S]T of v with respect to the total substrate concentration [S]T. Meanwhile, the reverse Michaelis–Menten kinetics persistently underpredicts ∂ ln v / ∂ ln k2+ and ∂ ln v / ∂ ln [E]T, and persistently overpredicts ∂ ln v / ∂ ln k1+ and ∂ ln v / ∂ ln [S]T. In contrast, the equilibrium chemistry approximation kinetics always gives consistent predictions of ∂ ln v / ∂ ln k2+, ∂ ln v / ∂ ln k1+, ∂ ln v / ∂ ln [E]T, and ∂ ln v / ∂ ln [S]T, indicating that ECA-based models will be more calibratable if the modeled processes do obey the law of mass action. Since the equilibrium chemistry approximation kinetics includes advantages from both the Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the reverse Michaelis–Menten kinetics and it is applicable for almost the whole range of substrate and enzyme abundances, land biogeochemical modelers therefore no longer need to choose when to use the Michaelis–Menten kinetics or the reverse Michaelis–Menten kinetics. I expect that removing this choice ambiguity will make it easier to formulate more robust and consistent land biogeochemical models.

The emergence of creatine as a potential cognitive enhancement supplement for humans prompted an investigation as to whether supplemental creatine could enhance spatial memory in young swine. We assessed memory performance and brain concentrations of creatine and its precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in 14-16-week-old male Yucatan miniature pigs supplemented for 2 weeks with either 200 mg/kg∙d creatine (+Cr; n = 7) or equimolar GAA (157 mg/kg∙d) (+GAA; n = 8) compared to controls (n = 14). Spatial memory tests had pigs explore distinct sets of objects for 5 min. Objects were spatially controlled, and we assessed exploration times of previously viewed objects relative to novel objects in familiar or novel locations. There was no effect of either supplementation on memory performance, but pigs successfully identified novel objects after 10 (p < 0.01) and 20 min (p < 0.01) retention intervals. Moreover, pigs recognized spatial transfers after 65 min (p < 0.05). Regression analyses identified associations between the ability to identify novel objects in memory tests and concentrations of creatine and GAA in cerebellum, and GAA in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). The concentration of creatine in brain regions was not influenced by creatine supplementation, but GAA supplementation increased GAA concentration in cerebellum (p < 0.05), and the prefrontal cortex of +GAA pigs had more creatine/g and less GAA/g compared to +Cr pigs (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase activity and maximal reaction velocity were also higher with GAA supplementation in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there appears to be a relationship between memory performance and guanidino compounds in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, but the effects were unrelated to dietary supplementation. The cerebellum is identified as a target site for GAA accretion.

Phosphotransacetylase activity and the kinetic properties of the enzyme from intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio piger and Desulfomicrobium sp. has never been well-characterized and has not been studied yet. In this paper, the specific activity of phosphotransacetylase and the kinetic properties of the enzyme in cell-free extracts of both D. piger Vib-7 and Desulfomicrobium sp. Rod-9 intestinal bacterial strains were presented at the first time. The microbiological, biochemical, biophysical and statistical methods in this work were used. The optimal temperature and pH for enzyme reaction was determined. Analysis of the kinetic properties of the studied enzyme was carried out. Initial (instantaneous) reaction velocity (V0), maximum amount of the product of reaction (Pmax), the reaction time (half saturation period, τ) and maximum velocity of the phosphotransacetylase reaction (Vmax) were defined. Michaelis constants (Km) of the enzyme reaction (3.36 ± 0.35 mM for D. piger Vib-7, 5.97 ± 0.62 mM for Desulfomicrobium sp. Rod-9) were calculated. The studies of the phosphotransacetylase in the process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and kinetic properties of this enzyme in intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria, their production of acetate in detail can be perspective for clarification of their etiological role in the development of the humans and animals bowel diseases. These studies might help in predicting the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, by providing further details on the etiology of bowel diseases which are very important for the clinical diagnosis of these disease types.

