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Deficiencies in the structure of collagen VI are a common cause of neuromuscular diseases. Such diseases typically require assisted ventilation and result in a severely reduced life expectancy. Collagen VI structural defects are related to mutations of three main genes. Currently the CRISPR technology offers a possibility to correct the wrong genes. However, the regulatory agencies would not approve any treatment without an objective methodology to evaluate its effectiveness. This project aims at providing a computer vision solution to evaluate the state of patients with collagen VI deficiencies. The idea is to provide objective metrics of the patient state from images of muscular tissue obtained with a confocal microscope. Currently some tools are available to this end, but only for low resolution 2D images. This project proposes to extend this previous work to the analysis of high-resolution 3D stacks of images. The project involves the development of classical computer vision tools to derive relevant features from the stacks of images and the use of classification tools to generate an overall evaluation of each patient. This analysis will be complemented with the development of a solution based on the use of a convolutional neural network. To this end, data augmentation techniques will be of primary importance since collagen VI-related problems are rare diseases and, thus, there is a severe lack of training data.

Friendships formed in the course of scientific research are common and should be foregrounded in discussions of how the sciences are done. Inspired by the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, I propose a ‘symmetrical’ analysis of friendships in both the social and natural sciences as a way of comparing knowledge-making practices. The research question that derives from this approach is: How are friendships with and between subjects generative of new forms of scientific knowledge and new types of relating? I provide an answer based on my experience of befriending a group of dendroclimatologists to whom I referred metaphorically as ‘my chimps’ in an analogy with the primatologist Jane Goodall’s affectionate relation with her research subjects. In my case, befriending dendroclimatologists involved cultivating a curiosity about each other’s research and worlds through different means. As a result, my work also came to matter to them and we produced it collaboratively. The instrumentalisation of friendships for the purpose of achieving a certain control and agreement with subjects and beings is, I argue, a normal aspect of knowledge formation, and should not be seen as unethical. If anything, befriending subjects promotes better research ethics as it generates a form of mutuality based on partial relatedness, constructive dissent and playfulness, rather than hybridity, totalising consensus and domination. Overall, my argument about friendship as a method in science seeks to criticise the ideal that isolation and indifference are at the heart of the way scientific knowledge, both social and natural, is and should be made.

The increasing use of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) as TiO2 NPs or ZnO NPs has led to environmental release and human exposure. The respiratory system, effects on lamellar bodies and surfactant protein A (SP-A) of pneumocytes, can be importantly affected. Exposure of human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) induced differential responses; a higher persistence of TiO2 in cell surface and uptake (measured by Atomic Force Microscopy) and sustained inflammatory response (by means of TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6 release) and ROS generation were observed, whereas ZnO showed a modest response and low numbers in cell surface. A reduction in SP-A levels at 24 h of exposure to TiO2 NPs (concentration-dependent) or ZnO NPs (the higher concentration) was also observed, reversed by blocking the inflammatory response (by the inhibition of IL-6). Loss of SP-A represents a relevant target of MONPs-induced inflammatory response that could contribute to cellular damage and loss of lung function.

[ES] El proyecto se basará en el estudio y diseño de la parte de automatización del proceso de estampado en frío de piezas metálicas en una prensa de tipo transfer, pasando por una breve descripción del proceso completo de la industrialización. Para la parte de la automática se hará una simulación en Simulink del control de los múltiples sensores y actuadores necesarios para el correcto funcionamiento de todo el proceso.

[ES] Diseño mecánico completo de un agitador de pintura industrial y de un coche robotizado.

Early Science and Technology Studies (STS) scholars recognized that the social construction of knowledge depends on skepticism’s parasitic relationship to background expectations and trust. Subsequent generations have paid less empirical attention to skepticism in science and its relationship with trust. I seek to rehabilitate skepticism in STS – particularly, Merton’s view of skepticism as a scientific norm sustained by trust among status peers – with a study of what I call ‘civil skepticism’. The empirical grounding is a case in contemporary dendroclimatology and the development of a method (‘Blue Intensity’) for generating knowledge about climate change from trees. I present a sequence of four instances of civil skepticism involved in making Blue Intensity more resistant to critique, and hence credible (in laboratory experiments, workshops, conferences, and peer-review of articles). These skeptical interactions depended upon maintaining communal notions of civility among an increasingly extended network of mutually trusted peers through a variety of means: by making Blue Intensity complementary to existing methods used to study a diverse natural world (tree-ring patterns) and by contributing to a shared professional goal (the study of global climate change). I conclude with a sociological theory about the role of civil skepticism in constituting knowledge-claims of greater generality and relevance.

