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The objectives of the study on a continuous flow hot air dryer combined with radio frequency heating at different temperatures (HA/RF) (38 °C, 42 °C, 46 °C, and 50 °C) in a large-scale process compared with conventional continuous flow hot air drying (HA) were (1) to investigate the drying characteristics, drying kinetics, and milling quality of the process and (2) to observe the cooking quality and compare the sensory differences of the cooked rice after treatment. The drying characteristics and moisture diffusivity showed that the higher the radio frequency (RF) heating temperature, the shorter the drying time. The specific energy consumption and energy cost decreased when the RF heating temperature increased. The optimal condition in terms of fissure percentage was HA/RF42. In addition, there were no significant differences in head rice yield and white rice color determination, amylose content, texture profiles, and pasting properties in all HA/RF treatments. In the triangle test, it was found that at least 6% of the population could perceive a difference between HA and HA/RF50. In conclusion, this study proposes the further development of the HA/RF drying process at low-temperature profiles and shows the great potential of RF technology for commercial drying in rice industry.

A scaled-up process for paddy drying was developed using hot air (HA) combined with radio frequency (RF) heating. The study was conducted using hot air (control treatment) arranged in descending order in four temperature levels, namely 80 °C at moisture content of 25–26%, 70 °C at moisture content of 20–25%, 60 °C at moisture content of 17–20%, and 50 °C at moisture content of 13–17%, as well as with hot air combined with radio frequency (HA/RF) at different paddy temperatures (45–60 °C) by adjusting the appropriate RF energy when passing through RF heating chamber, namely HA/RF45, HA/RF50, HA/RF55, and HA/RF60. Each treatment was performed in three replicates and data were statistically analyzed in a randomized complete block design. The quality attributes of paddies affected by the drying process were assessed: fissure percentage, color, milling quality, and sensory evaluation. The drying efficiency showed that the drying time and the specific energy consumption could be decreased by up to 54.44% and 23.17% at HA/RF60 and HA/RF45, respectively. As the RF heating temperature increased, the fissure percentage of brown rice kernels at HA/RF45 and HA was not significantly impacted. Regarding color evaluation, combining RF heating and convective drying at all given conditions could be statistically applied in terms of the b*, WI, and ΔE* value. Considering the milling yield of HA as the baseline, head rice yield was maximized at HA/RF45, while bran yield reached the maximum at HA/RF60. The liking score of cooked rice after it was dried using the HA method was the highest. This study concludes that the HA/RF45 was the most appropriate drying condition, and this may provide preliminary exposure to the industrial drying of paddies.

We consider a scenario of the initial stage of the RF breakdown of a working gas in torsatrons Uragan-3M and Uragan-2M and the roles of runaway electrons in this process. In our previous works, we studied only the acceleration factor of the breakdown process which occurs, when the intensity of the flow of runaway electrons increases due to the stimulation by an additional ultrahigh-frequency discharge at the front edge of a magnetic field pulse. This work attempts to describe the individual phenomena that accompany the initial stage of plasma formation in the confinement areas of torsatrons Uragan-3M and Uragan-2M in the presence of the flow of runaway electrons., В роботi розглядається сценарiй початкової стадiї високочастотного пробою робочого газу в торсатронах Ураган-3М, Ураган-2М та ролi втiкаючих електронiв в цьому процесi. Ранiше в наших роботах розглядався лише фактор прискорення процесу пробою, який мав мiсце зi збiльшенням iнтенсивностi потоку втiкаючих електронiв за рахунок стимуляцiї додатковим надвисокочастотним розрядом на передньому фронтi iмпульсу магнiтного поля. У цiй роботi зроблено спробу описати окремi явища, що супроводжують початкову стадiю процесу утворення плазми в областi утримання торсатронiв Ураган-3М i Ураган-2М за наявностi в областi утримання потоку втiкаючих електронiв.