β-Agarase produced by Paenibacillus sp. WL (agarase WL) was purified using a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-ion exchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. The purity of the agarase was increased by 11.9× with a recovery of 5.1% and a specific activity of 4,670.1 U/mg of protein. The molecular mass of the purified agarase was approximately 30 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The agarase was stable at temperature below 50°C and the favorable agar-hydrolysis activity was at 40°C. The agarase was active in the range of pH 5.0 to 8.0, and the optimal agar-hydrolysis pH value was approximately 6.0. Metal ions normally found in seawater (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+) could activate agarase WL. The Michaelis-Menten constant Km and maximal reaction velocity Vmax of purified agarase WL were 3.22 mg/mL and 41.5 μg/mL·min, respectively. The agarase WL was highly agar specific.

An encapsulation material based on a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) with a high water barrier and a low corrosive properties is presented. The reproducible water vapor transmission rate is less than 5.0 g·m−2·day−1 under 40°C, 90% RH condition. A calcium reaction velocity and an electrochemical migration of a copper electrode were evaluated by direct encapsulation of the test devices. This PSA possesses excellent encapsulation and electric insulation properties. It is expected as one of the most prospective materials as the direct encapsulation adhesive for the flexible electronic device.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is the product of rice husk pyrolysis or combustion, which contains inherent ash in original rice husk and non-converted fixed carbon. Due to large amounts of inherent silicon dioxide in rice husk, the decarbonized residue of RHA has great value as industrial materials. One basic method to remove carbon from RHA is roasting. Because of low carbon content in RHA and low roasting reaction velocity, the roasting process takes a long time. In this case, fixed-bed roasting is suitable for removing carbon from RHA. In the present work, experimental study on RHA decarbonization is conducted based on a specially-designed multi-section fixed-bed roasting. The experimental results show that under the experimental conditions, the flame propagation spread of RHA in fixed beds is in the range 0.833 to 0.121mm/s. The results documented in this paper provide the basis for further developing large-scale engineering devices.

Catalytic reactions have been favored nowadays in terms of economical and environmental requirements. On this point, the term TON (TurnOver Number) has widely been utilized because of its facile availability. However, during the optimization of reaction conditions, it is not as useful as its fame, because it does not reflect whether the reaction in question is fast or slow. We propose the term HCC (Hourly Conversion per Catalyst) in order to make experimenters easier to assess the ultimate reaction condition with quantitative conversion.

For the characteristics of serious formation damage and insufficient injecting in injection wells in the water flooding development process in low permeability oilfield, it carries the analysis of reasons for forming low efficient injection wells and the development of acidizing disentanglement agent. Through core damage experiment of wellhead sewage in S oilfield, formation damage is mainly caused by excessive levels of suspended matters and the multiple of exceeding standards is 45.3. Based on the result of core damage experiment and actual oilfield production data, the variation of apparent injectivity index in low efficient injection wells is researched. The research result indicates that formation damage radius of pollution wells is about 20m in this oilfield. Based on formation damage condition of this oilfield, compound acid is developed, which has the properties of strong penetration, retarding reaction velocity and strong-chelating. Plug removal experiment indicates that the recovery rate of core permeability is about 100% using developed compound acid.

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1-catalyzed glucuronidation is an important elimination pathway of flavonoids, and mutually inhibitory interactions may occur when two or more flavonoids are coadministered. Our recent research suggested that glucuronidation of flavonoids displayed distinct positional preferences, but whether this will lead to the mutually regioselective inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of flavonoids is unknown. Therefore, we chose three monohydroxyflavone isomers, 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF), 7-hydroxyflavone (7HF), and 4'-hydroxyflavone (4'HF), and one trihydroxyflavone, 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (3,7,4'THF), as the model compounds to characterize the possible mutually regioselective inhibition of glucuronidation using expressed human UGT1A1. Apparent kinetic parameters [e.g., reaction velocity (V), Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), maximum rate of metabolism (Vmax), concentration at which inhibitor achieves 50% inhibition (IC50), and the Lineweaver-Burk plots were used to evaluate the apparent kinetic mechanisms of inhibition of glucuronidation. The results showed that UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of three monohydroxyflavones (i.e., 3HF, 7HF, and 4'HF) and 3,7,4'THF was mutually inhibitory, and the mechanisms of inhibition appeared to be the mixed-typed inhibition. Specifically, the inhibitory effects displayed certain positional preference. Glucuronidation of 3HF was more easily inhibited by 3,7,4'THF than that of 7HF or 4'HF. Compared to 7-O-glucuronidation of 3,7,4'THF, 3-O-glucuronidation of 3,7,4'THF was more inhibited by 3HF and 4'HF, whereas glucuronidation at both 3-OH and 7-OH positions of 3,7,4'THF was more easily inhibited by 7HF than by 3HF and 4'HF. In conclusion, 3HF, 7HF, 4'HF, and 3,7,4'THF were both substrates and inhibitors of UGT1A1, and they exhibited mutually regioselective inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation via a mixed-type inhibitory mechanism.

