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Introduction and Aim: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that destroys dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal area of the midbrain this results in a movement difficulty characterised by tremors, bradykinesia, and postural instability The present in vitro study is designed to assess the beneficial (cytoprotectant and anti-inflammatory) and cyto-toxicological effects of ethanolic Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract (EWSR) in presence of Rotenone (ROT) and other known neuroprotectants (Doxycycline and Ellagic acid). Materials and Methods: The nine groups used in the in vitro studies were normal control, positive control (Rotenone or Rot), W. somnifera root extract (EWSR), Doxycycline (Doxy), Ellagic acid (EA), ROT with EWSR, ROT with doxy, ROT with EA, ROT with EWSR-doxy, and ROT with EWSR-doxy-EA. The EWSR, doxy and EA treatment was started on the 24th hour following the rotenone administration and continued for the next 36 hours. After the 36th hour of protective therapy, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines (ELISA), cell viability or analyses of neuronal cell loss, cell cycle analysis and molecular analysis (RTPCR) was performed as a part of assessment. Results: Observations from the present in vitro studies clearly demonstrate the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of EWSR, and these beneficial or protective effects got enhanced when treated in combination with Doxy and EA indicating synergistic effect in the cells that were priorly treated with ROT, and later treated with EWSR, Doxy, and EA individually and in combination. Conclusion: The findings imply that EWSR reduces the in vitro effects of ROT by acting as an anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent.

Alzheimer’s disease is among the major health challenges that currently attract the attention of health care givers and drug discovery and development experts worldwide. This study investigated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of sappanin-type homisoflavonoids isolated from the inter-bulb surface of Scilla nervosa. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, ADMET and in vitro studies were performed to identify the hit molecules, understand their binding mode and interaction, druggability and establish their inhibitory potentials against acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The hit compounds 5, 2, 1 and 4 were identified as the hit molecules through the molecular docking. The molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA analysis showed the hit homoisoflavonoids established stability and good binding affinity against the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Also, 5 elicited the best inhibitory activity followed by 2, 1 and 4 in the in vitro experiment. Furthermore, the selected homoisoflavonoids exhibit interesting drug likeness and pharmacokinetic properties as drug candidate. The results suggest further investigations towards the development of the phytochemicals as possible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

A series of triarylamines was synthesised and screened for their suitability as catholytes in redox flow batteries using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Tris(4-aminophenyl)amine was found to be the strongest candidate. Solubility and initial electrochemical performance were promising; however, polymerisation was observed during electrochemical cycling leading to rapid capacity fade prescribed to a loss of accessible active material and the limitation of ion transport processes within the cell. A mixed electrolyte system of H3 PO4 and HCl was found to inhibit polymerisation producing oligomers that consumed less active material reducing rates of degradation in the redox flow battery. Under these conditions Coulombic efficiency improved by over 4 %, the maximum number of cycles more than quadrupled and an additional theoretical capacity of 20 % was accessed. This paper is, to our knowledge, the first example of triarylamines as catholytes in all-aqueous redox flow batteries and emphasises the impact supporting electrolytes can have on electrochemical performance.

Introduction: The identification and monitoring of benign moles and skin cancers leads to a challenging task because of the usual standard significant skin patches. Actually, the skin lesions vary very little in their look and only limited amount of information is available. There are seven fundamental types of skin cancer like Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Melanoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) whereas Melanoma is the highly risky which has low survival rate. Objective: This work classifies skin lesions with the help of Convolution Neural Network and the images are trained end-to-end. A dataset comprised of 10000 clinical images were trained using Convolution Neural Network (CNN). Materials and Methods: The skin cancer identification process is generally separated into two basic components, image pre-processing which includes classification of images and removing the duplicate images and sharpening, which resizes the skin image. This work discusses a methodology to segment the high-level skin lesion and identification of malignancy more accurately with the help of deep learning: 1) Construction of a neural network, which detects the edge of a huge lesion accurately; 2) Designing model that can run on mobile phones. The model designed a transfer learning which is based deep on neural network and the fine turning that supports to attain high prediction accuracy. Results: The dataset comprises of a total of 10,000 images stored in two folders. The information about the data is stored in a data frame. Total 10000 dermoscopic images contains 374 melanoma images, 254 seborrheic keratosis images and 1372 nevus images. Using transfer learning validation loss, Top-2 accuracy and Top-3 accuracy have been calculated. The result has been compared with the different models. Conclusions: The proposed system can categorize healthy skin lesions, eczema, acne, malignant and benign skin lesions. The proposed work investigates the attributes acquired by the deep convolutional neural network. The attributes are extracted and the datasets were divided into seven different categories. Based on that categories the data was trained and validated. Based on the calculation the validation loss, top-2 accuracy, top-3 accuracy was calculated.