Several recent studies have found that measuring the dielectric permittivity of soil can be used to determine the level of environmental pollution. However, there is limited research on the measurement of dielectric properties in soil contaminated with biodiesel-diesel blends from Thailand. This paper presents to monitor the dielectric properties of soil contaminated with biodiesel-diesel blends. Specifically, we use the commercial grade diesel B7 to contaminate a sample of sand soil. We also study the measurement of dielectric properties in contaminated soil with the diesel B7 using a dual electrode plate-based radio frequency (RF) heating system. This allows us to observe the behavior of the contaminated soil before and after RF heating treatment. The experimental result showed that the dielectric properties of uncontaminated and contaminated soil were different. In addition, the RF heating system utilizing the electric field intensities of 450 kV/m resulted in the dielectric properties of the contaminated soil becoming similar to those of uncontaminated soil. These findings suggest that using RF heating on contaminated soil samples improve the air in the pore space compared to unheated contaminated soil. This approach may be effective for the treatment of soil in Thailand using an RF heating system with dual electrode plates.

Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor. Combining hyperthermia with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy improves survival of GBM patients. For radio frequency (RF)-induced hyperthermia, the RF signals’ power and phase need to be supervised to achieve a precise formation of the power deposition focal point, accurate thermal dose control, and safety management. Patient position during treatment also needs to be monitored to ensure the efficiency of the treatment and to avoid adverse effects in healthy tissue. This work demonstrates the development, implementation, evaluation, validation, and application of a multi-channel RF supervision module that meets the technical requirements of hyperthermia and provides a cost-effective solution for broad-band RF signal supervision and patient monitoring. It is a key component for a hyperthermia hardware system and facilitates future thermal magnetic resonance applications that integrate RF-induced heating, in vivo temperature mapping, and anatomic and functional imaging in a single RF applicator. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal and common brain tumor. Combining hyperthermia with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy improves the survival of GBM patients. Thermal magnetic resonance (ThermalMR) is a hyperthermia variant that exploits radio frequency (RF)-induced heating to examine the role of temperature in biological systems and disease. The RF signals’ power and phase need to be supervised to manage the formation of the energy focal point, accurate thermal dose control, and safety. Patient position during treatment also needs to be monitored to ensure the efficacy of the treatment and avoid damages to healthy tissue. This work reports on a multi-channel RF signal supervision module that is capable of monitoring and regulating RF signals and detecting patient motion. System characterization was performed for a broad range of frequencies. Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to examine the impact of power and phase errors on hyperthermia performance. The supervision module’s utility was demonstrated in characterizing RF power amplifiers and being a key part of a feedback control loop regulating RF signals in heating experiments. Electromagnetic field simulations were conducted to calculate the impact of patient displacement during treatment. The supervision module was experimentally tested for detecting patient motion to a submillimeter level. To conclude, this work presents a cost-effective RF supervision module that is a key component for a hyperthermia hardware system and forms a technological basis for future ThermalMR applications.

Thermal Magnetic Resonance (ThermalMR) leverages radio frequency (RF)-induced heating to examine the role of temperature in biological systems and disease. To advance RF heating with multi-channel RF antenna arrays and overcome the shortcomings of current RF signal sources, this work reports on a 32-channel modular signal generator (SGPLL). The SGPLL was designed around phase-locked loop (PLL) chips and a field-programmable gate array chip. To examine the system properties, switching/settling times, accuracy of RF power level and phase shifting were characterized. Electric field manipulation was successfully demonstrated in deionized water. RF heating was conducted in a phantom setup using self-grounded bow-tie RF antennae driven by the SGPLL. Commercial signal generators limited to a lower number of RF channels were used for comparison. RF heating was evaluated with numerical temperature simulations and experimentally validated with MR thermometry. Numerical temperature simulations and heating experiments controlled by the SGPLL revealed the same RF interference patterns. Upon RF heating similar temperature changes across the phantom were observed for the SGPLL and for the commercial devices. To conclude, this work presents the first 32-channel modular signal source for RF heating. The large number of coherent RF channels, wide frequency range and accurate phase shift provided by the SGPLL form a technological basis for ThermalMR controlled hyperthermia anti-cancer treatment.