Al/Ni multilayer bridge films, which were composed of alternate Al and Ni layers with bilayer thicknesses of 50, 100 and 200 nm, were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering. In each bilayer, the thickness ratio of Al to Ni was maintained at 3:2 to obtain an overall 1:1 atomic composition. The total thickness of Al/Ni multilayer films was 2 μm. XRD measurements show that the compound of AlNi is the final product of the exothermic reactions. DSC curves show that the values of heat release in Al/Ni multilayer films with bilayer thicknesses of 50, 100 and 200 nm are 389.43, 396.69 and 409.92 J g−1, respectively. The temperatures of Al/Ni multilayer films were obviously higher than those of Al bridge film and Ni bridge film. Al/Ni multilayer films with modulation of 50 nm had the highest electrical explosion temperature of 7000 K. The exothermic reaction in Al/Ni multilayer films leads to a more intense electric explosion. Al/Ni multilayer bridge films with modulation period of 50 nm explode more rapidly and intensely than other bridge films because decreasing the bilayer thickness results in an increased reaction velocity.

The properties of cellulase that was attached to the surface of the chitosan carrier in aqueous-ionic liquid (IL; 1,3-dimeth-ylimidazolium dimethylphosphate) mixture were studied. The optimal temperature for immobilized cellulase in aqueous-IL mixed solutions was 60 °C. The immobilized cellulase acquired the highest relative activity at a ratio of 1:4 (IL to water, v/v), compared to activity levels of 79% and 7%, when the ratio of IL to water (v/v) was 0:1 and 1:0, respectively. At 80 °C, the immobilized cellulase in the aqueous-IL mixture conserved 46.3% activity after 120 Min. The immobilized cellulase can be effectively reused three times. After 4 weeks, the activity of immobilized cellulase maintained 83.5%. The Michaelis constant (Km ) and maximum reaction velocity (Vm ) values for the immobilized cellulase were 4.8 mg/L and 0.156 mg/(mL Min), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the properties of chitosan-immobilized cellulase in aqueous-IL.

The electrochemical reduction behaviors of nitrobenzene in composite ionic liquids were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the electrochemical reduction characteristics of nitrobenzene in binary composite ionic liquids was improved in comparing with pure ionic liquids BMimBF4 and BMimPF6. The reaction velocity of nitrobenzene in composite ionic liquids was controlled by diffusion. With increasing temperature or the concentration of nitrobenzene, the peak current was increased and the peak potential was varied complicated.

Enzymatic reaction kinetics for sugar factory wastewater biological treatment was investigated. A laboratory scale completely mixed reactor was used for the study. By using the Runge-Kutta method and modified simple, estimation of kinetic parameters was conducted. The kinetic parameters rmax (the maximum reaction velocity) and Km (Michaelis constant) were found to be 0.7952×10 mg/min.L and 0.2519×103mg/L for COD, and 0.1359×10 mg/min.L and 0.2062×103 mg/L for NH3-N, respectively. These parameters could be utilized for the design of the three phase biological fluidized bed reactor for sugar factory wastewater treatment.

We studied activity and kinetic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rat brain under conditions of incomplete global ischemia followed by reperfusion against the background of mild hypothermia. It was found that hypothermia leads to a decrease in LDH activity in the ischemic brain; the maximum velocity of the enzyme-catalyzed activity decreased and Michaelis constant increased, due to which the efficiency of catalysis decreased to the level observed in control rats. Ischemia against the background of hypothermia was accompanied by a decrease in the inhibition constant and narrowing of effective pyruvate concentration range. Blood flow resumption in the ischemic brain against the background of mild hypothermia led to an increase in LDH activity, the maximum reaction velocity increased, and Michaelis constant decreased, which lead to a significant increase in the efficiency of catalysis. This was accompanied by an increase in enzyme inhibition constant and a shift of the optimum on the concentration curve towards lower pyruvate concentrations.