Directora: Maria Antònia Oliver Treball de fi de grau d'Humanitats. Curs 2018-2019

Treball de fi de grau en Publicitat i Relacions Públiques Tutor: Lluís Mas Manchon El trabajo se ha centrado en desarrollar el posicionamiento de una nueva marca de carnes de vaca. En el proceso se ha visto que el producto que se quiere vender está en un mercado saturado, con discursos comunicativos muy parecidos y con un descenso constante en ventas. Ante un mercado tan saturado y lleno de críticas se ha planteado desarrollar una estrategia de marca 3.0 basada en valores. Con el propósito de recuperar una crianza sana, sensata y sostenible se ha desarrollado la propuesta de valor siguiente: “La marca cría a sus vacas en un ecosistema natural que no ha sufrido de la acción humana”. Este posicionamiento se distancia de la competencia que, básicamente, centra sus discursos en el producto, el sistema de crianza y, puntualmente, en el bienestar animal. Es un posicionamiento que no limita a la marca y la permite crecer en el tiempo siempre y cuando no cambien su esencia de producción limitada. Creativamente ha desembocado en Amalur, Madre Tierra en euskera. Se ha creado un logotipo centrado en el naming de la marca con una tipografía vasca totalmente nueva. El eslogan de marca es “Escuchamos a nuestra tierra”. Se ha buscado denotar respeto, adaptación del ser humano a la naturaleza y mantener el vínculo con la tierra. Los colores corporativos son el verde y el morado para dotar de contraste, personalidad y asociar la marca a la naturaleza y la magia del territorio de Sorogain. La campaña se ha planteado como una acción de notoriedad que diese el alcance suficiente como para cambiar las actitudes del consumidor.

The performance of the LHC magnet circuits for the proton physics run in 2017 is evaluated. This contribution focuses on the availability of magnet powering (PC) and protection systems (QPS, EE, FMCM and Interlocks) and evaluates the impact of the new deployments, mainly the FGClite and RPADO power converters, on the overall performance of the machine. Finally, a comparison with 2016 availability is presented.

The term ‘Climategate’ refers to the episode in November 2009 when emails between climate scientists were stolen and published online. The content of this private correspondence prompted criticism from diverse commentators who cast doubts on the methods, claims, and members of the climate science community. In response, individual scientists and scientific institutions published statements responding to the allegations of scientific fraud. Gieryn's concept of ‘boundary-work’ can be used to analyse the rhetoric of scientists in situations where their legitimacy is disputed. More specifically, boundary-work can be used to analyse the responses of scientists in terms of: how they represent the attributes of science, what types of boundary-work they undertake (e.g. expulsion, expansion, and protection), and the professional interests that come into play. A boundary-work analysis of the commentaries published in the aftermath of Climategate reveals that scientists characterised climate science as consensual, a...

Este estudio se realizó en dos comunidades rurales andinas, enteramente equiparables en cuanto a altitud, CCY, MCP y prevalencia de bocio. Todos los habitantes de una de ellas fueron inyectados con aceite yodado; 2.5 y 5 años más tarde todas las mujeres en edad fértil y los niños nacidos con posterioridad a la primera inyección fueron reinyectados. Ciento sesenta y cinco niños de la población yod izada y 311 de la no yod izada, fueron estudiados cronológicamente a las siguientes edades: 0—15 días; 4—6 semanas; 3, 6, 9, 12 y 18 meses; 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 y 5 años. En cada control se estudió la evolución refleja, y las conductas motriz, adaptativa, del lenguaje y personal- social por medio de las Escalas de Giselle. De esta manera se obtuvo información específica para el universo estudiado, o similares, sobre el cumplimiento de cada uno de los ítems, y curvas integradas de cada una de las conductas. Tanto los datos resultantes de niños yod izados como no yod izados estuvieron retrasados en relación a los de Denver para niños norteamericanos. Se dio una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos de niños andinos tan solo en relación a la conducta motriz gruesa (p—0.002). Un niño en el grupo yod izado y 9 (3 por ciento) en la no yod izado presentó un neto retraso en relación a la “normalidad” del universo estudiado, en todas las conductas. En conclusión, la corrección de CCY previno el nacimiento de niños con grave retraso global en el desarrollo neuromotoras, y tuvo efectos favorables sobre la función motriz gruesa.