Medical Image Processing plays a major role in optimized identification of various diseases. In many parts of the world, tuberculosis is a serious health problem. Even in today's environment, diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) is difficult. The mortality role of those affected with TB is high due to the undiagnosed and untreated nature. Early detection of tuberculosis (TB) using X-rays of the lungs and classification to assist the treatments needed to improve their day-to-day routines. Early identification of the TB the lung X rays are segmented using Particle Swarm Optimization scheme. Features are extracted from the segmented lung Region of Interest using the texture and the shape features. Prominent Features are identified using a genetic algorithm. The reduced set of features are classified using neural network thus enabling the images to be classified as Normal or Abnormal. The accuracy, recall and, sensitivity achieved by the methodology have been reported in this paper.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in women. The use of biomarkers ensures breast cancer patients receive optimal treatment. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are emerging as one of the key prognostic markers of breast cancer. Our study aims to evaluate percentage of TILs in Objectives And Methodology: tumor tissue, grading TILs based on the recommendations by an International TIL Working Group 2014 & compare with ER & PR status and in relation to concentration of TILs we assess prognosis of breast carcinoma for a period of 6 months. Results: Among 30 study subjects, TILs were of intermediate, high & lower grade in 53.3%, 40% and 6.7% cases respectively. TILs expression was statistically significant in both ER and PR, positive & negative groups (p

Information and communication technologies are used by e-Government to deliver governmental services to people and companies instantly, effectively, and efficiently. The majority of current e-government systems are centrally located on redundant servers and databases that may have single points of failure, rendering the systems susceptible to cyber-attacks. Blockchain technology makes it possible to build a decentralised, incredibly secure system without the need for a central authority to monitor transactions. Blockchain technology, which encrypts data and distributes it over the network, improves information security and privacy and gives governments new chances to increase transparency, stop fraud, and foster citizen confidence. In this paper, we primarily cover the overview of blockchain technology, architecture of blockchain, consensus models and the blockchain use cases in e-Government

Indian English Fiction enabled a more in-depth examination of the Woman's Question. Women were employed to represent revolt, heroic principles, and passionate desires. While post-independence Indian writers in English condemn the current literary scene and critical creeds as absolute and out of date, their thematic interests extended well beyond Indian borders. The work presents a huge "feminine mystique," with characters ranging from Arundhati Roy to Githa Hariharan. Writing on nearly anything under the sun, these female novelists are cognizant of their society, ideals, and ideologies, as well as the power, strengths, and vulnerabilities of women. The identity, which is frequently referred to as the "self," is the inner person to whom the notion of divided selves is more important than the exaltation of the outward personality. The question of identity is comprised of the humble and human relationships accounting to the feminine existence such as mother, sister, daughter, wife, and soul. It is more in her approach to discovering her identity, which is nothing more than a frenzied chain of fragmented selves. Githa Hariharan's novels have represented the cultural spaces and survival methods predominantly occupied by the middle class since the development of feminist thinking. The paper describes women's path towards independence and forging an individual identity, beginning with fictitious conceptions of feminist individualism and continuing through the institutions of marriage and family.