The outbreak of food poisoning in 2017 was caused by Escherichia coli O157 in potato salad. To inactivate Escherichia coli in potato salad, we deliberated that Radio Frequency (RF) heating in water applied it. The RF heating achieved 5 log reduction of E.coli in potato salad at 80 for 90s, which is time of 1/10 conventional heating. Sliced cucumber in potato salad maintained a breaking strength and color nearly to that of raw cucumber. Our results showed that RF heating process improved the safety of packed potato salad with raw vegetables.

Trinidad has tar sands resources of about 2 billion barrels of oil on land in the Parrylands/Guapo and Brighton areas. With an oil price of over USD 25 per barrel, commercial extraction of oil from Trinidad tar sands is viable but requires careful study. The relatively small extent of this tar sand (about 10,000 acres and with depths varying from surface to less than 500 feet) and with an oil in place of about 1000 times smaller than the Canadian tar sands, large scale surface mining and in-situ methods such as SAGD and VAPEX processes or their variants are not practical and also for environmental reasons. In this study we explore the viability of oil extraction from Trinidad tar sands by radio frequency (RF) heating. RF heating does not require an overburden and is cheaper than SAGD and VAPEX and is also environmentally friendly since no steam, water and solvents are needed. Studies have also shown RF heating to be uniform, quicker and with deeper penetration than direct electrical (resistive) heating and an oil recovery between 50 to 80 % can be achieved. Preliminary studies indicated that Trinidad tar sands are wetting and with permittivity in the range 38 −100, which makes it suitable for RF heating. The COMSOL Multiphysics® software was used to simulate oil sand samples contained within a copper chamber and the RF heating was applied via a dipole antenna. Temperature- time heating plots were generated using an operating frequency of 10 MHz and a current of 50 Amperes. This data and the physical properties of the tar sands were then simulated using the CMG software. The results indicated an oil recovery in the range 30-60%. An energy balance was then conducted and the results show that commercial extraction of oil from Trinidad tar sands by RF heating is viable with an oil price of over USD 25 per barrel.

Thermal magnetic resonance (ThermalMR) accommodates radio frequency (RF)-induced temperature modulation, thermometry, anatomic and functional imaging, and (nano)molecular probing in an integrated RF applicator. This study examines the feasibility of ThermalMR for the controlled release of a model therapeutics from thermoresponsive nanogels using a 7.0-tesla whole-body MR scanner en route to local drug-delivery-based anticancer treatments. The capacity of ThermalMR is demonstrated in a model system involving the release of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA-FITC, a model therapeutic) from nanometer-scale polymeric networks. These networks contain thermoresponsive polymers that bestow environmental responsiveness to physiologically relevant changes in temperature. The release profile obtained for the reference data derived from a water bath setup used for temperature stimulation is in accordance with the release kinetics deduced from the ThermalMR setup. In conclusion, ThermalMR adds a thermal intervention dimension to an MRI device and provides an ideal testbed for the study of the temperature-induced release of drugs, magnetic resonance (MR) probes, and other agents from thermoresponsive carriers. Integrating diagnostic imaging, temperature intervention, and temperature response control, ThermalMR is conceptually appealing for the study of the role of temperature in biology and disease and for the pursuit of personalized therapeutic drug delivery approaches for better patient care.