Science and Technology Studies (STS) scholars have historically struggled to convince their audiences that sociological accounts of scientific work are not a critique of science. Here I suggest that the challenge of communicating science in action should be understood as a problem of creating a community of knowledge with audiences outside STS. I draw upon my own research to investigate the role of trust in overcoming this communicative challenge. I present three social processes as an explanation of the simultaneous constitution of my contingent trust relations with a group of dendroclimatologists and STS knowledge. What emerges from my account is, therefore, an optimistic message for STS scholars regarding the role of trust in communicating science in action; to be sure, having trust bonds with our immediate scientific audiences does not generate immediate and complete communication but it cultivates greater tolerance and mutuality.

[ES] Diseño mecánico completo de un agitador de pintura industrial y de un coche robotizado.

L’aprenentatge basat en problemes (ABP). 1. En què consisteix l’ABP?. 2. Les fases del treball amb l’ABP . 3. El problema. 4. El tutor. 5. L’avaluació . 6. L’ABP en grups grans. 7. Avantatges i limitacions de l’ABP. Problemes per a l’aprenentatge en el grau de Bioquímica . L’aprenentatge del Dret basat en problemes

L’objectiu és potenciar el treball continuat de l’alumnat fora de l’aula, però també cal tenir en compte aquesta qüestió a l’hora de dissenyar i programar el curs. Una de les eines creades per aquest objectiu són els problemes de resolució guiada a través del mòdul “Lliçó” de Moodle que apliquem a assignatures dels graus de Biologia, Bioquímica i Ciències Biomèdiques. Aquí em referiré a l’aplicació que fem a la Regulació del Metabolisme del tercer curs del grau de Bioquímica.

La declaración de conflicto de interés (DCI) en las publicaciones científicas es una normativa que pretende salvaguardar el estricto espíritu académico, científico y autonomista de los resultados de investigaciones que un autor o grupo de autores realiza en instituciones públicas o privadas. Ella, regula y diseña una fundamental relación entre la revista científica y los autores. Si bien esta instrucción se ha difundido y desarrollado en el área de las ciencias médicas y de la salud y ha cobrado auge en el campo de las ciencias agropecuarias de la medicina veterinaria, la biotecnología agrícola generadora de productos transgénicos e incluso en las ciencias sociales. Tal prevención, se basa en que los resultados de una investigación pueden ser alterados de acuerdo a los intereses de los investigadores, financistas, el entorno socioeconómico-productivo, o la institución pública que la genera, advirtiéndose que existe conflicto de interés (CI) en un manuscrito cuando un autor, el revisor (árbitro) o el editor tienen vinculaciones institucionales, académicas, financieras, familiares, personales, políticas y otras que, influyen impropiamente en el proceso de investigación y publicación que sesgan sus resultados y/o conclusiones y dañan la credibilidad en la revista científica. Tal CI puede presentarse entre docentes y estudiantes, competencia académica o pasión intelectual. En la República Bolivariana de Venezuela la principal productora, financista y reconocedora de meritos en investigación científica son las universidades e instituciones públicas del sector universitario, ciencia y tecnología. En el portal de revistas SABER.ULA.VE de la Universidad de Los Andes (http://www.saber.ula.ve/listar-revistas.jsp) se registran 93 revistas, de las cuales, nueve pertenecen o abordan temáticas del área de las ciencias biomédicas y la salud, nueve de las ciencias agrícolas, tres de ciencia, cinco de difusión y 67 de la ingeniería y las ciencias sociales y artísticas; de ellas, solo una tiene explícitamente en sus instrucciones la obligatoriedad de la DCI, una lo sugiere explícitamente a voluntad del autor(s), dos lo hacen mediante las exigencias de la carta al editor, aunque tal declaración no aparece en el artículo publicado, otras revistas no la exigen. En tanto que, en las revistas de las ciencias sociales y humanas tal DCI no se menciona, como si en tal área del conocimiento no se presentaran conflictos de intereses. En conclusión: en las revistas alojadas en el portal SABER ULA no se presta la atención que merece la DCI, para mejorar su calidad. Se recomienda exigir esta normativa explícitamente, en todos los artículos de las revistas científicas alojadas en el sitio web de la Universidad de Los Andes. 45-50 lilidor@ula.ve