In India, approximately 196 million elementary school going children, out of that 146 million are enrolled in rural schools. The good news is that almost all of these children are enrolled in school, enrolment of children for the age group 5 to 14 has been above 95% in rural India. Many government and non-government surveys done in the last several years had hinted at the precarious state of ‘learning crisis’ in India.However, the true picture emerged after a National Achievement Survey was undertaken by the National Council of Educational research and Training, which was ably supported by the Union ministry of education. A well-defined and futuristic education policy is a must for every country because education is the key driver of economic and social progress. The National Education Policy 2020 is in many ways just what India needs, as it blossoms into the world’s largest workforce in coming years. The new education policy in 2020 came after 30 years and is all set to change the existing academic system of India with the purpose of making it at par with the international standard of academic. The Government of India aims to set up the NEP by the year 2040. Till the targeted year, the key point of the plan is to be implemented one by one. The proposed reform by NEP 2020 will come into effect by the collaboration of the Central and the State Government. Subject wise committees will be set up the GOI with both central and state-level ministries for discussing the implementation strategy. Even though there are many drawbacks and challenges to the new education policy with special reference to Maharashtra.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to pose a threat to the existence of the human race. The increasing number of diabetic subjects can be effectively controlled by targeting enzymes responsible for high blood glucose levels. Xanthones are a class of phytochemicals that possesses promising pharmacological potentials. Objective: This study identified fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors by exploring xanthones isolated from African medicinal plants through ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory methods. Methods: The study used ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory (B3LYP/6-3G (d,p) basis set) and ADMET methods to select lead compound that may be effective as fructose-I,6-biphosphatase inhibitor. Results: The ensemble docking results identified globulixanthone C (-10.0 kcal/mol), 1-Isomangostin (-9.0 kcal/mol), laurentixanthone A (-9.0 kcal/mol), bangangxanthone A (-8.9 kcal/mol) and staudtiixanthone B (-8.8 kcal/mol) as potential inhibitors of fructose-1,6-biphosphatase. Molecular dynamics studies showed the xanthones established good binding mode and their binding energy ranged from -74.057 to 53.669 kJ/mol. Also, the electronic and ADMET studies of the xanthones elucidated their excellent pharmacological potential. Conclusion: The study identified xanthones as potential fructose-1,6-biphosphatase inhibitors. The ligands' binding energy and MMPBSA calculations supported their possible inhibitory property. Also, the ADMET properties estimated show the ligands as suitable drug candidates as fructose-1,6-biphosphatase inhibitors. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation of the hit molecules is necessary to develop new FBPase inhibitors.

An extraction chromatography resin was prepared by impregnating hexa-n-octyl nitrilotriacetamide (HONTA) on chromosorb-W. This resin shows very efficient performance for selective separation of Pu4+ over other actinides like uranium and americium. The distribution coefficient for Pu4+ (at 3 M HNO3) was on the order of 104 mL/g, with separation factors of >103 for other actinides. The extraction kinetics for Pu4+ was slow and took 20 min of shaking for reaching the equilibrium conditions and followed both the film diffusion and the intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The Pu4+ sorption on the resin followed the Langmuir monolayer model with a sorption energy of 11.2 kJ/mol. The maximum Pu4+ loading capacity on the resin was 58.2 mg/g resin, which corresponds to 1:1 Pu/ligand complex formation. Excellent column performance was observed for selective separation of Pu4+ from a mixture of Pu, Am, and U in a 3 M HNO3 solution.

The TIFR Near Infrared Imaging Camera-II (TIRCAM2) is being used at the 3.6 m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT) operated by Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Earlier, the TIRCAM2 was used at the main port of the DOT on time shared basis. It has now been installed at the side port of the telescope. Side port installation allows near simultaneous observations with the main port instrument as well as longer operating periods. Thus, the TIRCAM2 serves the astronomical community for a variety of observations ranging from lunar occultations, transient events and normal scheduled observations., Accepted for publication in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy

The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis) are increasing worldwide. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial, including genetic predisposition, dysregulated immune response, microbial dysbiosis, and environmental factors. However, many of the existing therapies are associated with marked side effects. Therefore, the development of new drugs for IBD treatment is an important area of investigation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of α-bisabolol, a naturally occurring monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol present in many aromatic plants, in colonic inflammation. To address this, we used molecular docking and dynamic studies to understand how α-bisabolol interacts with PPAR-γ, which is highly expressed in the colonic epithelium: in vivo (mice) and in vitro (RAW264.7 macrophages and HT-29 colonic adenocarcinoma cells) models. The molecular docking and dynamic analysis revealed that α-bisabolol interacts with PPAR-γ, a nuclear receptor protein that is highly expressed in the colon epithelium. Treatment with α-bisabolol in DSS-administered mice significantly reduced Disease Activity Index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and colonic length and protected the microarchitecture of the colon. α-Bisabolol treatment also reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL1β, TNF-α, and IL-17A) at the protein and mRNA levels. The expression of COX-2 and iNOS inflammatory mediators were reduced along with tissue nitrite levels. Furthermore, α-bisabolol decreased the phosphorylation of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) proteins and enhanced colon epithelial PPAR-γ transcription factor expression. However, the PPAR-α and β/δ expression was not altered, indicating α-bisabolol is a specific stimulator of PPAR-γ. α-Bisabolol also increased the PPAR-γ transcription factor expression but not PPAR-α and β/δ in pretreated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. α-Bisabolol significantly decreased the expression of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL-1 and IL-8) mRNA in HT-29 cells treated with TNF-α and HT-29 PPAR-γ promoter activity. These results demonstrate that α-bisabolol mitigates colonic inflammation by inhibiting MAPK signaling and stimulating PPAR-γ expression.

Methods for measuring enantiomeric excess (ee) of organic molecules by NMR spectroscopy provide rapid analysis using a standard technique that is readily available. Commonly this is accomplished by chiral derivatisation of the detector molecule (producing a chiral derivatisation agent, CDA), which is reacted with the mixture of enantiomers under investigation. However, these CDAs have almost exclusively been based on carbon frameworks, which are generally costly and/or difficult to prepare. In this work, a methodology based on the readily prepared inorganic cyclodiphosph(iii)azane CDA ClP(μ-N t Bu)2POBorn (Born = endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) is shown to be highly effective in the measurement of ee's of chiral amines, involving in situ reaction of the chiral amines (R*NH2) with the P-Cl bond of the CDA followed by quaternization of the phosphorus framework with methyl iodide. This results in sharp 31P NMR signals with distinct chemical shift differences between the diastereomers that are formed, which can be used to obtain the ee directly by integration. Spectroscopic, X-ray structural and DFT studies suggest that the NMR chemical shift differences between diastereomers is steric in origin, with the sharpness of these signals resulting from conformational locking of the bornyl group relative to the P2N2 ring induced by the presence of the P(v)-bonded amino group (R*NH). This study showcases cheap inorganic phosphazane CDAs as simple alternatives to organic variants for the rapid determination of ee.

Purpose To study the demography, incidence, symptoms, histopathology, postoperative complications and recovery in operated patients of spinal tumor. Overview of Literature Primary spinal cord tumors (SCT) are an uncommon entity. According to their location, spinal tumors are conveniently classified as extradural (ED) and intradural (ID), although some can be both inside and outside the dura. ID tumors can be intradural extramedullary (IDEM) or intramedullary SCT (IMSCT). Methods This is a retrospective study of 122 patients with spinal tumors who were surgically treated at the department of neurosurgery from 2014 to 2019 over a period of 5 years. Study Design This is a retrospective study. Results Out of 122 patients, there were 19 patients with ED tumor, 73 had IDEM, and 30 had IMSCT. As many as 73 patients were males and the rest of the 49 patients were females. Mean age at time of surgery was 40.79 years. The thoracic region of spinal canal was most frequently involved (64; 52.4%). The common clinical symptom was motor weakness (90 cases; 73.77%). Majority of the patients had symptoms for duration of 6 to 12 months. Schwannomas were the most common tumor among IDEM and extradural location. Ependymomas were the most common type in IMSCT. We observed significant improvement in most of our cases. Four patients deteriorated at 3 months follow- up. Conclusions There was a higher male:female ratio for all spinal cord tumors except meningiomas. There was also a higher proportion of nerve sheath tumors, and a lower proportion of meningiomas and neuroepithelial tumors. These results are similar to other studies from Asian countries.

Graphene-based FET (Field Effect Transistor) has been widely explored for high speed optical applications such as photodetectors, terahertz modulators etc. On the other hand, graphene MESFET (Metal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) which is not yet explored bears a thin line of distinction with respect to the graphene FET i.e. the oxide/insulator capacitance in graphene FET is replaced with dipole capacitance in graphene MESFET. This thin difference creates a significant variation in the characteristics of both the devices. In this paper, we comparatively analyze the photogating, high frequency amplification, inter-band, and intra-band performance of graphene FET and graphene MESFET devices for photodetection and terahertz modulation applications.