The paper aims at the simulation on double tank water level control based on MATLAB .Double tank water level control belongs to large time delay system. In this paper, adopted PID method to control the system, Then, fuzzy PID control method was used to adjust this second-order system. And the simulation model of this system is built with MATLAB Fuzzy and SIMULINK. And at the end, analysis the system stability ,reaction velocity and so on.

The important step for increasing gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) removal in wet scrubber systems is altering the chemical form of the Hg0to a water-soluble oxidized species. This work focuses on the removal of elemental mercury from simulated flue gas by aqueous K2S2O8in a bubble reactor. In the system of K2S2O8oxidize Hg0, the reaction velocity of K2S2O8and Hg0is soon. Reached a higher removal rate after 10min. Increase the concentration of K2S2O8can remarkably improve the removal rate of Hg0to 85% With the rise of import mercury concentration has increased mercury removal rate to 89.5%.

What kind of role do the reactive aluminous has played during early hydration process of metakaolin-cement paste is investigated in present study. Therefore, metakaolin(MK) samples containing 45.94%, 22.86%, 0% reactive aluminous are prepared, respectively. In addition, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis is employed to identify the crystalline phases of all specimens. The amount of acid-insoluble residue (AIR) of all specimens is used to evaluate the unreacted materials. The results obtained indicate that reactive aluminous can promote development of the early period strength significantly. Reactive silica and reactive aluminous reaction velocity was very slow during the first three days, then increased. The reaction velocity of reactive aluminous was faster than reactive silica between the first day and third day, but it shows an opposite result between the third day and seventh day.

The general equation for liquid film resistance to gas absorption in scrubbers, derived by us in a previous paper 1), was applied to experiments of Cryder and Maloney2), treating the absorption of carbon dioxide in diethanolamine solutions. Our equation proved to be valid also in this case, when it is assumed that the reaction is a pseudo-third order reaction. In reality it will be a succession of two second order reactions, as no temperature influence on the reaction velocity constant is found.

As a contribution to the study of the formation of humic acids in soil, a polarographic investigation has been made of the oxidation of some poly-hydroxybenzenes in aqueous solution under different conditions. The formation of hydroxyquinone as an intermediate in the oxidation of hydroquinone was confirmed. Indications were obtained for the identity of some other intermediate reaction products. The important conclusion is drawn that the presence of tyrosinase or certain clay-minerals frequently not only influences the reaction velocity, as is sometimes supposed, but also may alter the course of the oxidation reaction.

The addition of ozone to 3-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine was studied quantitatively. After hydrolysis of the reaction products, the quantity of ammonia formed was measured. The results show that in all the cases investigated the action of ozone leads to the formation of a diozonide; no indication of the addition of ozone to the CN bond was found with any of these compounds. Further the velocity was measured of the ozone addition to the abovementioned compounds, and also to pyridine, 2- and 4-methylpyridine, and 4-ethylpyridine. The reaction velocity is smaller than that of the corresponding benzene derivatives. Introduction of methyl groups into the pyridine nucleus enhances the reactivity with regard to ozone.

From the reaction mixtures obtained by brominating and nitrating 2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide the sole disubstituted products isolated were the 3,5-derivatives. The course of the bromination and nitration of 2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide differs from the analogous reactions of 2-hydroxypyridine only in an increased reaction velocity.

In this paper experiments are described in which tin and lead are used as selective catalysts for the synthesis of methyltrichlorosilane (80-90% yield) and methyldichlorosilane (72% yield), respectively. For the methyltrichlorosilane synthesis, the reaction velocity is given as a function of temperature and conversion of methyl chloride at atmospheric pressure.

The reaction velocity of the hydrolysis of sodium monochloroacetate was determined in concentrated solutions and alkaline medium at 40° and 50°. It was found that the reaction follows the bimolecular equation. However, the reaction constant increases considerably with the normality of the hydroxide, which was explained by an effect of the total electrolyte concentration. The temperature coefficient of the reaction was calculated to be 3.0 per 10°.