This thesis presents an empirical study of dendroclimatology, with the purpose of contributing to a wider understanding of the way scientists generate knowledge about climate change. Dendroclimatology is a science that produces knowledge about past climates from the analysis of tree growth. For two years, I have studied the work of a group of dendroclimatologists, joining them on fieldwork and sampling expeditions in the Scottish Highlands, observing how they generate data from tree samples to reconstruct past temperatures in Scotland and examining how they have mobilised a Scottish temperature reconstruction in a scientific debate over historical changes in climate. This thesis develops two parallel narratives about the practice of making dendroclimatological knowledge and the roles of trust and scepticism in this process. In describing how dendroclimatologists work to extract information about past climates from trees, I identify the importance of trust relationships and scepticism at each stage of their work. I conduct a symmetrical analysis of both trust and scepticism in science. In the past, scholars studying science have emphasised the critical role of either trust or scepticism in the construction of scientific knowledge, and have paid relatively little attention to examining the relationship between the two. In my study, I demonstrate that scepticism is part of the ordinary practice of dendroclimatology, and that scepticism in normal science (which I call “civil scepticism”) is fundamentally dependent (or “parasitic”) on existing trust relationships established through a variety of means. Dendroclimatologists engage in intimate interactions and mutual scrutiny of each other’s competence throughout the work they do in the field and in the laboratory, and they build upon and expand these trust relationships to create and defend climate reconstructions. I show that dendroclimatologists sustain trust relationships in part by demonstrating that they are competent sceptics (which I call “sceptical display”) and, in part by provisionally suspending their scepticism to permit agreement on what constitutes valid dendroclimatological knowledge. I also analyse how these internal practices of scepticism and agreement are influenced by sceptical challenges from actors external to the dendroclimatology community, including challenges grounded in similar trust relationships (a further instance of civil scepticism) and challenges that are not (which I call “uncivil scepticism”). I conclude that dendroclimatological knowledge is only possible as a result of contingent social negotiations over the distribution of trust and the boundaries of a trusting community.

Individuals within populations can use different resources, leading to ecological segregation and niche variation. This segregation could have direct impacts on the migratory strategy or breeding success, thus affecting the overall population and community dynamics and, ultimately, survival. In this study, we assessed the inter-annual and within individual foraging ecology of an endemic and highly threatened seabird species, the Desertas petrel Pterodroma deserta, during the breeding and non-breeding phases. We combined 54 annual tracks (26 individuals; 2009–2013) obtained with light-level loggers (Global Location Sensing or GLS loggers) with stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) of blood (plasma and cells) and feathers. Wide-ranging tracking data show that this species is a generalist predator, able to adapt to very different habitats. All birds remained faithful to their selected non-breeding areas over the years leading to very high spatial, temporal and trophic consistency among years (i.e. usually with intra-correlation coefficient values, which is an index of repeatability of > 40%). During both the breeding and non-breeding seasons, individual birds showed narrow and segregated isotopic niches, indicating a high level of specialization and limited choice of prey and habitats. The conservation of a seabird with such a dispersive (species-level) yet consistent (individual-level) non-breeding distribution pattern represents a challenge in marine policy terms. On the one hand, such a consistent temporal and spatial pattern will help with defining core areas for conservation, which could be protected through specific management measures or by the establishment of marine protected areas. Yet, their relatively large size (on average 4000 km2) and extent over both national and international waters, where different legislative frameworks apply, will require the coordinated action by many nations, international organizations and multilateral environmental agreements.