In the diverse environment anomaly detection significant challenge for the efficient analysis of the data traffic monitoring, medical domain, transaction of financial data, web log, domain for transportation, wireless mobile network and so on. Wireless network comprises of the different factors such as ease of use and reduced running cost in the network. MANET network comprises of the infrastructure less, auto configured, dynamic topology and central administration in the network node. This paper concentrated on the examination of the challenges in the MANET attack security challenges and proposed an anomaly detection scheme. The proposed anomaly detection scheme incorporates the scoring procedure for the anomaly detection in the network. The anomaly detection score computes the ranking values in the MANET network for the analysis. The developed ranking-based anomaly detection scheme is defined as the Ranking Anomaly Score (RAS). The performance of the RAS model is evaluated in terms of throughput, Packet delivery rate (PDR) and end -to-end delay. The performance of the proposed RAS model is comparatively examined with the existing Hashing, AODV and RSA. The comparative analysis expressed that proposed RAS model achieves the maximum throughput of 1600 bits/sec, maxima PDR is 98% and end-to-end delay is measured as 14ms. Through analysis it is observed that proposed RAS model achieves improved performance compared with the conventional technique.

Complexation of Np4+ and NpO22+ ions was studied in a room temperature ionic liquid (C8mim•NTf2) using two multiple diglycolamide (DGA) ligands with three and four DGA arms tethered to the nitrogen atoms of the aza-9-crown-3 and -12-crown-4 scaffolds termed as LI and LII, respectively. The studies include solvent extraction, UV–visible spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory (DFT). While the extraction of NpO22+ ion, as a function of the nitric acid concentration, resembled that of the ‘solvation’ mechanism, seen in case of neutral donor ligands in molecular diluent, an opposite trend was observed for the Np4+ ion suggesting a ‘cation-exchange’ mechanism often operating in the case of ionic liquid-based solvent systems. Slope analysis suggested formation of Np(NO3)]3+•L and NpO2(NO3)2•L extracted species for the extraction of Np4+ and NpO22+, respectively, in both the ligand systems. The complexation of the metal ions was supported by peak shifts in the UV–visible spectrophotometric as well as cyclic voltammetric studies. DFT studies were carried out to get structural information of the complexes.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a lymphotropic virus responsible for numerous epithelial and lymphoid cell malignancies, including gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Hundreds of thousands of people worldwide get infected with this virus, and in most cases, this viral infection leads to cancer. Although researchers are trying to develop potential vaccines and drug therapeutics, there is still no effective vaccine to combat this virus. In this study, the immunoinformatics approach was utilized to develop a potential multiepitope subunit vaccine against the two most common subtypes of EBV, targeting three of their virulent envelope glycoproteins. Eleven cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, 11 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and 10 B-cell lymphocyte (BCL) epitopes were predicted to be antigenic, nonallergenic, nontoxic, and fully conserved among the two subtypes, and nonhuman homologs were used for constructing the vaccine after much analysis. Later, further validation experiments, including molecular docking with different immune receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors [TLRs]), molecular dynamics simulation analyses (including root means square deviation [RMSD], root mean square fluctuation [RMSF], radius of gyration [Rg], principal-component analysis [PCA], dynamic cross-correlation [DCC], definition of the secondary structure of proteins [DSSP], and Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area [MM-PBSA]), and immune simulation analyses generated promising results, ensuring the safe and stable response of the vaccine with specific immune receptors after potential administration within the human body. The vaccine's high binding affinity with TLRs was revealed in the docking study, and a very stable interaction throughout the simulation proved the potential high efficacy of the proposed vaccine. Further

A comparative study on the uptake of several rare earth element (REE) ions viz. La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Gd(III) and Dy(III) was carried out from nitric acid feeds using four extraction chromatography resins which contained the diglycolamide (DGA) ligands, N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-alkyldiglycolamide with n-pentyl (TPDGA), n-hexyl (THDGA), n-octyl (TODGA) and n-decyl (TDDGA) groups taken in a room temperature ionic liquid (C