Methylene diphenyl dicarbamate (MDC) was synthesized from methyl phenyl carbamate (MPC) and trioxane using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of reactants and the content of catalyst have been studied in details. The results showed that H2SO4 exhibited high catalytic activity with the merits of moderate reaction velocity. Under the conditions of n(MPC)/n(trioxane) = 3:1, reaction temperature of 95°C, reaction time of 3.5 h and 30% H2SO4, the conversion of MPC reached 99.0% with the selectivity of MDC 81.6%. Moreover, the H2SO4 catalyst was reused five times without obviously activity decrease. Based on the identification of byproducts, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.

The beta-lactamase activity with ampicillin (A) and cephalothin (Ce) as substrate was examined in 28 strains of Ent. cloacae and 24 strains of C. freundii by a micro-iodometric-(MIA) and an ultraviolet assay (UVA). Carbenicillin resistance (Ca-R) was present in 32 strains (16 of each species). All Ca-resistant (Ca-r) strains had elevated amounts of beta-lactamase. The conditions were very similar in the two species. The Ca-r strains could be divided into two subgroups. One group had very high ampicillinase activity and lower cephalothinase activity in MIA. In UVA the cephalothinase activity was equal to that in MIA. The strains could transfer their A- and Ca-R. The reaction velocity increased with time in MIA. The Ca-R was probably plasmid mediated. The other group had no or low ampicillinase activity in MIA. The cephalothinase activity in UVA was much higher than in MIA. Velocity decreased with time in MIA, probably due to inhibition by iodine. The strains were very Ce-r and could not transfer A-R. The Ca- and Ce-R was probably chromosomally mediated. The acquisition of Ca-R in Ent. cloacae and C. freundii was analogous to acquisition of A-R in E. coli. The fraction of strains with high ampicillinase activity (plasmid mediated among all strains with acquired beta-lactam resistance was the same in Ent. cloacae and C. freundii, viz. 0.63. In E. coli the corresponding value is 0.61. This fraction thus seems rather constant between the different genera.

Nanopowder CuO was prepared by a new method which involves homogeneous precipitation in high intensity field, and powder so obtained was examined by XRD and TEM. The mechanism and effects of conditions of treatment on process and final products are also discussed. These results indicate that not only the reaction velocity was speed up dramatically under ultrasound field but also the particle size of production was greatly affected by the intensity of ultrasound field, the greater the ultrasound field, the smaller the partical size.

Dealt with in this paper is the relationship between Cu contents of soil and activity parameters for soil invertase and urease from the Changtai loquat orchards in Fujian Province. The soil invertase activity and maximum reaction velocity (enzyme kinetic parameters: Vmax and Vmax/Km) have no remarkable negative correlation with Cu concentrations, but Cu concentrations have an obvious positive effect on invertase Km, indicating a reversible competitive restraint on the reaction between Cu and invertase. The soil urease activity and maximum reaction velocity (Vmax,Vmax/Km) have a remarkable negative correlation with Cu concentrations, and in this aspect, they can be used as ecological indices of the soil polluted by Cu. A slightly variable Km indicates the non-reversible competitive restraint between Cu and soil urease. Cu concentration= 2.00 mg·L−1 in soil is an indicative of the moderate Cu pollution level.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of input ratios of bulking material in aerobic composting of food wastes on variation of colony forming units(CFU) of fungi. Wood chips were used as a bulking material. Volume ratios of food wastes to wood chips in reactor of Control, WC-1 and WC-2 were 10/0, 10/5 and 10/10, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with I hour stirring by 1rpm and 2 hours of the forced aeration rate of per day. WC-2 reached high temperature range faster than WC-1, and the maximum temperature of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. WC-2 reached high pH range faster than WC-1. and the maximum pH of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. WC-2 reached high Log(CFU/gram) range faster than WC-I, and the maximum Log(CFU/gram) of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. These all mean that the reaction velocity of composting of WC-2 was faster than that of WC-1. The profile of fungi changes in Log(CFU/gram) was similar to that of temperature changes (r

In this chapter, we look at the fundamental unit of the human body: the cell. We will examine how cells are constructed, what they are made of and how we can analyse simple chemical processes using reaction equations. This chapter provides the foundation for all the following chapters, as we describe how cells behave and interact with each other to form larger systems.