Dada la ausencia de trabajos publicados sobre los rebaños lecheros tropicales que relacionen fertilidad (FERT) con indicadores directos de bienestar animal (IBA) en salud, nutrición, fisiología reproductiva y manejo al momento de la inseminación artificial (IA), se estudiaron 35 vacas de un rebaño con predominancia racial Carora, ubicado en zona de bosque seco tropical a 420 msnm, temperatura media anual de 24,5 ºC y precipitación de 744 mm, estado Trujillo-Venezuela, alimentadas a pastoreo y suplementadas según producción lechera, bajo dos ordeños diarios con apoyo del becerro, detectadas en celo natural por observación visual (OV) de la aceptación quieta de la monta e inseminadas mediante regla AM/PM. A la IA se clasificaron en dos niveles y se consideraron favorables a la gestación: la presencia de moco cervical o limo (PMC), temperatura vaginal (TV=39oC), condición corporal (CC=2), escala 0=emaciada - 5=obesa, volumen celular aglomerado (VCA=28%), número de partos (NP=3), color roja-rosada de la mucosa de la vulva (MVRR), glucemia (GLU=36mg/dL), número del servicio (NS=1) y promedio/d/ producción acumulada de leche a la IA (PLAIA/d=10L/l/d). El despistaje de hemoparásitos fue negativo. Mediante un modelo de regresión logística múltiple se analizó y compararon las relaciones que el nivel favorable vs desfavorable de cada variable clasificatoria tenía sobre la FERT, se estimó el valor odds ratio (OR) o razón de probabilidad para el nivel favorable. La fertilidad general fue del 37,14%. Los valores OR fueron: 0,800 (PMC); 1,814 (TV=39oC); 1,167 (CC=2); 4,301 (VCA=28%); 0,950 (NP=3); 0,271 (MVRR); 5,260 (GLU=36mg/dL); 0,373 (NS=1); 10,653 (PLAIA=10 L/l/d). Los indicadores PLAIA=10 L/l/d, GLU=36 mg/dL, VCA=28%, TV=39 oC y CC=2 fueron los de mayor riesgo de fertilidad (preñez) en este sistema. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a identificar aquellos IBA favorables para la fertilidad. Mayores estudios son necesarios. Given the lack of papers linking fertility (FERT) with direct animal welfare indicators (AWI), in health, nutrition, reproductive physiology and management at the time of artificial insemination (AI) in tropical dairy herds, were studied thirty five cows, in a predominant racial Carora herd located at dry forest tropical area at 420 m.a.s.l. annual average temperature of 24.5 °C and rainfall of 744 mm, Trujillo State, Venezuela, fed by grazing and supplemented according to yield milk, in two daily milking with calf support, with spontaneous estrus detected for visual observation (VO) of the quiet acceptance of mounting and inseminated by AM / PM rule. At the AI time, the welfare indicators were classified into two levels and were considered pro-gestation: cervical mucus presence (CMP) or slime, vaginal temperature (VT=39oC), body condition score (BCS=2) scale 0 = emaciated - 5 = obese, packed cell volume (PCV=28%), calving numbers (CN=3) red-pink color of the vulva mucosae (RPVM), glycemic (GLY=36mg / dL), service number (SN =1), milk daily average of cumulative production to AI (MDA=10 L/m/d). The screening for blood parasites was negative. Using a multiple logistic regression with class contrast model the relationships between favorable vs. unfavorable level of each WAI on the FERT and was estimated the value of the odds ratio (OR). The general fertility was 37.14%. The OR values were: 0.800(CMP), 1.814 (VT=39 oC), 1.167 (BC=2), 4.301 (PCV=28%), 0.950(CN=3), 0.271 (RPVM), 5.260 (GLY=36mg / dL), 0.373 (SN=1), 10.653 (MDA=10 L / m / d). The MDA=10 L / m / d, GLY=36 mg/dL, PCV=28%, VT=39 oC and BCS=2 were the highest risk on fertility (pregnancy event) in this system. These results may help to identify those AWI favorable to gestation at AI time. Further studies are needed. 112 - 119 lilidor@ula.ve adediazra@yahoo.com adediazra@yahoo.com hermiben@cantv.net