This study examines the efficiency of ion cyclotronresonance heating in multi-ion plasmas in JET (Joint EuropeanTorus), using deuterium and tritium as fuel along with smallconcentrations of a third ion species. In particular, two ionminority scenarios, hydrogen and helium, as well as a 3-ionscenario using beryllium were constructed. The scenarios weresimulated with FEMIC and the obtained data was then compiledand analyzed through a number of metrics.The highest total power absorption was 8.56 W and wasachieved by the 4% hydrogen scenario. However, 8% hydrogenattained the highest power partition by the minority ion species.The optimal beryllium concentration regarding absorbed powerwas 0.1% in 36.2% deuterium and 63.4% tritium, with a totalcoupled power of 6.94 W. The highest power partition byberyllium was noted for the 0.25% case in a 36% deuteriumand 63% tritium plasma. Denna studie undersöker effektiviteten av joncyklotronresonansuppvärmning av JETs (Joint European Torus) plasma, med deuterium och tritium som bränsle, samt små koncentrationer av ett tredje ämne. Mer specifikt undersöks två scenarier med minoritetsjoner, helium och väte, och ett 3-jonscenario med beryllium. För att undersöka dessa olika konstellationer körs simuleringar i FEMIC. Datan som fås från simuleringarna sammanställs och analyseras i enlighet med olika mått. Den högsta totala absorptionen av energi var 8.56 W och fas av 4% väteminoritet. 8% väte ger den högsta energipartitionen för det tredje jonslaget. Beryllium absorberade som mest 6.94 W, detta med 0.1% beryllium, 36.2% deuterium och 63.4% tritium. Den högsta energipartitionen för beryllium uppnåddes med 0.25% beryllium, 36% deuterium och 63% tritium. Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

A new antenna of the crankshaft type is successfully employed in experiments on Uragan-2M. It creates and heats plasma at frequencies below the ion-cyclotron frequency. The discharge created with the antenna is “hot” during few milliseconds and then fades under strong impurity influx into plasma. The radial profiles of OV and CV optical emissions are investigated. Both are concave, especially the OV profile. This can be explained by some burnout of O4+ andC4+ ions and its transition to O5+ and C5+ ionization states near the magnetic axis. The magnetic field optimisation and the Alfv´en heating allowed burning-out the light impurities prior to the discharge degradation. The experiments in support of the fusion-fission stellarator reactor concept are also carried out. The stellarator-mirror machine is modeled by switching off a toroidal field coil at Uragan-2M. The embedded mirror with lower magnetic field is created in this way. Plasma is successfully produced and heated in such a combined magnetic trap., Нова антена колiнвального типу успiшно застосовується в експериментах на Ураганi-2М. Вона створює та нагрiває плазму на частотах, нижчих за iонно-циклотронну частоту. Антена створює “гарячий” розряд лише на декiлька мiлiсекунд, який згасає разом з сильним потоком домiшок у плазму. Дослiджено радiальнi профiлi оптичного випромiнювання OV та CV. Обидва профiлi впалi, особливо профiль OV. Це може бути пояснено вигорянням iонiв O4+ i C4+ та їхнiм переходом до станiв iонiзацiї O5+ i C5+ поблизу магнiтної осi. Оптимiзацiя магнiтного поля й альфвенiвський нагрiв дозволили досягти вигоряння легких домiшок до початку деградацiї розряду. Було проведено експерименти щодо пiдтримки концепцiї гiбридного реактора на основi стеларатора. Стелараторно-пробкотронний гiбрид моделюється вимкненням однiєї котушки тороїдального поля Урагана-2М. Таким чином створюється вбудований пробкотрон зi зниженим магнiтним полем. Плазма успiшно створюється та утримується в такiй комбiнованiй пастцi.