The functional relevance of regulating proteins is often limited to specific binding sites such as the ends of microtubules or actin-filaments. A localization of proteins on these functional sites is of great importance. We present a quantitative theory for a diffusion and capture process, where proteins diffuse on a filament and stop diffusing when reaching the filament's end. It is found that end-association after one-dimensional diffusion is the main source for tip-localization of such proteins. As a consequence, diffusion and capture is highly efficient in enhancing the reaction velocity of enzymatic reactions, where proteins and filament ends are to each other as enzyme and substrate. We show that the reaction velocity can effectively be described within a Michaelis-Menten framework. Together one-dimensional diffusion and capture beats the (three-dimensional) Smoluchowski diffusion limit for the rate of protein association to filament ends., 13 pages, 7 figures

Enzymes bind to their substrates and transform them into products. A plot of the initial reaction velocity versus substrate concentration depicts a rectangular hyperbola. The reaction velocity (v) equals ( V max [A])/( K m + [A]) as described by the Michaelis-Menten equation where V max is the maximal velocity, [A] is the substrate concentration, and K m is the Michaelis constant, or the substrate concentration at half maximal velocity. Steady-state enzyme kinetics are used to determine the K m value for substrates, the V max value for enzymes, and the K i values for various inhibitors, including drugs.

purpose of this study was to find out problems in experiments for electrolysis of an aqueous CuCl2 solution in high school science textbooks and to suggest an improved experiment considering students` capability of experimenting and laboratory safety in high schools. For this study, the experiments for electrolysis of an aqueous CuCl2 solution presented in 11 high school science textbooks were classified by their experimental methods. After high school chemistry teachers performed the experiments as presented in the high school science textbooks, an analysis was performed on problems of the experiments, and an improved experiment was devised. According to the results of this study, in the experiments for electrolysis of an aqueous CuCl2 solution using a U type tube and a U type tube with branch, reaction velocity of the electrolysis was slow, therefore, a side reaction was generated. In the experiment using a beaker, reaction of each electrode could not be observed separately. And in the experiment using an electrolysis instrument, it was difficult to identify property of the reaction product. In the improved experiment using a reaction vessel of ㅂshape, reaction velocity of the electrolysis was fast, reaction of each electrode could be observed separately, and the side reaction decreased. From these results, it was suggested that the improved experiment would help high school students understand scientific conception regarding electrolysis.

The changes of n-pentane asphaltene content, penetration, softening point, and ductility of two Saudi Arabian paving asphalts have been studied during aging. Further, aging kinetics of asphalt, based on the change of n-pentane asphaltene content, has been studied. Some correlative kinetic parameters were calculated and the aging kinetics equation of asphalt was gained. The value calculated depending on the equation was in accordance with the experimental data. And the relationship between the composition of the high grade paving asphalt and its aging resistant performances was revealed. It showed that the aging of high grade paving asphalt was a first-order reaction. AH-70 paving asphalt has the following characteristics: higher reaction active energy, less reaction velocity constant, lower aging velocity, and better aging resistance performance compared with AH-90 paving asphalt. The changes of penetration, softening point, and ductility of asphalt during aging further proved that the kinetic mo...

Four Ti-C-Fe powder mixtures, with a same molar ratio but a different particle size, were used for a combustion synthesis of TiC-Fe cermet to investigate effects of the particle size on the characteristics of the combustion synthesis. The results showed that the mixture with the finer Ti powder gave out a higher combustion temperature, a higher reaction velocity, a higher product density, a layer-shaped pore, and a greater size of TiC particles whether the Fe powder was finer or coarser. While in the case of the coarser Ti powder used, a small amount of residual phase remained in the product, and what is more interesting that the mixture with the finer Fe powder gave out a lower reaction velocity than that by the mixture with the coarser Fe powder. These effects were successfully explained with the previously proposed mechanisms of the combustion synthesis of TiC-Fe, and the mechanisms were proved to be valid thereby.