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of vitamin E supplementation for adults with diabetes mellitus. © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The ultimate goal of this work is to contribute to the contemporary debate over the crisis of nowadays Western liberal democracies. We approach the debate from the perspective of political philosophy. We contend that in order to provide a more helpful and insightful contribution to the topic, we must focus on providing a deeper understanding of the present situation. We put forth the idea that the conception of political order changed altogether during modernity, with John Locke as its main theorist. In order to justify this assumption, we first review what we hold to be the theoretical foundation for the typically modern natural rights liberal approach politics, i.e., that of John Locke. Following that, we open a new chapter in our dissertation in which we begin to focus on the United States of America’s founding. We labeled this specific way of making politics, this combination of liberal and Lockean theory and practice, as the “liberal-lockean approach politics”. First we look at Thomas Jefferson through the Declaration of Independence of 1776 to discover those revolutionary elements that were appealing to the entire humanity and were not restricted only to the American patriots. We try to disclose the essential role that man’s rights played in the Jeffersonian political thinking and we then analyze in which exact way were those rights of man different to any other rights prior to that time. Lastly, we examine the Declaration in terms of the Lockean connections we discover within it. We review concepts such as government, property, inalienability… that have a crucial role in the constitution of America and can be traced, from our point of view, directly to the liberal theory of John Locke. Once we believed to have exposed the nature of the political-philosophical development in modernity, i.e., liberal democracies, we turn to observe the political-philosophical understanding of those concepts in the present time. We take the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and inspect those concepts that are most relevant for its understanding as a contemporary liberal democracy. While clarifying the conceptual implications that Spain’s core values have for liberal democracy, we also make comparative notes on the side regarding its relation to the modern -American- take on liberal democracies. The product of this analysis constitutes the final chapter of the work. In it, we feel like it is possible to distinguish certain differences between modern democracies and contemporary ones, yet we discover that this distinction is not so much substantive as it is formal. We contend there that there has been a misplacement of where the conflict really lies nowadays in liberal democracies. The tendency is to believe there is a deficiency within the very philosophy supporting liberalism and therefore its democracies, and that leads to questions such as should another kind of democracy better satisfy the of our contemporary culture? Or, is liberalism still an efficient way to justify and arrange political communities? From our point of view, the problem is not necessarily in the philosophy sustaining liberal democracies, but it could be. In other words, liberal democracies are not in and of themselves a philosophical doctrine capable of sustaining the political order on their own; nevertheless, nowadays, they might have become just that. In our final conclusion we use John Rawls’ categories to try to express how we can better understand the mix-up between a popular liberal political consensus on one hand and philosophical doctrines (liberal or otherwise) on the other and we suggest that by making this difference clear we can already consider ourselves to be moving forward when it comes to clarifying our political systems. If we wish to keep making steps in the right direction –as we aim at justifying here- we must continue by giving relevance to those philosophical systems that can return to liberalism its substance, and therefore, its reason for being.

La oftalmoplejia dolorosa es una entidad infrecuente en Pediatría, caracterizada por dolor orbitario y parálisis oculomotora ipsilateral. Puede ser debido a diferentes causas; una de ellas es el síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt (STH), causado por inflamación inespecífica en el seno cavernoso o fisura orbitaria superior. El STH es un diagnóstico de exclusión, por lo que ante un paciente con sospecha hay que realizar los pertinentes exámenes complementarios, que incluyen pruebas de imagen cerebral, entre otras. El STH suele presentar buena evolución y respuesta a tratamiento corticoideo aunque en ocasiones puede persistir la oftalmoplejia en diferentes grados y la recurrencia no es infrecuente. Painful ophthalmoplegia is a rare entity in children, characterized by orbital pain and ipsilateral oculomotor paresis. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), is caused by a granulomatous inflammation involving the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure of unknown etiology. The diagnosis of THS is based upon the clinical presentation in conjunction with neuroimaging results. The STH usually has good clinical response to corticosteroids, but occasionally ophthalmoplegia persists in varying degrees and some patients follow a relapsing-remitting course.