На сегодняшний день основным методом производства современных функциональных материалов является керамическая технология. При изготовлении многокомпонентных оксидных соединений с применением керамической технологии трудно достичь высокой однородности химического состава. В данной работе для синтеза одномерных изолированных трубок микронного размера (микротрубок) на основе Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 использовался метод темплатного золь-гель синтеза. Представлены результаты по исследованию физико-химических и магнитных свойств полученных материалов методами рентгенофазового анализа, адсорбции азота, сканирующей и просвечивающей электронной микроскопии и магнитометрии с вибрирующим зондом. Исследовано влияние температуры прокалки на электромагнитные свойства полученных ферритов. Показано, что увеличение температуры прокалки c 873 до 1273 К уменьшает удельную поверхность образцов с 80,7 до 17,0 м2/г за счет увеличения размера зерна. Максимальное значение коэрцитивности (88,1 Э) получено при прокалке при температуре 973 К. Данные образцы обладают максимальной скоростью нагрева (4,36 Вт/г) в поле СВЧ., Ceramic technology is currently the main method for industrial production of advanced functional materials. However this method does not allow to achieve highly uniform chemical composition. In this study, one-dimensional isolated Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 microtubes have been prepared via a template assisted sol-gel method. Temperature dependence of the structural and magnetic properties was studied via XRD, N2 adsorption, SEM, TEM, and VSM. The effect of calcination temperature on magnetic properties of the resulting materials has been studied. An increase in calcination temperature from 873 to 1273 K caused a decrease in the specific surface area from 80,7 to 17,0 m2/g due to an increase of the grain size. The microtubes calcined at 973 K have the highest coercivity of 88,1 Oe and demonstrated the largest specific heating rate of 4,36 W/g in a radiofrequency field at 295 kHz., №1 (2018)

A prototype of radio frequency (RF) heating system of 27 MHz was developed to control rice weevil contamination in milled rice. The insects at all growth stages were completely eliminated at temperature of 50 and 55 °C in all times of exposure. In addition, the heating treatment decreased significantly grain moisture content. Rice Physical quality: the color of treated rice at 50 °C for 0 and 3 min showed no significantly differences. Therefore, this prototype can eliminate completely the rice weevils while maintaining the rice quality in terms of color, cooking qualities and minimal changes in flour viscosity analysis.

Radio frequency heating (RFH) provides higher efficiency and more uniform heating zone compared with conventional method. The aim of present work is to evaluate the effect of RFH (at 90 °C for 5 or 10 min) on the changes in composition (protein oxidation and fat distribution), microstructure, flow characteristic and rehydration property of infant milk powder. The results indicate that the concentration of protein dityrosine was slightly enhanced, more free fat appeared on powder surfaces (> 50% increase), and porosity in powder matrix as tested by SEM was increased after RFH treatment. For powder flowability, raw sample had low cohesiveness (specific energy = 4.39 mJ/g), and RFH provided better flowability and decreased compressibility. Moreover, RFH had some negative impacts on wettability and solubility of powder particles with contact angle increase at least 5% and solubility decrease of 2%~4%, indicating worse rehydration abilities. Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model was applied to fit moisture vapor sorption isotherms, and longer RFH duration leading to higher c values (about 63% increase at 10 min). In addition, the RFH initiated browning reaction as CIE a* values increased from -1.8 to -1.3.

Background The food industry has a large potential for energy reduction which, with an eye on the future, has to be exploited. Milk powder production consists of many thermal processes and is responsible for 15% of the total energy use in the dairy industry. A reduction in energy consumption can be realized by using innovative technologies instead of realizing incremental process modifications. Scope and approach In this work first the current practice in milk powder production is described and analyzed with respect to energy consumption. Then the potential of emerging technologies for milk processing like membrane distillation, monodisperse-droplet drying, air dehumidification, radio frequency heating, combined with renewable energy sources as solar thermal systems, are investigated. Finally the energy consumption of the emerging technologies is compared to that of the current technologies, new production chains are proposed and evaluated with respect to their total energy consumption. Key findings and conclusions In this review we show that the combination of emerging technologies is able to reduce the operational energy consumption for milk powder production up to 60%, i.e. from 10 MJ/kg powder in current production to 4–5 MJ/kg powder. The implementation of these technologies and development of new production chains is essential to meet the future demand on energy efficient processing.

Radio frequency (RF) heating is a technology on which quite a number of publications have emerged in recent years. The current paper reviews the history of this form of heating and introduces the basic principle of this technology including how it is applied and how it differs from other forms of heating. Recent literature on RF heating applications is examined, highlighting the impact of this form of heating on general quality aspects of foods. An understanding of physical characteristics which influence food heating including geometry, shape, product position and dielectric properties is extremely important in the design of RF heating systems and recent publications in these areas are discussed in addition to the most recent developments on mathematical modelling. In the final section the authors give their opinion on future trends and prospects for this form of heating.