Accurate simulation of meteorological variables is a prerequisite for numerous downstream applications such as air quality modeling and weather forecasting. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is widely utilized to simulate various prognostic meteorological variables across multiple spatial scales. The suitability of the WRF-v3.9 model in simulation of surface meteorological variables and vertical thermodynamic profile is tested with available in situ surface and radiosonde observations collected from the locations representing rural, semi-urban, and urban environments of the central Indian region. Nested domains with 12 and 4 km grid spacing having 28 vertical layers are set up during the fair weather days of January and March 2018. The model sensitivity is tested by varying two non-local (Yonsei University, YSU and Asymmetric Convective Model, ACM2) and one local (Mellor-Yamada Eta, MY-E) closure Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) schemes. Results indicate that no particular PBL scheme simulates best for all meteorological variables at different land uses. Overall, thermodynamic variables (temperature and relative humidity) are more accurately simulated than the dynamic variables (wind speed and direction). YSU and MY-E schemes have relatively better accuracy in simulating surface temperature in rural and semi-urban locations, while ACM2 performed better in the urban location. MY-E is relatively better in simulating relative humidity and wind speed in rural and semi-urban locations, while it poorly performed in the urban location. The vertical thermodynamic profile is perfectly correlated with radiosonde observations over the urban location during January and with a reasonably good fit during March. The study provides a comprehensive evaluation of boundary-layer meteorological variables simulated by the WRF model in Central India.

OBJECTIVE:The goal of this study is to predict the long term LV function in RV apical paced patients. BACKGROUND:We have used the GLS measured by 2D STE, as a tool to predict the patients who are at high risk of developing pacing induced LV dysfunction (PIVD) or pacing induced cardiomyopathy (PCMP). METHOD: A prospective study conducted in the cardiology department of Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, including 47 patients of AV block or sinus node dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction undergoing RV apical pacing. This study population was followed up with serial trans thoracic 2D echocardiography with GLS by STE for a period of 12 months for the development of PIVD (PCMP). RESULTS: Of the study population, 42.5% (n=20) developed PIVD at 12 months and these patients had a signicant fall in their GLS values at one month post pacing. (GLS -16.94% vs -17.60%; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: GLS, a novel echocardiographic parameter can be used as a tool in predicting the decline in ejection fraction following pacemaker implantation with potential to predict the development of PIVD. GLS at one month post pacing had a high predictive accuracy for identifying those who developed PIVD later in the follow up.

Inflammatory bowel disease, comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is often debilitating. The disease etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility, microbial dysregulation, abnormal immune activation, and environmental factors. Currently, available drug therapies are associated with adverse effects when used long-term. Therefore, the search for new drug candidates to treat IBD is imperative. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is highly expressed in the colon. PPARγ plays a vital role in regulating colonic inflammation. 1,8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol, is a monoterpene oxide present in various aromatic plants which possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that 1,8-cineole binds to PPARγ and if it were an agonist, that would explain the anti-inflammatory effects of 1,8-cineole. Therefore, we investigated the role of 1,8-cineole in colonic inflammation, using both in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was used as the in vivo model, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-stimulated HT-29 cells as the in vitro model. 1,8-cineole treatment significantly decreased the inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis mice. 1,8-cineole treatment also increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation into the nucleus to induce potent antioxidant effects. 1,8-cineole also increased colonic PPARγ protein expression. Similarly, 1,8-cineole decreased proinflammatory chemokine production and increased PPARγ protein expression in TNFα-stimulated HT-29 cells. 1,8-cineole also increased PPARγ promoter activity time-dependently. Because of its potent anti-inflammatory effects, 1,8-cineole may be valuable in treating IBD.

Microstrip Patch Antenna is a narrowband antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace of elements like copper bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer on the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Electromagnetic Metamaterial is an artificial material that is made up of different types of structural designs on dielectric substrates. In this paper, a broad and elite investigation is being carried out by designing and simulating a single negative metamaterial cell comprising a square split ring resonator. This metamaterial cell depicts negative values of permeability for a specific range of frequencies. These cells show exceptionally great applications in the design of microstrip patch antenna. The substrate of the microstrip patch antenna with a ground plane is loaded with a square split-ring resonator, Conventional and proposed patch antennas are simulated, analyzed, and reported for performance comparison of its parameters. The proposed edge port feed metamaterial based Rectangular microstrip patch antenna and Circular patch antenna designed at 26 GHz resonance frequency useful for 5G applications. Both antennas are designed on RT Duroid 5880 Substrate with 2.2, dielectric constants. The parameters such as bandwidth, gain and return loss of metamaterial loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna and Circular patch antenna increases considerably compared to conventional antennas. Comparing parameters of both antennas, the performance of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is found to be better than circular patch antenna.