Con base en la información estadística de la FAO, se analiza la participación de carnes biodiversas en la producción nacional de Venezuela en el período 1961-2012. Se evidenció una disminución en la participación de carne vacuna, de pescados y productos acuáticos y un impactante incremento de la carne de aves. Se estimó la producción nacional de carnes en un 85% con tendencia a disminuir. Se detectó un incremento de los vacunos sacrificados y del rendimiento en canal con una impactante disminución del número de vacunos sacrificados/año/habitante. Se concluye que, se produjo un incremento de las carnes que demandan mayores insumos importados con la consecuente demanda de dólares petroleros. 22-26 lilidor@ula.ve

Se presenta el número de ministros designados relacionados con la actividad pecuaria durante el período 1961-2013. Se evidencia que la existencia de vacunos por habitante disminuyó de 0,84 en 1961 a 0,42 cabezas en el 2013; en tanto que, el número de aves se incrementó desde la década de los sesenta en una línea de tendencia que se mantiene hasta nuestros días. Se concluye que la orientación de la política gubernamental ha sido consistentemente semejante. Produciendo como resultado una consistente disminución de las cabezas de animales por habitante, con crecimiento de la producción de pollos y aves, que indica insuficiente respuesta del sector al crecimiento poblacional. 30-34 lilidor@ula.ve

Con base a la información estadística disponible en el sitio web de la FAO, se evidenció que la producción nacional o interna de Otras Carnes creció de ser estadísticamente no visible (0 kg/año/habitante en 1961 a 8,37 kg en el año 2011. 16-18 lilidor@ula.ve

Con base a la información estadística disponible en el sitio web de la FAO, se evidenció que la producción nacional o interna de carne biodiversa (vacuna, ave, cerdo, productos del agua, ovinos y caprinos y otras carnes) creció de 46,73 kg/año/habitante en 1961 a 95,79 kg en 2011; lo cual, induce a pensar en el alto nivel de proteínas de origen animal suministradas a la población. 19-21 lilidor@ula.ve

Con base en la información estadística disponible en el sitio web de la FAO, se evidenció que la producción nacional o interna de carne aves creció de 5,2 kg/año/habitante en 1961 a 39,5 kg en el año 2011. En tanto que, los habitantes pasaron de 7.853.000 a 29.501.000, creciendo un 275,66%. La carne aves pasó a ser la más consumida por los venezolanos. Se acota que esta es una producción de alta demanda de insumos importados y de dólares petroleros. 4-6 lilidor@ula.ve

Con base en la información estadística disponible en el sitio web de la FAO, se evidenció que la producción nacional o suministro interno de carne vacuna disminuyó de 17,4kg/año/persona en 1961 a 16,6 kg en el año 2011. En tanto que, los habitantes pasaron de 7.853.000 a 29.501.000 creciendo un 275,66%. La producción nacional de carne vacuna no acompañó al crecimiento poblacional. 1-3 lilidor@ula.ve

Se presenta la evolución de la existencia de ganado vacuno en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, se evidenció que su valor pasó de 6.500.000 en 1961 a 14.539.512 en 1998 y a 14.500.000 en el 2013. Se infiere el surgimiento de un nuevo modelo de ganadería de doble propósito que alterne vacunos y búfalos, según la regulación de los precios de sus productos: carne y leche. 27-29 lilidor@ula.ve

estadística disponible en el sitio web de la FAO, se evidenció que la producción nacional o interna de carne de ovinos y caprinos pasó de 0,64 kg/año/habitante en 1961 a 0,34 kg en el año 2011.En tanto que, los habitantes pasaron de 7.853.000 a 29.501.000, creciendo un 275,66%. La producción nacional de carnes ovinas y caprinas no acompañó al crecimiento poblacional y se mantiene como una actividad marginada. 10-12 lilidor@ula.ve

VAMOS1 was a prototype detector built in 2011 at an altitude of 4100 m a.s.l. in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The aim of VAMOS was to finalize the design, construction techniques and data acquisition system of the HAWC observatory. HAWC is an air-shower array currently under construction at the same site of VAMOS with the purpose to study the TeV sky. The VAMOS setup included six water Cherenkov detectors and two different data acquisition systems. It was in operation between October 2011 and May 2012 with an average live time of 30%. Besides the scientific verification purposes, the eight months of data were used to obtain the results presented in this paper: the detector response to the Forbush decrease of March 2012, and the analysis of possible emission, at energies above 30 GeV, for long gamma-ray bursts GRB111016B and GRB120328B.