Radio frequency process is a novel heating method which has great advantages as providing rapid and uniform heating, high heat penetration into food and having high energy efficiency compared to microwave heating. Radio frequency can be used in thawing of frozen foods, sterilization of ready-to-eat packaged foods, cooking of processed meats, post bake drying of bakery products and blanching of vegetables. Radio frequency identification system (RFID) is used for food safety and traceability applications. Like other dielectric methods, knowledge of dielectric properties of the food material is required. Dielectric properties have been considered as the main features contributing to the interactions between electromagnetic energy and the material during dielectrical heating. Dielectric properties are affected by various factors such as frequency, temperature, moisture content and also by food components., Radyo frekans işlemi, hızlı ve tekdüze ısınma gözlenmesi, yüksek enerji etkinliği ve mikrodalgaya göre daha yüksek nüfuz derinliğine sahip olması gibi avantajları sebebiyle yeni ısıl uygulamalar arasında yer almaktadır. Donmuş gıdaların çözündürülmesi, hazır gıdaların ambalajda sterilizasyonu, işlenmiş et ürünlerinin pişirilmesi, fırın ürünlerinin son kurutması ve sebzelerin haşlanması gibi uygulamalarda kullanılabildiği gibi radyo frekans tanımlama (RFID) sistemiyle, gıda güvenliğinin sağlanabilmesi ve izlenebilirliğinde de kullanılmaktadır. Diğer dielektrik ısıtma yöntemlerinde olduğu gibi bu yöntemde de işlem uygulanmadan önce, seçilen gıda ürünlerinin dielektrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Dielektrik özellikler, dielektrik ısıtma sırasında maddenin elektromanyetik enerjiyle ilişkisini göstermektedir. Dielektrik özellikler, frekans, sıcaklık, nem içeriği ve diğer gıda bileşenleri gibi birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir.

Masters Thesis in Environmental technology The cuttings produced by the oil and gas industry must be handled according to legislations. According to OSPAR, drill cuttings should contain less than 1 percent oil by weigh before discharged. There is several cuttings waste handling options. Treating the drill cuttings offshore is considered economically favorable. Some offshore treatment technologies are able to meet the legislation requirements. Norwegian-Group AS provides a treatment plant concept intended for treating cuttings offshore. The treatment plant is based on three separation technologies. The first separation stage is a steam assisted cuttings dryer. The cuttings are then transported to the thermal separation. The thermal separation chamber is fitted with steam assistance combined with a heat source. Oil and water vapor from the cuttings dryer and thermal separation chamber is separated by a membrane. Clean steam is recirculated and reused. This thesis evaluates the following topics. Potential steam supply systems for the cuttings dryer. Potential heat sources that can be combined with steam assistance in the thermal separation chamber. The feasibility of separating oil and water by membranes to reduce the energy consumption and cuttings handling cost. Potential advantages and limitations that the treatment plant may feature. Increased the separation degree by utilizing steam in combination with the cuttings dryer is considered feasible. The recommended heat source to be combined with steam in the thermal separation chamber is microwave radiation due to its energy efficiency and unique ability to desorb capillary bond water and oil. On the other hand, the idea of using a membrane to reduce the energy consumption and cuttings handling costs is considered not attractive. As it cannot satisfy the aim of cost reduction. The treatment plant may serve great advantages over the current cuttings handling options suited for offshore treatment. The potential advantages are related to treatment capacity, energy consumption and handling costs. Potential limitations are related to reaching the legislation of various cuttings characteristics.