Subcutaneous (SC) delivery of biologics has traditionally been limited to fluid volumes of 1–2 mL, with recent increases to volumes of about 3 mL. This injection volume limitation poses challenges for high-dose biologics, as these formulations may also require increased solution concentration in many cases, resulting in high viscosities which can affect the stability, manufacturability, and delivery/administration of therapeutic drugs. Currently, there are technologies that can help to overcome these challenges and facilitate the delivery of larger amounts of drug through the SC route. This can be achieved either by enabling biologic molecules to be formulated or delivered as high-concentration injectables (>100 mg/mL for antibodies) or through facilitating the delivery of larger volumes of fluid (>3 mL). The SC Drug Delivery and Development Consortium, which was established in 2018, aims to identify and address critical gaps and issues in the SC delivery of high-dose/volume products to help expand this delivery landscape. Identified as a high priority out of the Consortium’s eight problem statements, it highlights the need to shift perceptions of the capabilities of technologies that enable the SC delivery of large-volume (>3 mL) and/or high-dose biologics. The Consortium emphasizes a patient-focused approach towards the adoption of SC delivery of large-volume/high-concentration dosing products to facilitate the continued expansion of the capabilities of novel SC technologies. To raise awareness of the critical issues and gaps in high-dose/volume SC drug development, this review article provides a generalized overview of currently available and emerging technologies and devices that could facilitate SC delivery of high-dose/volume drug formulations. In addition, it discusses the challenges, gaps, and future outlook in high-dose/volume SC delivery as well as potential solutions to exploit the full value of the SC route of administration.

A range of titanium compounds containing the naturally occurring dyes quinizarin (QH2) and alizarin (AH2) was synthesized and structurally characterized in the solid state. Among these is the first examples of a discrete metallocyclic arrangement formed exclusively using quinizarin ligands and the first examples of lanthanide containing titanium compounds of the alizarin family of ligands.

The present paper seeks to examine the association between board characteristics and banks profitability. The study is based on convenience sampling of 10 Indian banks for the period from 2010 to 2019. Banks profitability is measured by return on assets, return on capital employed, profit after tax and return on net worth, while board of directors’ characteristics is measured by board of directors’ size, board of directors’ composition, board of directors’ diligence, board executive directors and board promoters. The study is used leverage, size, and liquidity as controlling variables. Fixed and random effects models are used for analyzing the data. The findings revealed that Total board size positively and significantly impacts return on assets, Return on capital employed, Profit after detecting tax and Return on net worth, while percentage of promoter negatively and insignificant impacts return on assets, Return on capital employed, profit after detecting tax and Return on net worth. The present study contributes to the existing literature by examining the impact of board characteristics which includes board promoters and executive directors on Indian banks profitability.

Clarithromycin is a commonly used antibiotic. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects are recognized, but the occurrence of seizures and status epilepticus (SE) has been rarely reported. We report the case of an elderly patient who developed generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) followed by nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), 2 days after starting clarithromycin. Other causes of seizures were excluded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, CSF analysis, and routine laboratory studies, thus establishing the causal role of clarithromycin. Clarithromycin was stopped and parenteral antiepileptic drugs started, which controlled the status. In the elderly, symptoms like delirium, drowsiness, confusion, or seizures can occur due to an underlying systemic disease, brain pathology, or adverse effects of medications, all of which must be correctly differentiated. This case illustrates the occurrence of seizures and SE due to clarithromycin. Awareness about this possibility will help physicians recognize and treat such situations promptly. How to cite this article: Seetharam R, Iyer RB, Nooraine J, Ramachandran J. Clarithromycin-induced Seizures and Status Epilepticus. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(8):945–947.