The neutron emission from (3He)D plasmas with RF heating is calculated using a model that includes supra-thermal (knock-on) components of the deuteron population. The RF generation of fast 3He ions is described and the knock-on components were determined with the help of newly derived 3He + d scattering cross sections. Results are presented on the neutron emission spectrum and its contributions from different deuteron velocity components. It is shown that knock-on leaves an observable feature in the spectrum with a clear dependence on absorbed RF power. The importance of the nuclear interaction in the elastic cross section is demonstrated. The results represent a step forward in the use of neutron emission spectroscopy to diagnose fusion plasmas with minority supra-thermal components in their fuel ion composition.

The study of high power fusion plasmas at the JET tokamak has been further enhanced through the development of instrumentation for neutron emission spectroscopy (NES) measurements. This has involved the upgrade of the magnetic proton recoil (MPR) spectrometer used for deuterium-tritium plasmas earlier so that the MPRu can now be also employed for deuterium (D) plasmas. A neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer designed for optimized rate (TOFOR) has been constructed and put into operation. The MPRu and TOFOR spectrometers were carried out as part of the JET enhanced performance program and represent the most advanced instrumentation for NES diagnosis of both D and DT tokamak plasmas setting a central platform for R&D direct to the next step in fusion research to be carried out with ITER. The MPRu work presented in this thesis concerns the development of a new focal plane detector based on the phoswich scintillator technique. The main objective of this sub-project was to increase the signal-to-background ratio to permit measurement of the 2.5-MeV neutron emission from d+d-->3He+n reactions and, hence, allow NES diagnosis of D plasmas. The objective was achieved as demonstrated in preliminary measurements at JET. The development of TOFOR from concept to construction is presented in the thesis including, in particular, the commissioning of the instrument at JET. The objective of the TOFOR project was to achieve the same high performance in the NES diagnosis of D plasmas as had earlier been demonstrated by the MPR for DT plasmas. TOFOR has been used in the first plasma physics experiments reported in this thesis. These demonstrate that the performance objectives have been achieved as tested, in particular, in the observation of auxiliary heating effects on velocity distribution of the deuterium population.

The radio frequency (RF) heat treatment had effect to the enzymes activities. On treating temperature over 80̊C for 10minutes, the low activation of lipase was occurred. The better oil quality which has low level of hydrogen peroxide, peroxide value and TBA value were achieved. RF heating treatments resulted in significantly lower number of A. flavus and aflatoxin B1 and the energy consumed than control treatment. Therefore, the RF stabilizing technique provided the high oil quality, less lipid peroxidation and lower energy consumed than convectional drying.

Liquid crystals, a material that exhibits brilliant changes in color over narrow temperature bands, have been successfully used to study the temperature field produced by spherical and cylindrical radio frequency surgical probes. An agar-water mixture was used to simulate tissue. Experimental temperature data were obtained by photographing the liquid crystal material through the clear agar. Comparison of experimental data with an existing theoretical solution was excellent, agreeing within 8% for the spherical probe. However, the cylindrical data and cylindrical theory agreed only to within 30%, the large discrepancy being attributed to edge effects. http://archive.org/details/experimentalinve1094516604 Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The studies of recent JET experiments in H/D approximate to 0.85/0.15 plasma (2.9T/2MA) in which neutron rate was enhanced by applying 2.5MW of ICRH using D-(D-NBI)-H three-ion scheme are reported. An extensive analysis of this novel heating scenario has been carried out by means of integrated TRANSP/TORIC modelling, and a comprehensive validation of the computed Fast Ion Distribution Function (FI DF) with a range of fast ion diagnostics available at JET is presented. The predicted acceleration of D Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) ions beyond their injection energies and the associated changes in FI DF by RF waves are found to be in good agreement with measured neutron yield and TOFOR neutron spectrometer measurements, as well as with multi-channel neutron camera observations and neutral particle analyser diagnostic. An outlook of the possible applications of the developed technique for future DTE2 studies on JET has been highlighted. Controlled acceleration of TNBI ions in D-rich and DNBI ions in T-rich plasmas to optimal energies can be applied to maximise BT fusion rates and contribute to the success of future DT experiments at JET and ITER as illustrated in this study.